UNIT 2cEXAM Flashcards
Histolgy
Study of tissues
Tissue
Group of cells
Types of cell connections
Tight Junction
Gap Junction
DESMISOME
HEMIDESMOSOME
Tight junction
Use interlocking membrane proteins
Gap Junction
Use interlocking membrane proteins are also channels
allow cells to communicate°
Desmisome
Use membrane proteins that are attached to the cytoskeleton
goes through cell membrane
welded together*
Hemidesmosome
Attach the cell to a foundation or base =BASEMENT Membrane
the cell is anchored in place {stationary)
Epithelial tissue
Line spaces in the body
covers the body and forms glands of the body
Epithelial tissue characteristics
Lots of cells tightly packed together
always has one side exposed
cells are highly mitotic
cells exhibit polarity
attached to basement membrane
cells form layers / sheets
all epithelial is avascular= no blood vessels
Criteria used to classify Epithelium
Shape of the cell
cell arrangement
Types of epithelium
Simple squamous
stratified squamous
simple cuboidal
stratified cuboidal
simple columnar
stratified columnar
transitional
pseudostratified ciliated columnar
simple squamous definition
Single layer of flat cells
simple squamous location
Blood vessels
kidneys
alveoli
covers organs and lines the ventral body cavity
simple squamous function
Permeability and secretion
stratified squamous definition
It’s nice to have some multiple layers of flat cells
stratified squamous location
Urethra
vagina
mouth
esophagus
anus
nose
epidermis
direct contact with outside
stratified squamous function
Protection
simple cuboidal definition
Single layer of square cells
simple cuboidal location
thyroid gland
kidneys
simple cuboidal function
Absorption
secretion
stratified cuboidal definition
Many layers of square cells
rare***
stratified cuboidal location
Ducts of glands
stratified cuboidal function
Protection
transitional defintion
Multiple layers of square cells that can change their shape
transitional location
Uterus
bladder
transitional function
Stretch and recoil
simple columnar locations
Fallopian tubes
stomach
small intestine
large intestine
simple columnar description
Single layer of tall cells
simple columnar function
Absorption
secretion
protection
stratified columnar function
Protection
stratified columnar definition
Multiple layers of tall cells
rare**
stratified columnar location
Ducts of some glands
psuedostratified cilated columnar (PSCC) definition
Single layer of tall cells that appear multi-layered with Cilia and usually goblet cells
psuedostratified cilated columnar (PSCC) location
Nasal cavity
trachea
bronchi
psuedostratified cilated columnar (PSCC) function
Secretion
protection
Glandular epithelium
description and function
Type of epithelium that forms the glands
secretes
Types of epithelial glands
Endocrine
exocrine
Endocrine gland
Doesn’t have a duct
releases secretions into the blood
Exocrine gland
Has a duct
releases secretion onto a epithelial surface
How are exocrine glands classified?
Type of secretion
mode of secretion
structure of the gland
Types of secretions:
Serous
mucus
mixed
Modes of secretion:
Merocrine
apocrine
holocrine
serous secretion
Watery secretion
ex. Saliva
mucous secretion
Viscous secretion
ex. Earwax
mixed- secretion
Watery and viscous
ex. Breast milk
merocrine secretion
Via exocytosis
ex.sweat glands
holocrine secretion
Cell fills with secretory vesicles and ruptures (lysis)
everything releases
apocrine secretion
1.Top half of the cells fills with secretory vesicles
2.top half breaks off and regenerates new top half
3.and repeats
Structures of exocrine glands
Unicellular
multicellular
unicellular
a single cell
multicellular
Multiple cells
types of multicellular
Simple- unbranched duct
Compound- branched duct
connective tissue
Supports, binds, and connects or separates
other tissues and or organs
characteristics of connective tissue
Not exposed
cells are spaced apart
area between the cells is filled with Matrix
variety of cells
Vascular (except cartilage)
matrix is composed of
Ground substance and protein fibers
ground substance
H2O- liquid
hyaluronic acid- slimy
chondroitin sulfate- rubbery
mineral salts- solid
protein fibers
Collagen -strong and flexible (thick)
elastic- stretch and recoil
reticular- provide physical support (thin)
What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of chondroitin sulfate?
Rubbery ground substance
What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of collagen fibers?
Strung and flexible
What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of hyaluronic acid?
Slimey ground substance
What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of reticular fibers?
Has good physical support
What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of mineral salts?
solid ground substance
What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of elastic fibers?
