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S1 Flashcards (MA) > Nervous System > Flashcards

Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

General Functions

A

Sensation
motor
intergration

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2
Q

CNS

A

Central nervous system

brain
spinal cord

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3
Q

PNS

A

Peripheral nervous system

everywhere else in the body

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4
Q

Afferent

A

Relays sensory information TOWARD the CNS

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5
Q

Efferent

A

Relays motor information AWAY from the CNS

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6
Q

Somatic

A

Innervates voluntary muscle

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7
Q

Automatic

A

Innervates involuntary muscle and glands

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8
Q

Parasympathetics

A

“Rest and digest”

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9
Q

Sympathetics

A

“Fight or flight”

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10
Q

Nervous tissue characteristics

A

Irratibility - responds to stimulus
conductivity
secretion of neurotransmitters or hormones

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11
Q

Nervous tissue cells

A

Glial Cells - Supporting Cells
Neurons- Functional cells

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12
Q

Glial cells in the CNS

A

ependymal cells
microglia
oligodendrocytes
astrocytes

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13
Q

Ependymal cells functions

A

Lines the spaces
produces cerebral spinal fluid

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14
Q

Microglia cells functions

A

Phagocytes
move around the CNS

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15
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A

Produce myelin

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16
Q

Astrocytes

A

Provide physical support for neurons and their processes
maintains optimal external environment for neurons
guides neurons for their development
forms the blood brain barrier

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17
Q

Glial Cells in the PNS

A

Satellite cells
shwann cells

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18
Q

Satellite cells functions

A

Provides physical support for neurons

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19
Q

Schwann cells functions

A

Makes myelin
guides neurons during development and their processes
guides for regeneration

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20
Q

Soma

A

Neurons Cell body

contains major organelles
no centrioles

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21
Q

Dendrites

A

Processes attached to the soma
main receivers of nuerons

contain mitochondria and cytoskeleton proteins

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22
Q

Axon

A

Process attached to the soma at the axon hillock
helps movement
maintains shape

contain mitochondria and cytoskeleton proteins

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23
Q

Types of axons

A

Unmyelinated
myelinated

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24
Q

Node of ranvier

A

Where axon is exposed from myelin

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25
Q

Axolemma

A

Axons membrane

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26
Q

Types of transportation along the axoplasm

A

Axoplasmic flow
axonal transport

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27
Q

Axoplasm

A

Axons cytoplasm

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28
Q

Axoplasmic flow

A

Passive process

TRANSPORTS:
mitochondria
cytoskeleton proteins

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29
Q

Axonal transport

A

Active transports
uses cytoskeleton proteins

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30
Q

Types of axonal transport

A

Anterograde
retrogrde

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31
Q

Anterograde axonal transport

A

Soma&raquo_space;>axon terminal

TRANSPORTS:
Neurotransmitters

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32
Q

Retrograde axonal transport

A

Axon terminal&raquo_space;> soma

TRANSPORTS:
VIRUSES
HEAVY METALS

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33
Q

Neurons based on structure

A

psuedounipolar
bipolar
multipolar

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34
Q

Neurons based on function

A

Afferent
efferent
interneurons

35
Q

Interneurons

A

Connects afferent and efferent

36
Q

Ionic channels

A

Leak channels
gated channels

37
Q

Leak channels

A

ALWAYS OPEN

NA+ LEak channels
K+ leak channels

38
Q

Gated channels

A

OPEN &. CLOSE

Chemically gated channels
voltage gated channels

39
Q

Chemically gated channels

A

Opens when a chemical attaches to the proteins
Closez when a chemical is not attached to the proteins

40
Q

Voltage Gated channels

A

Open & Close at different membrane voltages

Voltage gated NA+ channels
voltage gated K+ channels

41
Q

Membrane Potential

A

a barrier between electrical charges

42
Q

Resting membrane potential

A

in a stimulated neuron

USES
NA+ & K+ leak channels
NA+- K+ ATP Pumps
Anionic proteins

43
Q

Graded Potential

A

in a stimulated neuron

USES
chemically gated NA+ channels

44
Q

Anionic protein charge

A

negative

45
Q

ATP PUMP

A

for every 3NA+ out 2K+ in

46
Q

Local current

A

diffusion of NA+ underneath adjacent pieces of membrane

47
Q

Action Potential

A

generated at the axon hillock

USES
local current from a graded potential
NA+ & K+ voltage gated channels

48
Q

Action potential steps

A

starts at RMP
Local current diffuses along axon hillock
depolarizes to threshold
voltage gated NA+ channels open’
NA+ rushes into axon hillcok
depolarizes the membrane
VOltage gated NA+ channels close
Voltage K+ channels open
K+ rushes out of axon hillock
Repolarizes
VOltage gated channels become active
voltage gated channels start closing
hyperpolarization
voltage gated K+ channels finally close
Returns to RMP

