Lab Practical #2

Question 1

Epithelial

Answer 1

Tissue that covers the outside of the body or lines the inside of the cavities.

one surface faces the external environment

Question 2

Functions of Epithelial tissue

Answer 2

protection
sensation
secretion
absorption
excretion
diffusion

Question 3

simple squamous epithelium

Answer 3

single layer of thin flat cells.
found in kidneys, lungs
transport of wastes from blood to urine(filtration/osmosis)

Question 4

simple cuboidal epithelium

Answer 4

single layer of block shaped cells
found in thyroid -secrete hormones
found in kidneys-absorb

Question 5

simple columnar epithelium

Answer 5

single layer of column or rectangular- shaped cells

found in fallopian tubes (cilia)
found in small intestine - absorption

all nuclei are at the same level in each cell

Question 6

simple cilliated columnar

Answer 6

simple columnar cells with cilia
found in airpassages like the nose and fallopian tubes

Question 7

simple columnar epithelium with goblet cells

Answer 7

simple columnar cells with goblets
capable of synthesizing and secreting certain substances ( enymes, hormones, milk, mucous…)

found in intestinal and respiratory tracts. small and large intestine or upper eyelid

Question 8

Psuedostratisfied

Answer 8

she single layer of cells appears stratified because the cells have different heights: all the cells, however, rest on the basement membrane, but all do not reach the apical surface

Question 9

pseudostratified columnar epithelium

Answer 9

Single layer of rectangular cells which have their nuclei in different locations

Seen in trachea where cilia sweep debris away from the lungs

Question 10

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Answer 10

Many layers of cells (stratified) but the top layer is flat cells (squamous)
Seen in skin where it is used for protection

Question 11

transitional epithelium

Answer 11

consisting of multiple layers of epithelial cells which can contract and expand.

In the contracted state cells appear round, in the expanded state cells appear flattened.

Question 11

connective tissue characteristsics

Answer 11

most abundant tissue in the body

composed of an abundant amount of ground substance (see below)

Generally highly vascular

Question 12

connective tissue general functions

Answer 12

protection,
- supports and binds other tissues together.

Question 13

types of connective tissue

Answer 13

connective tissue proper:
loose (Areolar & adipose),

Dense (regular & irregular),

Elastic tissue.

(Other types of tissues: cartilage, bone, blood and muscle.)

Question 14

extracellular matrix

Answer 14

ground substance and fibers

Question 15

ground substance

Answer 15

Gel like substance that helps absorb compression in the body.
made up of glycosaminoglycan’s, proteoglycans and glycoproteins.
\
Nutrients can diffuse through ground substance. Ground substance’ of extracellular matrix is an gelatinous material. It is transparent, colorless, and fills the spaces between fibers and cells.

Question 16

Types of fibers

Answer 16

collagenous
elastic
reticular

Question 17

collagenous fibers

Answer 17

composed of protein called collagen
strong and flexible

Question 18

elastic fiber

Answer 18

composed of elastin
capable of stretching

Question 19

reticular fiber

Answer 19

thin threads for a “meshlike” network

Question 20

cell types

Answer 20

Fibroblast: (star or elongated)
Fat cells: (adipocytes)
Macrophages
Plasma cells
Mast cells

Question 21

fibroblasts

Answer 21

make fibers

Question 22

fat cells

Answer 22

aipocytes
stores lipids

Question 23

macrophages

Answer 23

“eat” bacteria

Question 24

plasma cells

Answer 24

produce anitbodies

Question 25

mast cells

Answer 25

produce histamines

Question 26

loose areolar

Answer 26

support, strength and flexibility. Contains fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cell and plasma cells. binds skin to muscles.

Question 27

loose adipose

Answer 27

Composed of fat cells that are filled with lipids. ENERGY SOURCE. Insulation. Under the skin (hypodermis). “Pads” around organs.

