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S1 Flashcards (MA) > UNIT 2cEXAM > Flashcards

UNIT 2cEXAM Flashcards

1
Q

Histolgy

A

Study of tissues

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2
Q

Tissue

A

Group of cells

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3
Q

Types of cell connections

A

Tight Junction
Gap Junction
DESMISOME
HEMIDESMOSOME

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4
Q

Tight junction

A

Use interlocking membrane proteins

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5
Q

Gap Junction

A

Use interlocking membrane proteins are also channels

allow cells to communicate°

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6
Q

Desmisome

A

Use membrane proteins that are attached to the cytoskeleton

goes through cell membrane
welded together*

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7
Q

Hemidesmosome

A

Attach the cell to a foundation or base =BASEMENT Membrane

the cell is anchored in place {stationary)

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8
Q

Epithelial tissue

A

Line spaces in the body

covers the body and forms glands of the body

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9
Q

Epithelial tissue characteristics

A

Lots of cells tightly packed together
always has one side exposed
cells are highly mitotic
cells exhibit polarity
attached to basement membrane
cells form layers / sheets
all epithelial is avascular= no blood vessels

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10
Q

Criteria used to classify Epithelium

A

Shape of the cell
cell arrangement

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11
Q

Types of epithelium

A

Simple squamous
stratified squamous
simple cuboidal
stratified cuboidal
simple columnar
stratified columnar
transitional
pseudostratified ciliated columnar

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12
Q

simple squamous definition

A

Single layer of flat cells

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13
Q

simple squamous location

A

Blood vessels
kidneys
alveoli

covers organs and lines the ventral body cavity

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14
Q

simple squamous function

A

Permeability and secretion

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15
Q

stratified squamous definition

A

It’s nice to have some multiple layers of flat cells

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16
Q

stratified squamous location

A

Urethra
vagina
mouth
esophagus
anus
nose
epidermis

direct contact with outside

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17
Q

stratified squamous function

A

Protection

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18
Q

simple cuboidal definition

A

Single layer of square cells

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19
Q

simple cuboidal location

A

thyroid gland
kidneys

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20
Q

simple cuboidal function

A

Absorption
secretion

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21
Q

stratified cuboidal definition

A

Many layers of square cells
rare***

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21
Q

stratified cuboidal location

A

Ducts of glands

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22
Q

stratified cuboidal function

A

Protection

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23
Q

transitional defintion

A

Multiple layers of square cells that can change their shape

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24
Q

transitional location

A

Uterus
bladder

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25
Q

transitional function

A

Stretch and recoil

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26
Q

simple columnar locations

A

Fallopian tubes
stomach
small intestine
large intestine

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27
Q

simple columnar description

A

Single layer of tall cells

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28
Q

simple columnar function

A

Absorption
secretion
protection

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29
Q

stratified columnar function

A

Protection

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29
Q

stratified columnar definition

A

Multiple layers of tall cells

rare**

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29
Q

stratified columnar location

A

Ducts of some glands

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30
Q

psuedostratified cilated columnar (PSCC) definition

A

Single layer of tall cells that appear multi-layered with Cilia and usually goblet cells

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31
Q

psuedostratified cilated columnar (PSCC) location

A

Nasal cavity
trachea
bronchi

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32
Q

psuedostratified cilated columnar (PSCC) function

A

Secretion
protection

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33
Q

Glandular epithelium
description and function

A

Type of epithelium that forms the glands

secretes

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34
Q

Types of epithelial glands

A

Endocrine
exocrine

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35
Q

Endocrine gland

A

Doesn’t have a duct
releases secretions into the blood

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36
Q

Exocrine gland

A

Has a duct
releases secretion onto a epithelial surface

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37
Q

How are exocrine glands classified?