49
Q

RMP =

A

-70mv

50
Q

Threshold =

A

-55mv

51
Q

repolarization

A

membrane voltages move back to negative

52
Q

hyperpolarization

A

membrane voltage drops lower than RMP

53
Q

REfractory periods

A

Starts at threshold ends when returned to RMP

54
Q

absolute refractory period

A

starts at threshold ends at -55mv during repolarization

55
Q

reflective Refractory period

A

starts at -55mv during the repolarization
ends when returned to resting membrane potential

56
Q

Threshold Stimuli

A

generates enough local current to depolarize the axon hillock to threshold

57
Q

subthreshold stimuli

A

does NOT generate enough local current to depolarize the axon hillock to threshold

58
Q

Summaation

A

can add effects of stimuli together

59
Q

temporal summation

A

apply 1 subthreshold over a short period of time

60
Q

spatial summation

A

apply multiple subthreshold stimuli sumutaniously

61
Q

Continuous Propogation conduction

A

occurs along an unmyelinated axon

individual electrical currents
each piece of axolemma is depolarized to threshold generating an action potentiaal

62
Q

Saltatory Conduction

A

occurs along a myelinated axon

generates action potentials at succesive nodes of ranvier
voltage gated channels only are found at the nodes of ranvier

63
Q

factors that affect the rate of conduction

A

presence of myelin
diameter of axon
temperature

64
Q

presence of myelin means

A

electrical activity is faster in a myelinated axon

65
Q

diameter of axon means

A

larger = faster
smaller= more resistance slower (typically unmyelinated)

66
Q

temperate effects

A

rates of diffusion
effects local current
effects Action potential

67
Q

synapse

A

where axon terminal communicates with a postsynaptic cleft

68
Q

If a neurotransmitter receptor is a … chemically gated NA+ channel

A

NA+ diffuses into the postsynaptic cleft
causes depolarization
produces EPSP

69
Q

If a neurotransmitter receptor is a … chemically gated K+ channel

A

K+ diffuses out of post synaptic cleft
causes hyperpolarization
produces IPSP

70
Q

If a neurotransmitter receptor is a … chemically gated CL- channel

A

CL- diffuses into post synaptic cleft
produces IPSP

71
Q

ISPS

A

inhibitory postsynaptic potential

72
Q

ESPS

A

excitatory postsnaptic potential

73
Q

cholinergic synapse

A

releases ACh

74
Q

ACh production

A

OCCURS
in the axon terminal

USES
choline= amino acid
ACellCOA= BYproduct of ATP

75
Q

ACh breakdown

A

ACh turns into choline and acetyle

76
Q

Cholinergic synapse locations

A

neurotransmitter junctions
ALL neuron- neuron synapse in PNS
Most neuron- neuron synapse in CNS
between parasympathetic neuron & its effector orgin

77
Q

Alzheimer’s disease

A

progressive degeneration of cholinergic neurons

Cells die Stops transferring information

78
Q

LOW PH on neutral activity

A

decreases neuron excitability by decreasing the RMP volatage

79
Q

HIGH PH neutral activity

A

increases neuron excitability by increasing the RMP voltage

80
Q

Reflexes

A

rapid automatic response to a stimulus (external or internal)

81
Q

steps of reflex arc

A

apply stimulus to activate a sensory receptor
activate a afferent neuron
CNS processing
activate efferent neuron

response of effector organ

82
Q

site of CNS processing

A

Cranial- ALL in brain
Spinal - ALL in soinal

83
Q

monosynaptic reflex

A

1 synapse

84
Q

polysynaptic reflex

A

2+ synapses

S1 Flashcards (MA) (12 decks)

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