Stretches and recoils
What do you know about connective tissue if it has a lot of water?
Liquid ground substance
types of embryonic/fetal types of connective tissue?
Messenchyme
whartons jelly
varieties of cells
-BLAST –Immature cell makes part of The Matrix
-CYTE –mature cell maintains The Matrix
vascular
Has blood vessels
mesenchyme
Contains undifferentiated connective tissue
stem cells {undecided can undergo mitosis}
this is the connective tissue that develops into all adult types of connective tissue
whartons jelly
Has a lot of hyaluronic acid
it’s found in the umbilical cord
protects the blood vessels in the umbilical cord
types of adult connective tissue
Connective tissue proper
cartilage
ostious (bone)
blood
types of connective tissue proper
Loose
dense
loose connective tissue proper types
Areolar
adipose
reticular
areolar connective tissue
CELLS: fibroblasts & macrophages
PROTEIN FIBERS: all 3 types
GROUND SUBSTANCE: hyaluronic acid
LOCATIONS: around organs, under all epithelial tissues
FUNCTIONS: reduces friction & protection
adipose connective tissue
CELLS: adipocytes
PROTEIN FIBERS: reticular
LOCATION: around spinal cord, heart, kidneys, behind eyeballs, & mammory glands. Hypodermis & yellow bone
FUNCTIONS: Protection, cushioning, insulation, & energy storage
reticular connective tissue
CELLS: fibroblasts
PROTEIN FIBERS: reticular
LOCATION: liver, spleen, & red bone marrow
FUNCTIONS: provide physical support
types of dense connective tissue proper
Dense regular
dense irregular
elastic
dense regular connective tissue
CELLS: fibroblasts
PROTEIN FIBERS: collagen-
LOCATION: tendons & ligaments
FUNCTIONS: high tensile strength in a single direction
dense irregular connective tissue
CELLS: fibroblasts
PROTEIN FIBERS: collagen-
LOCATION: heart valves, elura matter, perichondrium, periosteum & dermis
FUNCTIONS: high tensile strength in all planes/directions
elastic connective tissue
CELLS: fibroblasts
PROTEIN FIBERS: a lot of elastic fibers tightly packed togetgher
LOCATION: lungs, & major arteries
FUNCTIONS: stretch and recoil
cartilage connective tissue
cells: chondrocytes -located: lacunae
ground substance: lots of chondroitin sulfate
avascular
surrounded by perichardrium= layer of dense irregular ct
types of cartilage
Hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage
all cartilage has cells called ______ which are found in _______.
Chondrocytes
lacunae
how is cartilage different from other types of connective tissue?
hyaline cartilage
collagen protein fibers
* End of long bone
* between the sternum and rib
* nose
* trachea
* bronchi
* developing and growing bones
REDUCES FRICTION
ATTACHMENT
PROVIDES SUPPORT
BONE GROWTH AND DEVELOPMENT
fibrocartilage
Collagen protein fibers
* meniscus
* intervertebral discs
* symphysis pubis
shock absorber
attachment with flexbility
elastic cartilage
Elastic protein fibers
* epiglottis
* Pinna
*maintain structure shape while allowing *some of the formation
a body membrane is composed of…
Epithelial tissue (varies) and connective tissue (areolar CT)
types of body membranes
serous
mucous
sonovial
cutaneous
serous membrane
lines ventral cavity=perital
covers organs in ventral cavity = visceral
separates layers by space
Epithelial tissue: simple squamous
FUNCTION: reduces friction
mucous membrane
lines the cavities that eventually open to the outside of the body
Epithelial tissue: variety
* startisfied squamous
* psuedostratisfied ciliated columnar
* simple columnar with goblet cells
* transitional
FUNCTION: protection
synovial membrane
lines moveable joint cavities
Epithelial Tissue: simple squamous
FUNCTIONS: secretes synovial fluid in the cavity
reduces friction
cutaneous membrane
(PART OF YOUR SKIN)
covers the body
Epithelial tissue: stratified squamous
FUNCTIONS: Protection
the integumentary system is composed of…
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
associated glands
hair
nails
what are the skin functions?