Question 28

dense regular

Answer 28

Fibers Run in same direction in a more ordered fashion. Fibers are parallel. \ Ligaments: Attach bone to bone Tendons: Attach muscle to bone

Question 29

dense irregular

Answer 29

Fibers run in different direction. Less ordered. Fibers are bundled capsules Dermis of the skin and joint

Question 30

elastic tissue

Answer 30

Contains many irregularly arranged elastic fibers. Can be stretched but returns to original length Walls of arteries

Question 31

Bone

Answer 31

Rigid connective tissue that forms the skeletal support of the adult body. Composed of organic and inorganic material

Question 32

Cells

Answer 32

osteoblast osteocyte osteoclast

Question 33

osteoblast

Answer 33

Immature active cell. Helps to form bone by producing osteoid (organic portion of matrix).

Question 34

osteocyte

Answer 34

Mature bone cell. Maintains bone. Resides in lacunae.

Question 35

osteoclast

Answer 35

Cell which has enzymes that break down bone maintain calcium levels.

Question 36

haversian system

Answer 36

1.Osteocyte lie within space called lacunae. 2. Arranged in a concentric (circular) matrix called Lamellae, around a canal (opening) called Haversian Canal.

Question 37

What is the most widespread and abundant types of tissue in the human body?

Answer 37

connective tissue

Question 38

fribrous dense connective tissue

Answer 38

Matrix is mostly collagen and some elastic fibers packed tightly together Connects muscles to bones (tendons) and bones to bones (ligaments)

Question 39

Cartilage

Answer 39

Matrix is gel-like Made of collagen fibers and chondroitin sulfate Cells live in spaces called lacunae Flexible but holds its shape Found at the ends of bones and in the nasal septum

Question 40

What is the common type of cartilage?

Answer 40

hyaline Cartilage

Question 41

hyaline cartilage

Answer 41

SUPPORTS AND REINFORCES. RESITS COMPRESSIVE FORCES FOUND IN TIP OF NOSE, TRACHEA AND LARYNX & ENDS OF LONG BONES

Question 42

fibro cartilage

Answer 42

TENSILE STRENGTH WITH ABILITY TO ABSORB COMPRESSIVE SHOCK INTERVERTEBRAL DISC, JOINT SPACE OF KNEE

Question 43

elastic cartilage

Answer 43

has more flexibility and elasticity than other cartilage types. It contains elastic fibres in addition to collagen Found in external ear, epiglottis.

Question 44

Types of cartilage

Answer 44

Hyaline Elastic Fibrocartilage

Question 45

Intracellular fluid is also known as the...

Answer 45

cytoplasmic matrix.

Question 46

Extracellular means?

Answer 46

it is the fluid found outside the cells.

Question 47

What is the function of the ground substance in connective tissue?

Answer 47

Supports the cells and fibers Helps determine the consistency of the matrix

Question 48

other types of tissues

Answer 48

muscle nervous blood

Question 49

What are the possible protein fibers in CT matrix?

Answer 49

COLLAGEN, ELASTIN AND RETICULAR FIBERS

Question 50

What are possible consistencies of ground substance in connective tissue?

Answer 50

Ground substance is primarily composed of water and large organic molecules, such as glycosaminoglycans (GAGs), proteoglycans, and glycoproteins.

Question 51

Layers of the skin

Answer 51

EPIDERMIS (stratified squamous) DERMIS (flexible connective tissue) HYPODERMIS (subcutaneous) (fat cells present (*ADIPOSE)

Question 52

layers of the epidermis

Answer 52

stratum CORNEUM(top) stratum lucidum (in thick skin) Stratum granulosum Stratum spinosum stratum BASALE(bottom layer)

Question 53

list all the properties/traits that epethial

Answer 53

protection secretion absorption

Question 54

what is the criteria used to classify epithelial tissues?

Answer 54

shape of membrane] how many layers

Question 55

how does adipose tissue reduce the loss of heat through skin?

Answer 55

filled and layered thickness last layer before muscle

Question 56

ligament connects what structures?

Answer 56

bone to bone

Question 57

tendons connect what structures?

Answer 57

muscle to bone