A & P EXAM #1 Flashcards
Anatomy
Study of the body’s structure
Physiology
study of the body’s function
Atom
Smallest Unit of matter.
Made up of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons).
Molecule
Two or more atoms combined.
Chemical building blocks of all body structures.
Compound
substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds
Tissue
A group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function
Organ
anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific(s) function
Organ System
group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.
Homeostasis
State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things
Positive Feedback Loop
intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition. Deviation from the normal range resulting in more change , and the system moves farther away from the normal range
Negative Feedback Loop
reverses a deviation from the set point and then returns to normal range
Ion
atom with an overall positive or negative charge
Acid
compound that releases hydrogen ions in solution(s)
Base
Compound that accepts hydrogen ions in solution(s)
Active Transport
Movement of substances across the membrane using energy from ATP
Passive Transport
the movement of substance across a membrane without ATP
Selectively Permeable Membrane
Membrane that allows only substances meeting certain criteria to pass through
Brownian Movement
erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid,
Solvent
dissolver
Solute
dissolved substsance
Solution
solvent and solute combined
Concentration Gradient
The difference in concentration of a substance across a space
Saturation
the degree or extent to which something is dissolved or absorbed compared with the maximum possible, usually expressed as a percentage.
Hypotonic Solution
describes a solution concentration that is lower than reference concentration
Hypertonic Solution
describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration
Isotonic Solution
describes a solution concentration that is the same concentration
Crenation
shrinkage of cells
Lysis
cell rupture
Filtrate
all solutes that fit through pore
NON SPECIFIC PROCESS
Pinocytosis
endocytosis of fluid
Phagocytosis
endocytosis of larger particles
Exocytosis
export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle
Cytosol
semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm (mostly water)
Cytoplasm
internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials
Organelle
3-D structure, variety of tiny functioning units
RNA Polymerase
enzyme that unwinds DNA
DNA Polymerase
enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication
Translation
process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript
Transcription
process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA
Gene
functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein
Codon
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid
Triplet
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule
Anticodon
consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule
that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule
Interphase
entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis
Mitosis
division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed
Cytokinesis
final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells
Cell
smallest functioning units of an organism
Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)
nucleotide contaning ribose and adenine base.
ESSENTIAL FOR ENERGY TRANSFER
Anion
Atom with a negative charge
cation
Atom with a positive charge
Endocytosis
Bringing something into the cell
Subatomic Particles and their charges
Proton- positive+
neutron- no charge
electron- negative charge -
What charge does an atom have?
Electrically neutral
How is an atom of Hydrogen different then an atom of carbon?
Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Atomic Symbol
H, #1, AM 1
C, #6, AM 12
Levels of Hierarchial Organization
(smallest- largest)
1.Atom (smallest)
2.Molecules/Compounds
3.Cells
4.Tissue
5.Organ
6.Organ System
7.Organism (Largest)
Circulatory System Function
Transportation
Endocrine System Function
Communication
Nervous System Function
Director/ Control
Respiratory System Function
Gas Exchange
Muscular System Function
Protection
Movement
Heat
Integumentary System Function
Protection
Urinary System Function
Waste Removal
Reproductive System Function
Pass of genetic material
Lymphatic System Function
Monitoring the body
Immune System Function
Creates defense against unwanted things in the body
Skeletal System Function
Support’
Shape
Protection
Energy
What is Homeostasis maintained by?
Positive and negative Feedback Loops
Examples of Positive Feedback loops
Contractions
Examples of Negative Feedback Loops
Shivering
Sweating
Increased Blood Flow
“Goosebumps”
What makes an atom stable?
The outermost electrical shell/orbit is full
How do Ionic bonds hold atoms together?
One atom DONATES an electron(s) and the other accepts the electron(s)
How do Polar Covalent Bonds hold atoms together?
Electrons UNEQUALLY shared between the atoms
How do Nonpolar Covalent Bonds hold atoms together?
Electrical orbits overlap and share EQUALLY between the atoms
HCL +NaHCO3 -> NaCL + H2CO3 is an example of..
Exchange Reaction
Zn + I2 -> ZnI2 is an example of…
Synthesis Reaction
CaCO3 -> CaO + O2 is an example of…
Decompositon
PO4^2- and Ca^2+ are examples of…
organic compounds
What are the main Organic compounds in the body?
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Adenosine Tryphosphate
What are the main Inorganic compounds in the body?
H2O (water)
O2 (oxygen)
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Salts
What are the Properties of water?
Solvent (dissolver)
LIquid (transports)
High Heat Capacity
High Vaporization Temperature
Lubricant (reduces friction)
REagent in most chemical reactions
What happens when salts dissociate?
Release electrolytes
Electrolyte
Ions in the body use to make electricity
What makes a solution alkaline?
The quantity of OH- ions is greater than the H+ ions
What makes a solution acidic?
The quantity of H+ ions is greater than OH- ions
(releases H+)
What makes a solution neutral?
Concentration of Hydrogen and Hydroxide ions are equal
What is the PH of a alkaline solution?
14
What is the PH of a neutral solution?
7
What is the PH of an acidic solution?
0
What are the types of Carbohydrates?
Monosaccharides
Disoaccharides
Polysaccharides
What are the types of Lipids?