Protection (physical barrier)
H2O regulation
vitamin D synthesis
blood Reservoir
what are layers of the skin?
epidermis
dermis
hypodermis
what specific type of epithelial tissue is in the top layer of the skin?
keratinized stratified squamous
types of cells found in the epidermis
keratinocytes
melanocyte
langerhans
merkle
dead
keratinocytes
90℅ of all cells
produce a protein (keratin)
melanocytes
8% of all cells
produce melanin
Langerhans cells
phagocytes move around the epidermis
strata of the epidermis
stratum basal
startum spinosum
stratum gfanubsum
startum lucidum
fix
Merkel cells
involved in touch sensation
dead cells
no nucleus
thicker skin
stratum basal
single layer that touches he basement membrane
CELLS
* Milanocytes
* Markel cells
* keratinocytes- undergoing mitosis, need to constantly replace old cells
stratum granulosum
3rd- next 3 to 5 layers of cells
keratinocytes- full of keratin protein lose their nuclei
stratum lucidum
Found an only thick skin
dead keratinocytes
stratum corneum
Top 10 layers of cells
dead keratinocytes
stratum spinosum
2nd -next 5 to 10 layers of cells
keratinosites- changing shape, forming desmosomes, beginning to make keratin
regions of the dermis
Papillary
reticular
papillary region contains
Made of areolar connective tissue
top 1/5 of the dermis
reticular region contains
Dense irregular connective tissue
bottom 4/5 of the dermis
dermille papillae
Increase surface area between the dermis and epidermis
papilla interlocks
epidermal ridges
Fingertips, palms of hands and feet
increase friction your (grip)
pigments that result in skin color
melanin
hemagolbin
carotene
types of melanin
pheomelanin
cumelanin
melanin
made by melanocyte
cortene
precursor to vitamin A that is stored in the dermis
hemagolbin
in red blood cells
mole
area of high concentration on epidermis
freckle
small area of more concentrated melanin
age spot
parts of your body that had the most UV exposure
albinism
Genetic mutation in the melanin gene
white sin, hair, pink eyes
vitiligo
Area of the skin where melanocytes stop working
hair and nail are _____ derivatives
Epidermal
hair functions
Temperature regulations
acts as a layer of insulation
protection
functions of nails
Protection
aid in ability to pick things up
scratching
what specific part of the hair follicule contain mitotic keratinocytes and melanocytes
Hair matrix in bulb
types of integumentary glands
Suderifourous
mammary
sebaceous
ceruminous
suderifourous gland secretes…
Sweat
types of suderifourous glands
Merocrine
apocrine
merocrine gland
found all over the body
stimulates by increased temperature
active from birth
temperature regulation and excretion
apocrine gland
Found in axilla (armpit) and groin
active at puberty
stimulated by stress and sexual arousal
mammary glands
Modified suderifourous glands
produce milk (lactation)
stimulated by hormone =prolactin
sebaceous glands
Associated with hair follicles
produce sebum= oil
block water loss from hair and skin
antibacterial
ceruminous gland
Modified sebaceous glands
found in ear canals
produce cermen= ear wax
block water loss
antibacterial
nails
Epidermal derivatives
developed from nail Matrix
contains mitotic keratinocytes
parts of the nail
Body
free Edge
types of skin cancer
Squamous cell carcinoma
basal cell carcinoma
melanoma
types of pathologies of integumentary system
Skin cancer
acne
eczema
psoriasis
actinine keratosis
rosacca
burns
squamous cell carcinoma
Caused by an uncontrolled growth of abnormal squamous cells
basal cell carcinoma
Begins in the basal cells, most common in exposed skin from sun
melanoma
Cancers when form grow into the dermis
difficult to treat
UV exposure
acne
Sebaceous gland pores are clogged
psoriasis
Autoimmune disease
eczema
Active immune response
actinine keratosis
due to sun damage
rosacca
Chronic disease
types of burns
First degree
second degree
third degree
1st degree burn
Top part of epidermis is burned
2nd degree burn
Epidermis and part of dermis burned
3rd degree burn
Entire thickness of skin burned
superficial wound
Only the epidermis is damaged
no bleeding
how does a superficial wound heal
Red blood cells create collagen fibers fibers foundation for new tissue and the wound starts to fill in with new tissue new skin begins to form over this tissue
deep wound
The epidermis and dermis are damaged
bleeding
how does a deep wound heal (phases)
Inflammatory
migratory
proliferatory
muturation
inflammatory of wound healing
Bleeding wash out wound
bring white blood cells to wound area
blood clots form scab
it’s a temporary fix
migratory of wound healing
Keratinosites and fibroblast form areas around the wound
are going to migrate under the scab
proliferatory of wound healing
Increases and keratinocytes and fibroblasts
forms new epidermis and dermis under the scab
maturation of wound healing
Scab falls off exposes the repaired skin
