Unit 2_Pulmonary Pathophysiology Flashcards
Respiratory capacity is related to what?
Function
All physical activities (including ADLs) have what?
a “cost” (metabolic cost)
Metabolic costs is measured in what?
METs
(1 MET = 3.5 ml O2 per kg body weight x min)
What is the distance between an individual’s capacity and the metabolic cost of an activity?
Physical Reserve
The less reserve the ______ and more taxing a task will be for a person
harder
What are the following?
1 – typical physiology
2 – long term (chronic) respiratory changes
3 – acute respiratory changes
Factors influencing physical capacity - common capacity changes over time
What are two categories primarily reserved for chronic pulmonary conditions?
- Obstructive
- Restrictive
What are common pathological changes resulting from pulmonary disease?
Hypoxemia
Hypoxia
Hypercapnia
Pulmonary Edema
What is a common pathological change resulting from pulmonary disease that includes reduced O2 content in the blood?
Hypoxemia
What is a common pathological change resulting from pulmonary disease that includes a lack of O2 availability to the body’s tissues? (May be due to other non-respiratory causes (ex. left-side heart failure)
Hypoxia
What is a common pathological change resulting from pulmonary disease that includes increased CO2 content in the blood?
Hypercapnia
What is a common pathological change resulting from pulmonary disease that includes fluid accumulation in the lung tissue? (May be due to pulmonary disease, heart failure, and other systemic conditions)
Pulmonary Edema
What are general signs and symptoms of pulmonary disease?
Altered Breathing Patterns
Cough
Dyspnea
Abnormal Sputum
Chest Pain
Hemoptysis (“huh mapp tuh suhs”)
Cyanosis
Digital Clubbing (chronic conditions)
What is normal respiration rate for adults?
12-20 respirations/minute
Respirations should be rhythmical (Eupnea)
What is increased alveolar ventilation, relative to metabolic demands? Typically, due to increased frequency of breaths vs increased depth of breathing
May result in a drop in PaCO2 (“hypocapnia”)
Examples – “anxiety”, “panic attack”
Hyperventilation
What is decreased ventilation, relative to metabolic demands?
Shallow and/or infrequent breaths
May result in a rise in PaCO2 (“hypercapnia”)
Examples – pneumonia, CPOD, drugs, neuromuscular disorders
Hypoventilation
What is high pitched sound created by an obstruction to airflow, especially an obstruction at the level of the trachea or larynx? (“upper airway obstruction”)
Stridor
What is high pitched sounds created as air passes through narrowed tracheobronchial airways? Commonly heard in individuals with asthma.
Wheezing
What kind of cough is
- Hypersensitive airways
- Congestion (at first – later may become frothy – with blood)
- Tumor
- Medication side effect – ACE inhibitors
Dry
What kind of cough is
- Purulent sputum indicates infection
- Non-purulent sputum indicates non-specific irritation
- Hemoptysis - “possible” pathologic condition
Productive
What is a hallmark feature of pulmonary disease?
Occurs secondary to inadequate ventilation and/or lack of O2 in the circulating blood.
Occurs mainly with diffuse, rather than localized disease
Orthopnea – dyspnea when lying down, secondary to fluid shifts and decreased efficiency of the respiratory muscles.
Dyspnea
What is usually sub-sternal, or over the involved lung field/lobe?
May mimic angina, including radiation to the neck or arm.
Pleural irritation (“pleurisy”) may result in sharp pain that is reduced by lying on the affected side, thus limiting movement (“autosplinting”).
Chest Pain
What is a loss of the normal angle between the nail and nail-bed on the fingers and toes?
Results in a club-like appearance.
Caused by a chronic perfusion deficit secondary to pulmonary disease.
(May also occur with certain cardiac, liver, and GI disorders)
Digital Clubbing
What is expected age-related changes?
Decrease in:
Respiratory muscle strength and endurance
In number of elastic fibers in the lung tissue
In overall lung function (FVC, FEV1)
Increase in:
Chest-wall stiffness
Work of breathing (WOB)
Susceptibility to respiratory infections
Complications during anesthesia
Respiratory changes
