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S1 Flashcards (MA) > A & P EXAM #1 > Flashcards

A & P EXAM #1 Flashcards

1
Q

Anatomy

A

Study of the body’s structure

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2
Q

Physiology

A

study of the body’s function

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3
Q

Atom

A

Smallest Unit of matter.
Made up of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons).

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4
Q

Molecule

A

Two or more atoms combined.
Chemical building blocks of all body structures.

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5
Q

Compound

A

substance composed of two or more different elements joined by chemical bonds

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6
Q

Tissue

A

A group of many similar cells that work together to perform a specific function

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7
Q

Organ

A

anatomically distinct structure of the body composed of two or more tissues that work together to perform a specific(s) function

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8
Q

Organ System

A

group of organs that work together to perform major functions or meet physiological needs of the body.

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9
Q

Homeostasis

A

State of steady internal conditions maintained by living things

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10
Q

Positive Feedback Loop

A

intensifies a change in the body’s physiological condition. Deviation from the normal range resulting in more change , and the system moves farther away from the normal range

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11
Q

Negative Feedback Loop

A

reverses a deviation from the set point and then returns to normal range

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12
Q

Ion

A

atom with an overall positive or negative charge

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13
Q

Acid

A

compound that releases hydrogen ions in solution(s)

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14
Q

Base

A

Compound that accepts hydrogen ions in solution(s)

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15
Q

Active Transport

A

Movement of substances across the membrane using energy from ATP

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16
Q

Passive Transport

A

the movement of substance across a membrane without ATP

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17
Q

Selectively Permeable Membrane

A

Membrane that allows only substances meeting certain criteria to pass through

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18
Q

Brownian Movement

A

erratic random movement of microscopic particles in a fluid,

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19
Q

Solvent

A

dissolver

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20
Q

Solute

A

dissolved substsance

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21
Q

Solution

A

solvent and solute combined

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22
Q

Concentration Gradient

A

The difference in concentration of a substance across a space

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23
Q

Saturation

A

the degree or extent to which something is dissolved or absorbed compared with the maximum possible, usually expressed as a percentage.

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24
Q

Hypotonic Solution

A

describes a solution concentration that is lower than reference concentration

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25
Q

Hypertonic Solution

A

describes a solution concentration that is higher than a reference concentration

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26
Q

Isotonic Solution

A

describes a solution concentration that is the same concentration

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27
Q

Crenation

A

shrinkage of cells

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28
Q

Lysis

A

cell rupture

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29
Q

Filtrate

A

all solutes that fit through pore
NON SPECIFIC PROCESS

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30
Q

Pinocytosis

A

endocytosis of fluid

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31
Q

Phagocytosis

A

endocytosis of larger particles

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32
Q

Exocytosis

A

export of a substance out of a cell by formation of a membrane-bound vesicle

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33
Q

Cytosol

A

semi-fluid medium of the cytoplasm (mostly water)

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34
Q

Cytoplasm

A

internal material between the cell membrane and nucleus of a cell, mainly consisting of a water-based fluid called cytosol, within which are all the other organelles and cellular solute and suspended materials

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35
Q

Organelle

A

3-D structure, variety of tiny functioning units

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36
Q

RNA Polymerase

A

enzyme that unwinds DNA

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37
Q

DNA Polymerase

A

enzyme that functions in adding new nucleotides to a growing strand of DNA during DNA replication

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38
Q

Translation

A

process of producing a protein from the nucleotide sequence code of an mRNA transcript

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39
Q

Transcription

A

process of producing an mRNA molecule that is complementary to a particular gene of DNA

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40
Q

Gene

A

functional length of DNA that provides the genetic information necessary to build a protein

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41
Q

Codon

A

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on an mRNA molecule that corresponds to a specific amino acid

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42
Q

Triplet

A

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a DNA molecule

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43
Q

Anticodon

A

consecutive sequence of three nucleotides on a tRNA molecule

that is complementary to a specific codon on an mRNA molecule

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44
Q

Interphase

A

entire life cycle of a cell, excluding mitosis

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45
Q

Mitosis

A

division of genetic material, during which the cell nucleus breaks down and two new, fully functional, nuclei are formed

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46
Q

Cytokinesis

A

final stage in cell division, where the cytoplasm divides to form two separate daughter cells

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47
Q

Cell

A

smallest functioning units of an organism

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48
Q

Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP)

A

nucleotide contaning ribose and adenine base.
ESSENTIAL FOR ENERGY TRANSFER

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49
Q

Anion

A

Atom with a negative charge

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50
Q

cation

A

Atom with a positive charge

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51
Q

Endocytosis

A

Bringing something into the cell

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52
Q

Subatomic Particles and their charges

A

Proton- positive+
neutron- no charge
electron- negative charge -

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53
Q

What charge does an atom have?

A

Electrically neutral

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54
Q

How is an atom of Hydrogen different then an atom of carbon?

