Lab Practical #2 Flashcards
Epithelial
Tissue that covers the outside of the body or lines the inside of the cavities.
one surface faces the external environment
Functions of Epithelial tissue
protection
sensation
secretion
absorption
excretion
diffusion
simple squamous epithelium
single layer of thin flat cells.
found in kidneys, lungs
transport of wastes from blood to urine(filtration/osmosis)
simple cuboidal epithelium
single layer of block shaped cells
found in thyroid -secrete hormones
found in kidneys-absorb
simple columnar epithelium
single layer of column or rectangular- shaped cells
found in fallopian tubes (cilia)
found in small intestine - absorption
all nuclei are at the same level in each cell
simple cilliated columnar
simple columnar cells with cilia
found in airpassages like the nose and fallopian tubes
simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells
simple columnar cells with goblets
capable of synthesizing and secreting certain substances ( enymes, hormones, milk, mucous…)
found in intestinal and respiratory tracts. small and large intestine or upper eyelid
Psuedostratisfied
she single layer of cells appears stratified because the cells have different heights: all the cells, however, rest on the basement membrane, but all do not reach the apical surface
pseudostratified columnar epithelium
Single layer of rectangular cells which have their nuclei in different locations
Seen in trachea where cilia sweep debris away from the lungs
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
Many layers of cells (stratified) but the top layer is flat cells (squamous)
Seen in skin where it is used for protection
transitional epithelium
consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand.
In the contracted state cells appear round, in the expanded state cells appear flattened.
connective tissue characteristsics
most abundant tissue in the body
composed of an abundant amount of ground substance (see below)
Generally highly vascular
connective tissue general functions
protection,
- supports and binds other tissues together.
types of connective tissue
connective tissue proper:
loose (Areolar & adipose),
Dense (regular & irregular),
Elastic tissue.
(Other types of tissues: cartilage, bone, blood and muscle.)
extracellular matrix
ground substance and fibers
ground substance
Gel like substance that helps absorb compression in the body.
made up of glycosaminoglycan’s, proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
\
Nutrients can diffuse through ground substance. Ground substance’ of extracellular matrix is an gelatinous material. It is transparent, colorless, and fills the spaces between fibers and cells.
Types of fibers
collagenous
elastic
reticular
collagenous fibers
composed of protein called collagen
strong and flexible
elastic fiber
composed of elastin
capable of stretching
reticular fiber
thin threads for a “meshlike” network
cell types
Fibroblast: (star or elongated)
Fat cells: (adipocytes)
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Mast cells
fibroblasts
make fibers
fat cells
aipocytes
stores lipids
macrophages
“eat” bacteria
plasma cells
produce anitbodies
mast cells
produce histamines
loose areolar
support, strength and flexibility.
Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cell and plasma cells.
binds skin to muscles.
loose adipose
Composed of fat cells that are filled with lipids. ENERGY SOURCE. Insulation.
Under the skin (hypodermis).
“Pads” around organs.
dense regular
Fibers Run in same direction in a more ordered fashion. Fibers are parallel. \
Ligaments: Attach bone to bone Tendons: Attach muscle to bone
dense irregular
Fibers run in different direction. Less ordered. Fibers are bundled capsules
Dermis of the skin and joint
elastic tissue
Contains many irregularly arranged elastic fibers. Can be stretched but returns to original length
Walls of arteries
Bone
Rigid connective tissue that forms the skeletal support of the adult body.
Composed of organic and inorganic material
Cells
osteoblast
osteocyte
osteoclast
osteoblast
Immature active cell. Helps to form bone by producing osteoid (organic portion of matrix).
osteocyte
Mature bone cell. Maintains bone. Resides in lacunae.
osteoclast
Cell which has enzymes that break down bone maintain calcium levels.
haversian system
1.Osteocyte lie within space called lacunae.
- Arranged in a concentric (circular) matrix called Lamellae, around a canal (opening) called Haversian Canal.
What is the most widespread and abundant types of tissue in the human body?
connective tissue
fribrous dense connective tissue
Matrix is mostly collagen and some elastic fibers packed tightly together
Connects muscles to bones (tendons) and bones to bones (ligaments)
Cartilage
Matrix is gel-like
Made of collagen fibers and chondroitin sulfate
Cells live in spaces called lacunae
Flexible but holds its shape
Found at the ends of bones and in the nasal septum
What is the common type of cartilage?
hyaline Cartilage
hyaline cartilage
SUPPORTS AND REINFORCES. RESITS COMPRESSIVE FORCES
FOUND IN TIP OF NOSE, TRACHEA AND LARYNX & ENDS OF LONG BONES
fibro cartilage
TENSILE STRENGTH WITH ABILITY TO ABSORB COMPRESSIVE SHOCK
INTERVERTEBRAL DISC,
JOINT SPACE OF KNEE
elastic cartilage
has more flexibility and elasticity than other cartilage types.
It contains elastic fibres in addition to collagen
Found in external ear, epiglottis.
Types of cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage
Intracellular fluid is also known as the…
cytoplasmic matrix.
Extracellular means?
it is the fluid found outside the cells.
What is the function of the ground substance in connective tissue?
Supports the cells and fibers
Helps determine the consistency of the matrix
other types of tissues
muscle
nervous
blood
What are the possible protein fibers in CT matrix?
COLLAGEN, ELASTIN AND RETICULAR FIBERS
What are possible consistencies of ground substance in connective tissue?
Ground substance is primarily composed of water and large organic molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.
Layers of the skin
EPIDERMIS
(stratified squamous)
DERMIS
(flexible connective tissue)
HYPODERMIS (subcutaneous)
(fat cells present (*ADIPOSE)
layers of the epidermis
stratum CORNEUM(top)
stratum lucidum (in thick skin)
Stratum granulosum
Stratum spinosum
stratum BASALE(bottom layer)
list all the properties/traits that epethial
protection
secretion
absorption
what is the criteria used to classify epithelial tissues?
shape of membrane]
how many layers
how does adipose tissue reduce the loss of heat through skin?
filled and layered
thickness
last layer before muscle
ligament connects what structures?
bone to bone
tendons connect what structures?
muscle to bone