A

Type of secretion
mode of secretion
structure of the gland

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38
Q

Types of secretions:

A

Serous
mucus
mixed

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39
Q

Modes of secretion:

A

Merocrine
apocrine
holocrine

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40
Q

serous secretion

A

Watery secretion

ex. Saliva

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41
Q

mucous secretion

A

Viscous secretion

ex. Earwax

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42
Q

mixed- secretion

A

Watery and viscous

ex. Breast milk

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43
Q

merocrine secretion

A

Via exocytosis
ex.sweat glands

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44
Q

holocrine secretion

A

Cell fills with secretory vesicles and ruptures (lysis)

everything releases

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45
Q

apocrine secretion

A

1.Top half of the cells fills with secretory vesicles
2.top half breaks off and regenerates new top half
3.and repeats

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46
Q

Structures of exocrine glands

A

Unicellular

multicellular

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47
Q

unicellular

A

a single cell

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48
Q

multicellular

A

Multiple cells

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49
Q

types of multicellular

A

Simple- unbranched duct
Compound- branched duct

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50
Q

connective tissue

A

Supports, binds, and connects or separates
other tissues and or organs

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51
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

Not exposed
cells are spaced apart
area between the cells is filled with Matrix
variety of cells
Vascular (except cartilage)

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52
Q

matrix is composed of

A

Ground substance and protein fibers

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53
Q

ground substance

A

H2O- liquid
hyaluronic acid- slimy
chondroitin sulfate- rubbery
mineral salts- solid

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54
Q

protein fibers

A

Collagen -strong and flexible (thick)
elastic- stretch and recoil
reticular- provide physical support (thin)

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55
Q

What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of chondroitin sulfate?

A

Rubbery ground substance

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56
Q

What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of collagen fibers?

A

Strung and flexible

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57
Q

What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of hyaluronic acid?

A

Slimey ground substance

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58
Q

What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of reticular fibers?

A

Has good physical support

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59
Q

What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of mineral salts?

A

solid ground substance

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60
Q

What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of elastic fibers?

A

Stretches and recoils

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61
Q

What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of water?

A

Liquid ground substance

62
Q

types of embryonic/fetal types of connective tissue?

A

Messenchyme
whartons jelly

63
Q

varieties of cells

A

-BLAST –Immature cell makes part of The Matrix
-CYTE –mature cell maintains The Matrix

64
Q

vascular

A

Has blood vessels

65
Q

mesenchyme

A

Contains undifferentiated connective tissue
stem cells {undecided can undergo mitosis}

this is the connective tissue that develops into all adult types of connective tissue

66
Q

whartons jelly

A

Has a lot of hyaluronic acid

it’s found in the umbilical cord
protects the blood vessels in the umbilical cord

67
Q

types of adult connective tissue

A

Connective tissue proper
cartilage
ostious (bone)
blood

68
Q

types of connective tissue proper

A

Loose
dense

69
Q

loose connective tissue proper types

A

Areolar
adipose
reticular

70
Q

areolar connective tissue

A

CELLS: fibroblasts & macrophages
PROTEIN FIBERS: all 3 types
GROUND SUBSTANCE: hyaluronic acid
LOCATIONS: around organs, under all epithelial tissues
FUNCTIONS: reduces friction & protection

71
Q

adipose connective tissue

A

CELLS: adipocytes
PROTEIN FIBERS: reticular
LOCATION: around spinal cord, heart, kidneys, behind eyeballs, & mammory glands. Hypodermis & yellow bone
FUNCTIONS: Protection, cushioning, insulation, & energy storage

72
Q

reticular connective tissue

A

CELLS: fibroblasts
PROTEIN FIBERS: reticular
LOCATION: liver, spleen, & red bone marrow
FUNCTIONS: provide physical support

73
Q

types of dense connective tissue proper

A

Dense regular
dense irregular
elastic

74
Q

dense regular connective tissue

A

CELLS: fibroblasts
PROTEIN FIBERS: collagen-
LOCATION: tendons & ligaments
FUNCTIONS: high tensile strength in a single direction

75
Q

dense irregular connective tissue

A

CELLS: fibroblasts
PROTEIN FIBERS: collagen-
LOCATION: heart valves, elura matter, perichondrium, periosteum & dermis
FUNCTIONS: high tensile strength in all planes/directions

76
Q

elastic connective tissue

A

CELLS: fibroblasts
PROTEIN FIBERS: a lot of elastic fibers tightly packed togetgher
LOCATION: lungs, & major arteries
FUNCTIONS: stretch and recoil

77
Q

cartilage connective tissue

A

cells: chondrocytes -located: lacunae
ground substance: lots of chondroitin sulfate
avascular

surrounded by perichardrium= layer of dense irregular ct

78
Q

types of cartilage

A

Hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

79
Q

all cartilage has cells called ______ which are found in _______.