Tryglyceride
Phosphate
Cholesterol
What are the types of Proteins?
Amino acids
Polypeptides
Types of monosaccharides and functions
glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose
make energy for the body
What are lactose, maltose and sucrose examples of?
Disaccharides
What does Lactose decompose to when digested?
glucose and galactose
What does Sucrose decompose into when digested?
glucose and glucose
What does Maltose decompose to when digested?
glucose and fructose
What are the similarities and differences of glycogen and starch, and cellulose
glycogen is found in an animal cell and is the storage form of glucose
starch is found in a plant cell and is the storage form of glucose
cellulose is found in a plant cell and used for plant structure
Types of Lipids:
Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol
Triglyceride Function:
Used by cells to make energy
Phospholipids Function
acts as a barrier in the cell
Cholesterol Function
used to make steroid hormones
What are the functions of amino acids?
generate energy
builds larger proteins
What Bond holds amino acids together to form polypeptides/proteins?
peptide bonds
What are the four most common elements in our body?
Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen
What are the functions of a cell membrane?
Acts as a physical barrier between extracellular space and intracellular space
Regulates when enters/leaves the body
What is a cell membrane composed of?
a double wall of proteins, carbohydrates, phospholipids, and cholesterol
List the functions of membrane proteins…
receptor
channels
attachment
cell identifiers
enzymes
Types of Active transports
ATP Pumps
Vesicular Transport
Types of passive Transports
Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration
What is diffusion driven by?
Concentration Gradient
What is Osmosis Driven by?
Concentration Gradient
What is filtration driven by?
Hydrostatic Pressure
IN Osmosis what moves, and what direction?
Solvent moves from lowest solute concentration to highest
IN Diffusion what moves and in what direction?
solute moves from highest solute concentration to lowest
What are the Types of Diffusion? How do they differ from each other?
Simple - direct transport
Facilitated - occurs through channel proteins
What factors decrease the rate of diffusion?
Size of Concentration Gradient
Distance between the concentrations
Size of Solute
Teperature
What does non-specific filtration mean?
filtrate that fits through pores not specific things
How does a cell respond when exposed to a hypotonic solution?
the swell shrinks (cremates)
How does a cell respond when exposed to a hypertonic solution?
the cell swells and may burst (lysis)
How does a cell respond when exposed to a isotonic solution?
cell remains stable (prefers, already at equilibrium)
Types of non-membranous organelles
Cytoskeleton
cillium
microvilli
centrioles
ribosome
nucleus
Cytoskeleton functions;
cell shape
anchor membrane proteins and other organelles
Movement within the cell
Cilium function:
moves “things” across the top of the cell
Microvilli function:
increase surface area for absorption
Centrioles function:
moves DNA during cell division
Ribosome Function:
site protein synthesis
Nucleus (nm) Function
site of RNA syntheis
Types of Membranous Organelles
Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lyosome
Peroxisome
Nucleus
Mitochondria function
site of ATP production
(powerhouse)
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Function
work together to make packaged proteins
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Function
site of steroid hormones synthesis
stores calcium
Golgi Apparatus Function
modifies and packages proteins made by the RER
Lyosome Function
breakdown molecules or foreign particles
Peroxisome Function
breakdown fatty acid molecules
NUcleous (M) function
stores and protects DNA
What type of organic compounds is DNA?
nucleic acid
What type of organic compounds is RNA?
nucleic acid
DNA is composed of…
nucleotides
(A, T, C, G)
RNA is composed of…
nucleotides
(A, C, G, U)
Simililarities between DNA and RNA
made out of nucleotides
similar structure
posses four nitrogenous bases ( both share A,C,T)
Differences between DNA and RNA
DNA stores and transfers genetic information and is double stranded
RNA codes amino acids and is a messengers
DNA _T RNA_U
What bases attach to each other in DNA and RNA complementary base pairing??
RNA -
C,G
A,U
DNA-
C,G
A,T
DIfferent Types of RNA
Messenger mRNA
Ribosomal rRNA
Transfer tRNA
mRNA Function
takes and delivers blueprint to ribosome
tRNA function
has attachments and delivers ribosome
rRNA function
becomes a part of ribosome
What does semi-conservative DNA replication mean
each new DNA double-helix strand contains one strand of the original parent strand. \
AVOIDS MISTAKES/MUTATIONS
What is the start of codon?
AUG??????
What anticodon is complementary to the start codon?
UAC???????
What triplet codon is complementary to the start codon?
???????
Stages of mitosis
prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase
Stages of interphase
G1
S
G2
What happens during prophase?
chromosomes wind up
nuclear envelope breaks down
chromosomes consist of 2 identical chromatids temporarily connected by a centromere
What happens during metaphase?
chromosomes line up and condense along the equator of the cell
spindle apparatus is fully formed
What happens during anaphase?
sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell
What happens during telophase?
chromosomes unwinds
nuclear envelopes are reformed
END OF MITOSiS
What happens during cytokinesis?
DIvision of the cytoplasm
Division of the rest of the cell
(NOT PART OF MITOSIS)
What happens during the G1 stage?
the cell grows,develops, and functions as a particular type of cell
What happens during the S phase?
DNA is replicated to produce two identical strands called chromatids
What happens during the G2 phase?
cell continues to function but prepares for divison
