Unit 2_Acute Pulmonary Diseases Flashcards
What are infectious and inflammatory diseases?
Pneumonia
Pneumocystis Carinii
Lung Abscess
Pneumonitis
Acute Bronchitis
Pulmonary Tuberculosis
What is acute lung tissue (“parenchyma”) inflammation? A “restrictive” pulmonary disease.
Key Symptoms:
Chills / fever
Elevated white blood cells
Respiratory distress
Sputum changes
Cloudy areas on chest x-ray
Pneumonia
What etiology of pneumonia includes:
- 50% of All Types of pneumonia
- A common complication of Influenza A, B, C
- Adenoviruses (“common cause of upper respiratory infections”)
Virus
What etiology of pneumonia includes:
- Diplococcus pneumonia (pneumococcal) > 50% of bacterial cases
- Klebsiella pneumonia (“Friedlander’s”) – alcoholism and poor nutrition seem to predispose to this type of pneumonia
Bacteria
What etiologies of pneumonia both increase the fluid in the airways which promote pathogen growth?
Hypostasis (“lying in bed”)
Aspiration
What are different etiologies of pneumonia?
Virus
Bacterial
Hypostasis (“lying in bed”)
Aspiration
Fungus
What type of pneumonia includes:
Self-limiting
Involves an Entire Lobe
Produces an intra alveolar exudate (“thick protein and cellular rich fluid”)
~10 Day Course
Causes: Pneumococcus and Klebsiella
Consolidation of the Affected Lobe
Healthy Adults
Lobar
What type of pneumonia includes:
Diffuse patchy consolidation pattern
Usually Bilateral
Occludes Small Airways
Longer Recovery; Permanent Damage
Elderly and Infants
May Result in Pleurisy
Causes: Pneumococcus
Bronchopneumonia
What is a progressive, and often fatal pneumonia cause by a fungal infection?
Individuals who are immunosuppressed:
- Individuals with HIV virus
- Those receiving chemotherapy
- Immunosuppression for organ transplant
- Malnourishment
Pneumocystis Carinii
What is accumulation of purulent exudate within the lung?
Often a complication of a bacterial pneumonia.
Aspiration associated alcoholism is the most common predisposing
risk factor for lung abscess.
Medical treatment:
Antibiotics
Nutritional support
Lung abscess
What is acute inflammation of lung tissue?
Causes:
- Usually caused by infections
Other causes:
- Systemic Lupus
- Erythematosus (SLE)
- Air-born irritants
- Aspiration of gastric fluids
- Obstructive form related to lung cancer
- Interstitial pneumonitis related to AIDS
Pneumonitis
What is inflammation of bronchi and trachea? Self – limiting (usually 1-3 weeks).
Causes:
Viral infections
Exposure to chemical irritants, fumes, smoke
Bronchitis
What symptoms of Pneumonitis and Acute Bronchitis include fever, cough, chest pain or tightness, changes in breathing pattern?
Shared symptoms
What symptoms of Pneumonitis and Acute Bronchitis include sore throats, wheezing (tracheal involvement)?
Bronchitis
What are treatments for Pneumonitis and Acute Bronchitis?
Antibiotics or self-limiting if viral
What is a highly contagious bacterial infection (“Mycobacterium”) that can be spread via inhalation of droplets from an infected individual who may be coughing or sneezing?
It commonly affects the lungs but can spread to other organs as well.
Pathology:
Once exposed, an individual may not actually manifest the disease for months or even years later. May lie “dormant”.
Once active, it can lead to granuloma (“collection of immune cells”) formation in the lungs with resulting lung damage.
Early treatment is critical to avoid permanent damage
Tuberculosis
What are the following symptoms a sign of?
- Cough (sometimes producing phlegm)
- Coughing up blood (Hemoptysis)
- Excessive sweating, especially at night
- Fatigue
- Fever
- Unintentional weight loss
Other symptoms that may occur:
- Breathing difficulty
- Chest pain
- Wheezing
Tuberculosis
What are the following risk factors for?
Weakened immune system (HIV)
Poor nutrition
Crowded and unsanitary living conditions
Homelessness
Alcoholism
Healthcare worker
Migrant worker
Travel to an area of high infection rate
Developing a TB infection
What disease can be treated with a combination of 4 different medications (isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol) that when used together are very effective in curing?
Treatment may last from 6-9 months.
Tuberculosis
TB is associated with a ____ mortality rate when left untreated.
high
What disease are the following implications for rehabilitation associated with?
- “Negative pressure” isolation when in hospital
- Airborne infection signs should be posted on doors and doors should be kept closed
- Patients must wear mask when leaving room
- Healthcare workers/visitors should wear mask when entering room
- Gloves must be worn if handling infectious material
Tuberculosis
What disease can occur in infants and children/adults?
Infants:
- “Hyaline Membrane Disease” typically occurs in premature (< 7 months gestation) infants
- Caused by caused by an absence of surfactant on the mucosal surfaces of alveoli and small airways
Children/Adults:
- Poorly understood and the exact cause is often unclear - commonly linked to trauma
- Leads to pulmonary edema, impaired gas exchange, and release of inflammatory mediators
- Multiple organ failure may ensue quickly if not treated aggressively
Respirator Distress Syndrome (RDS)
Adult Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)
What type of infant respiratory distress syndrome:
- Protects the lungs from collapse due to the surface tension (“attractive force between liquid molecules”) that exist on moist mucosal surfaces.
- Increases pulmonary compliance (“increased ease of lung inflation during inhalation”), which means a “decreased work-of-breathing”.
- It’s made up of the lipid substances lecithin and sphingomyelin.
- When the the lethicin/sphingomyelin ratio reaches 2:1, lung maturity is sufficient to allow normal breathing in infants.
- Lecithin/sphingomyelin ratios can be determined from a sample of amniotic fluid, obtained via amniocentesis.
Surfactant
What are the following treatments of:
1. Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) –
similar to heart-lung bypass
- O2 therapy via mechanical ventilation (ventilator).
Possible side effects of oxygen therapy include:
- Retinal damage (retrolental fibroplasia) and possible blindness
- Bronchopulmonary dysplasia - Lung scarring and inflammation - Synthetic or animal derived surfactant
Infant RDS