A

Chondrocytes

lacunae

79
Q

how is cartilage different from other types of connective tissue?

A
80
Q

hyaline cartilage

A

collagen protein fibers
* End of long bone
* between the sternum and rib
* nose
* trachea
* bronchi
* developing and growing bones
REDUCES FRICTION
ATTACHMENT
PROVIDES SUPPORT
BONE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT

81
Q

fibrocartilage

A

Collagen protein fibers
* meniscus
* intervertebral discs
* symphysis pubis
shock absorber
attachment with flexbility

82
Q

elastic cartilage

A

Elastic protein fibers
* epiglottis
* Pinna
*maintain structure shape while allowing *some of the formation

83
Q

a body membrane is composed of…

A

Epithelial tissue (varies) and connective tissue (areolar CT)

84
Q

types of body membranes

A

serous
mucous
sonovial
cutaneous

85
Q

serous membrane

A

lines ventral cavity=perital
covers organs in ventral cavity = visceral
separates layers by space

Epithelial tissue: simple squamous
FUNCTION: reduces friction

86
Q

mucous membrane

A

lines the cavities that eventually open to the outside of the body

Epithelial tissue: variety
* startisfied squamous
* psuedostratisfied ciliated columnar
* simple columnar with goblet cells
* transitional

FUNCTION: protection

87
Q

synovial membrane

A

lines moveable joint cavities
Epithelial Tissue: simple squamous

FUNCTIONS: secretes synovial fluid in the cavity
reduces friction

88
Q

cutaneous membrane

A

(PART OF YOUR SKIN)
covers the body
Epithelial tissue: stratified squamous
FUNCTIONS: Protection

89
Q

the integumentary system is composed of…

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
associated glands
hair
nails

90
Q

what are the skin functions?

A

Protection (physical barrier)
H2O regulation
vitamin D synthesis
blood Reservoir

91
Q

what are layers of the skin?

A

epidermis
dermis
hypodermis

92
Q

what specific type of epithelial tissue is in the top layer of the skin?

A

keratinized stratified squamous

93
Q

types of cells found in the epidermis

A

keratinocytes
melanocyte
langerhans
merkle
dead

94
Q

keratinocytes

A

90℅ of all cells
produce a protein (keratin)

95
Q

melanocytes

A

8% of all cells
produce melanin

95
Q

Langerhans cells

A

phagocytes move around the epidermis

96
Q

strata of the epidermis

A

stratum basal
startum spinosum
stratum gfanubsum
startum lucidum

fix

97
Q

Merkel cells

A

involved in touch sensation

98
Q

dead cells

A

no nucleus
thicker skin

99
Q

stratum basal

A

single layer that touches he basement membrane

CELLS
* Milanocytes
* Markel cells
* keratinocytes- undergoing mitosis, need to constantly replace old cells

100
Q

stratum granulosum

A

3rd- next 3 to 5 layers of cells

keratinocytes- full of keratin protein lose their nuclei

101
Q

stratum lucidum

A

Found an only thick skin

dead keratinocytes

102
Q

stratum corneum

A

Top 10 layers of cells

dead keratinocytes

103
Q

stratum spinosum

A

2nd -next 5 to 10 layers of cells

keratinosites- changing shape, forming desmosomes, beginning to make keratin

104
Q

regions of the dermis

A

Papillary

reticular

105
Q

papillary region contains

A

Made of areolar connective tissue

top 1/5 of the dermis

106
Q

reticular region contains

A

Dense irregular connective tissue

bottom 4/5 of the dermis

107
Q

dermille papillae

A

Increase surface area between the dermis and epidermis

papilla interlocks

108
Q

epidermal ridges

A

Fingertips, palms of hands and feet

increase friction your (grip)