A

Atomic Number
Atomic Mass
Atomic Symbol
H, #1, AM 1
C, #6, AM 12

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55
Q

Levels of Hierarchial Organization
(smallest- largest)

A

1.Atom (smallest)
2.Molecules/Compounds
3.Cells
4.Tissue
5.Organ
6.Organ System
7.Organism (Largest)

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56
Q

Circulatory System Function

A

Transportation

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57
Q

Endocrine System Function

A

Communication

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58
Q

Nervous System Function

A

Director/ Control

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59
Q

Respiratory System Function

A

Gas Exchange

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60
Q

Muscular System Function

A

Protection
Movement
Heat

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61
Q

Integumentary System Function

A

Protection

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62
Q

Urinary System Function

A

Waste Removal

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63
Q

Reproductive System Function

A

Pass of genetic material

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64
Q

Lymphatic System Function

A

Monitoring the body

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65
Q

Immune System Function

A

Creates defense against unwanted things in the body

66
Q

Skeletal System Function

A

Support’
Shape
Protection
Energy

67
Q

What is Homeostasis maintained by?

A

Positive and negative Feedback Loops

68
Q

Examples of Positive Feedback loops

A

Contractions

69
Q

Examples of Negative Feedback Loops

A

Shivering
Sweating
Increased Blood Flow
“Goosebumps”

70
Q

What makes an atom stable?

A

The outermost electrical shell/orbit is full

71
Q

How do Ionic bonds hold atoms together?

A

One atom DONATES an electron(s) and the other accepts the electron(s)

72
Q

How do Polar Covalent Bonds hold atoms together?

A

Electrons UNEQUALLY shared between the atoms

73
Q

How do Nonpolar Covalent Bonds hold atoms together?

A

Electrical orbits overlap and share EQUALLY between the atoms

74
Q

HCL +NaHCO3 -> NaCL + H2CO3 is an example of..

A

Exchange Reaction

75
Q

Zn + I2 -> ZnI2 is an example of…

A

Synthesis Reaction

76
Q

CaCO3 -> CaO + O2 is an example of…

A

Decompositon

77
Q

PO4^2- and Ca^2+ are examples of…

A

organic compounds

78
Q

What are the main Organic compounds in the body?

A

Carbohydrates
Lipids
Nucleic Acid
Adenosine Tryphosphate

79
Q

What are the main Inorganic compounds in the body?

A

H2O (water)
O2 (oxygen)
CO2 (carbon dioxide)
Salts

80
Q

What are the Properties of water?

A

Solvent (dissolver)
LIquid (transports)
High Heat Capacity
High Vaporization Temperature
Lubricant (reduces friction)
REagent in most chemical reactions

81
Q

What happens when salts dissociate?

A

Release electrolytes

82
Q

Electrolyte

A

Ions in the body use to make electricity

83
Q

What makes a solution alkaline?

A

The quantity of OH- ions is greater than the H+ ions

84
Q

What makes a solution acidic?

A

The quantity of H+ ions is greater than OH- ions
(releases H+)

85
Q

What makes a solution neutral?

A

Concentration of Hydrogen and Hydroxide ions are equal

86
Q

What is the PH of a alkaline solution?

A

14

87
Q

What is the PH of a neutral solution?

A

7

88
Q

What is the PH of an acidic solution?

A

0

89
Q

What are the types of Carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides
Disoaccharides
Polysaccharides

90
Q

What are the types of Lipids?

A

Tryglyceride
Phosphate
Cholesterol

91
Q

What are the types of Proteins?

A

Amino acids
Polypeptides

92
Q

Types of monosaccharides and functions

A

glucose
fructose
galactose
ribose
deoxyribose

make energy for the body

93
Q

What are lactose, maltose and sucrose examples of?

A

Disaccharides

94
Q

What does Lactose decompose to when digested?

A

glucose and galactose

95
Q

What does Sucrose decompose into when digested?

A

glucose and glucose

96
Q

What does Maltose decompose to when digested?

A

glucose and fructose

97
Q

What are the similarities and differences of glycogen and starch, and cellulose

A

glycogen is found in an animal cell and is the storage form of glucose
starch is found in a plant cell and is the storage form of glucose
cellulose is found in a plant cell and used for plant structure

98
Q

Types of Lipids:

A

Triglycerides
Phospholipids
Cholesterol

99
Q

Triglyceride Function:

A

Used by cells to make energy

100
Q

Phospholipids Function

A

acts as a barrier in the cell

101
Q

Cholesterol Function

A

used to make steroid hormones

102
Q

What are the functions of amino acids?

A

generate energy
builds larger proteins

103
Q

What Bond holds amino acids together to form polypeptides/proteins?

A

peptide bonds

104
Q

What are the four most common elements in our body?

A

Hydrogen
Carbon
Oxygen
Nitrogen

105
Q

What are the functions of a cell membrane?

A

Acts as a physical barrier between extracellular space and intracellular space

Regulates when enters/leaves the body

106
Q

What is a cell membrane composed of?