109
Q

pigments that result in skin color

A

melanin
hemagolbin
carotene

110
Q

types of melanin

A

pheomelanin

cumelanin

111
Q

melanin

A

made by melanocyte

112
Q

cortene

A

precursor to vitamin A that is stored in the dermis

113
Q

hemagolbin

A

in red blood cells

114
Q

mole

A

area of high concentration on epidermis

115
Q

freckle

A

small area of more concentrated melanin

116
Q

age spot

A

parts of your body that had the most UV exposure

117
Q

albinism

A

Genetic mutation in the melanin gene

white sin, hair, pink eyes

118
Q

vitiligo

A

Area of the skin where melanocytes stop working

119
Q

hair and nail are _____ derivatives

A

Epidermal

120
Q

hair functions

A

Temperature regulations
acts as a layer of insulation
protection

121
Q

functions of nails

A

Protection
aid in ability to pick things up
scratching

122
Q

what specific part of the hair follicule contain mitotic keratinocytes and melanocytes

A

Hair matrix in bulb

123
Q

types of integumentary glands

A

Suderifourous
mammary
sebaceous
ceruminous

124
Q

suderifourous gland secretes…

A

Sweat

125
Q

types of suderifourous glands

A

Merocrine
apocrine

126
Q

merocrine gland

A

found all over the body
stimulates by increased temperature
active from birth

temperature regulation and excretion

127
Q

apocrine gland

A

Found in axilla (armpit) and groin
active at puberty

stimulated by stress and sexual arousal

128
Q

mammary glands

A

Modified suderifourous glands
produce milk (lactation)

stimulated by hormone =prolactin

129
Q

sebaceous glands

A

Associated with hair follicles
produce sebum= oil

block water loss from hair and skin
antibacterial

130
Q

ceruminous gland

A

Modified sebaceous glands
found in ear canals
produce cermen= ear wax

block water loss
antibacterial

131
Q

nails

A

Epidermal derivatives
developed from nail Matrix
contains mitotic keratinocytes

132
Q

parts of the nail

A

Body
free Edge

133
Q

types of skin cancer

A

Squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
melanoma

134
Q

types of pathologies of integumentary system

A

Skin cancer
acne
eczema
psoriasis
actinine keratosis
rosacca
burns

135
Q

squamous cell carcinoma

A

Caused by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal squamous cells

136
Q

basal cell carcinoma

A

Begins in the basal cells, most common in exposed skin from sun

137
Q

melanoma

A

Cancers when form grow into the dermis
difficult to treat

UV exposure

138
Q

acne

A

Sebaceous gland pores are clogged

139
Q

psoriasis

A

Autoimmune disease

140
Q

eczema

A

Active immune response

141
Q

actinine keratosis

A

due to sun damage

142
Q

rosacca

A

Chronic disease

143
Q

types of burns

A

First degree
second degree
third degree

144
Q

1st degree burn

A

Top part of epidermis is burned

145
Q

2nd degree burn

A

Epidermis and part of dermis burned

146
Q

3rd degree burn

A

Entire thickness of skin burned

147
Q

superficial wound

A

Only the epidermis is damaged

no bleeding

148
Q

how does a superficial wound heal

A

Red blood cells create collagen fibers fibers foundation for new tissue and the wound starts to fill in with new tissue new skin begins to form over this tissue

149
Q

deep wound

A

The epidermis and dermis are damaged

bleeding

150
Q

how does a deep wound heal (phases)

A

Inflammatory
migratory
proliferatory
muturation

151
Q

inflammatory of wound healing

A

Bleeding wash out wound
bring white blood cells to wound area
blood clots form scab

it’s a temporary fix

152
Q

migratory of wound healing

A

Keratinosites and fibroblast form areas around the wound

are going to migrate under the scab

153
Q

proliferatory of wound healing

A

Increases and keratinocytes and fibroblasts

forms new epidermis and dermis under the scab

153
Q

maturation of wound healing

A

Scab falls off exposes the repaired skin

S1 Flashcards (MA) (12 decks)

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