A

a double wall of proteins, carbohydrates, phospholipids, and cholesterol

107
Q

List the functions of membrane proteins…

A

receptor
channels
attachment
cell identifiers
enzymes

108
Q

Types of Active transports

A

ATP Pumps
Vesicular Transport

109
Q

Types of passive Transports

A

Diffusion
Osmosis
Filtration

110
Q

What is diffusion driven by?

A

Concentration Gradient

111
Q

What is Osmosis Driven by?

A

Concentration Gradient

112
Q

What is filtration driven by?

A

Hydrostatic Pressure

113
Q

IN Osmosis what moves, and what direction?

A

Solvent moves from lowest solute concentration to highest

114
Q

IN Diffusion what moves and in what direction?

A

solute moves from highest solute concentration to lowest

115
Q

What are the Types of Diffusion? How do they differ from each other?

A

Simple - direct transport
Facilitated - occurs through channel proteins

116
Q

What factors decrease the rate of diffusion?

A

Size of Concentration Gradient
Distance between the concentrations
Size of Solute
Teperature

117
Q

What does non-specific filtration mean?

A

filtrate that fits through pores not specific things

118
Q

How does a cell respond when exposed to a hypotonic solution?

A

the swell shrinks (cremates)

119
Q

How does a cell respond when exposed to a hypertonic solution?

A

the cell swells and may burst (lysis)

120
Q

How does a cell respond when exposed to a isotonic solution?

A

cell remains stable (prefers, already at equilibrium)

121
Q

Types of non-membranous organelles

A

Cytoskeleton
cillium
microvilli
centrioles
ribosome
nucleus

122
Q

Cytoskeleton functions;

A

cell shape
anchor membrane proteins and other organelles
Movement within the cell

123
Q

Cilium function:

A

moves “things” across the top of the cell

124
Q

Microvilli function:

A

increase surface area for absorption

125
Q

Centrioles function:

A

moves DNA during cell division

126
Q

Ribosome Function:

A

site protein synthesis

127
Q

Nucleus (nm) Function

A

site of RNA syntheis

128
Q

Types of Membranous Organelles

A

Mitochondria
Endoplasmic Reticulum
Golgi Apparatus
Lyosome
Peroxisome
Nucleus

129
Q

Mitochondria function

A

site of ATP production
(powerhouse)

130
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (RER) Function

A

work together to make packaged proteins

131
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (SER) Function

A

site of steroid hormones synthesis
stores calcium

132
Q

Golgi Apparatus Function

A

modifies and packages proteins made by the RER

133
Q

Lyosome Function

A

breakdown molecules or foreign particles

134
Q

Peroxisome Function

A

breakdown fatty acid molecules

135
Q

NUcleous (M) function

A

stores and protects DNA

136
Q

What type of organic compounds is DNA?

A

nucleic acid

137
Q

What type of organic compounds is RNA?

A

nucleic acid

138
Q

DNA is composed of…

A

nucleotides
(A, T, C, G)

139
Q

RNA is composed of…

A

nucleotides
(A, C, G, U)

140
Q

Simililarities between DNA and RNA

A

made out of nucleotides
similar structure
posses four nitrogenous bases ( both share A,C,T)

141
Q

Differences between DNA and RNA

A

DNA stores and transfers genetic information and is double stranded
RNA codes amino acids and is a messengers
DNA _T RNA_U

142
Q

What bases attach to each other in DNA and RNA complementary base pairing??

A

RNA -
C,G
A,U

DNA-
C,G
A,T

143
Q

DIfferent Types of RNA

A

Messenger mRNA
Ribosomal rRNA
Transfer tRNA

144
Q

mRNA Function

A

takes and delivers blueprint to ribosome

145
Q

tRNA function

A

has attachments and delivers ribosome

146
Q

rRNA function

A

becomes a part of ribosome

147
Q

What does semi-conservative DNA replication mean

A

each new DNA double-helix strand contains one strand of the original parent strand. \
AVOIDS MISTAKES/MUTATIONS

148
Q

What is the start of codon?

A

AUG??????

149
Q

What anticodon is complementary to the start codon?

A

UAC???????

150
Q

What triplet codon is complementary to the start codon?

A

???????

151
Q

Stages of mitosis

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

152
Q

Stages of interphase

A

G1
S
G2

153
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

chromosomes wind up
nuclear envelope breaks down
chromosomes consist of 2 identical chromatids temporarily connected by a centromere

154
Q

What happens during metaphase?

A

chromosomes line up and condense along the equator of the cell
spindle apparatus is fully formed

155
Q

What happens during anaphase?

A

sister chromatids separate and move to opposite poles of the cell

156
Q

What happens during telophase?

A

chromosomes unwinds
nuclear envelopes are reformed
END OF MITOSiS

157
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

DIvision of the cytoplasm
Division of the rest of the cell
(NOT PART OF MITOSIS)

158
Q

What happens during the G1 stage?

A

the cell grows,develops, and functions as a particular type of cell

159
Q

What happens during the S phase?

A

DNA is replicated to produce two identical strands called chromatids

160
Q

What happens during the G2 phase?

A

cell continues to function but prepares for divison

S1 Flashcards (MA) (12 decks)

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