Unit 2_Cardiovascular

Question 1

What are two primary formulas for understanding cardiovascular physiology?

Answer 1

CO (Cardiac Output) = HR (Heart Rate) x SV (Stroke Volume)

BP (Blood Pressure) = CO (Cardiac Output) x VR (Vascular Resistance)

–>

BP = HR x SV x VR

Question 2

What is cardiac output related to?

Answer 2

Physical Capacity

Question 3

What is the volume of oxygen consumption that a person can obtain? It’s also a measure of physical capacity or fitness.

Answer 3

VO2 max

Question 4

What is cardiovascular capacity related to?

Answer 4

Function

Question 5

All physical activities (including ADLs) have what?

Answer 5

A “cost” (metabolic cost)

Question 6

What is measured in METs?

Answer 6

Metabolic costs

(1 MET = 3.5 ml O2 per kg body weight x min)

Question 7

What is the distance between an individual’s capacity and the metabolic cost of an activity?

Answer 7

Physical Reserve

Question 8

The less reserve the ____ and more taxing a task will be for a person

Answer 8

harder

Question 9

What are 3 common capacity changes over time?

Answer 9

1 – typical physiology
2 – long term (chronic) cardiovascular changes
3 – acute cardiovascular changes

Question 10

What kind of physical capacity is an accumulation of risk factors (examples); obesity, low physical activity, smoking, drug use, alcohol? It leads to cellular adaptation (example – ventricular hypertrophy).

Answer 10

Long term (chronic)

Question 11

What kind of physical capacity includes:
Pathogens
Trauma
Acute renal failure

• leads to cellular necrosis (example – ischemia (MI))

Answer 11

Acute

Question 12

Persons with cardiovascular pathology will have what?

Answer 12

reduced capacity

Question 13

Rehabilitation can alter the trajectory of what?

Answer 13

physical capacity

Question 14

What is a leading cause of death in the US?

Answer 14

Cardiovascular pathology

Question 15

What are the following signs and symptoms of:
Pain
Palpitations
Fatigue
Syncope – dizzy or lightheaded
Cough – or shortness of breath
Cyanosis
Peripheral edema
Claudication

Answer 15

Cardiovascular pathology

Question 16

What is pain associated with cardiovascular (heart) pathology called?

Answer 16

Angina

Question 17

What often presents as substernal chest discomfort, “Pressure”, “tightness”, “squeezing”, “heaviness”?

Answer 17

Classical angina (chest pain of cardiac origin)

Question 18

What may manifest itself in many ways and does not always fit the classical description? Includes other sites of pain - neck, jaw, shoulder, and arm.

Answer 18

Angina

Question 19

What is referred pain?

Answer 19

Angina

Question 20

The heart is supplied by what?

Answer 20

the C5-C6 spinal segment

Question 21

What may be referred to the corresponding somatic region – “the chest, shoulder, neck and arm”?

Answer 21

Visceral pain

Question 22

What is the result of a greater oxygen demand than supply? Commonly seen when a persons’ capacity is at or below the task “cost”.

Answer 22

Angina

Question 23

The supply and demand of Angina is related to what?

Answer 23

Cardiac output

Question 24

What is normal resting heart rate for adults?

Answer 24

60 to 100 bpm

Question 25

What is known as slow heart rate (below 60)?

Answer 25

Bradycardia

Question 26

What is known as fast heart rate (above 100)?

Answer 26

Tachycardia

Question 27

What may indicate underlying heart disease that is resulting in an abnormal heart rhythm (“arrhythmia”)?

Answer 27

Palpitations

Question 28

Some arrhythmias are _____, while others are life threatening.

Answer 28

benign

Question 29

What are used to monitor electrical activity of the heart - 3 or 12 leads?

Answer 29

Electrocardiograms (EKG or ECG)

Question 30

What nervous system decreases HR?

Answer 30

Parasympathetic NS

Question 31

What nervous system increases HR?

Answer 31

Sympathetic NS

Question 32

What do some individuals, especially women, experience as their major symptom of angina/MI?

Answer 32

profound fatigue

Question 33

Any individual with an impaired cardiac output is likely to report what?

Answer 33

fatigue

Question 34

What is known as when an inadequate cardiac output may lead to lightheadedness, or feinting?

Answer 34

Syncope

Question 35

What are the following cardiac causes of: Valvular dysfunction Arrhythmias Heart failure

Answer 35

Syncope

Question 36

What may occur in response to activity, and may be due to: Cardiac disease Pulmonary disease Deconditioning Other - anxiety, obesity, anemia, neuromuscular disorders (ALS, MD, etc)

Answer 36

Dyspnea (“shortness of breath”)

Question 37

What is a ”sudden onset”, “unusual”?

Answer 37

Cardiac disease

Question 38

What often presents at rest?

Answer 38

Pulmonary disease

Question 39

What occurs rapidly in acute care setting?

Answer 39

Deconditioning

Question 40

When the cause is cardiovascular the problem is what?

Answer 40

a loss of cardiac output

Question 41

What is a possible indicator of left-sided heart failure with resulting “back-up” into the lungs, “pulmonary congestion”?

Answer 41

Cough

Question 42

What is swelling and a common symptom of heart failure?

Answer 42

Edema

Question 43

What may occur as a result of severe atherosclerotic disease affecting the arteries that supply the lower extremities? “Peripheral Vascular Disease” (PVD)

Answer 43

Claudication

Question 44

What are the following associated with: - Reduced number of cardiac myocytes, and cells within the conduction system - Development of cardiac fibrosis - Reduced calcium transport across the membrane - Reduced capillary density - Reduced responsiveness to beta-adrenergic stimulation - Impaired autonomic reflex control of HR

Answer 44

Disease-independent changes related to aging cardiovascular physiology

Question 45

What are the following associated with: - Thickening of the left ventricular wall (“especially in the face of underlying HTN - hypertension”). - Stiffening/calcification of the ventricles, valves, and arteries - Increased likelihood of clinically significant atherosclerotic heart disease

Answer 45

Disease-independent changes related to aging cardiovascular physiology

Question 46

What do the following changes result in: 1. Decrease in maximal HR (MHR = “approx.” 220 – age) 2. Decrease in cardiac output (Q) (HR X SV = Q). *Q is another abbreviation for cardiac output (CO) 3. Decrease in VO2 max (“aerobic fitness”) 4. Increase in the incidence of arrhythmia’s

Answer 46

Collectively age-related changes

Question 47

What is the leading cause of death in men and women in the US?

Answer 47

Cardiovascular disease

Question 48

What are the following physiology differences of: 1. Increased incidence of Mitral Valve Prolapse (MVP) 2. Increase in left ventricular mass with aging (remains constant in men) 3. Increased risk of dangerous arrhythmias 4. Decreased responsiveness to anticoagulants and thrombolytics, but a higher incidence of bleeding.

Answer 48

Cardiovascular physiology differences in men compared to women

Question 49

What does the risk for cardiovascular disease (Coronary Artery Disease specifically) increase for women?

Answer 49

sharply after menopause

Question 50

What has been less studied in women and noted as "hysterical chest pain"?

Answer 50

Cardiovascular disease

Question 51

Where may women experience angina?

Answer 51

in the mid-scapular region of the back

Question 52

What hormonal influence appears to be “cardio-protective” in women?

Answer 52

Estrogen

Question 53

What has not been shown to provide “cardio-protective” benefits for women?

Answer 53

Hormone Replacement Therapy

Question 54

What may increase the risk of blood clots and subsequent MI/stroke in women? This is especially true in women over 35 who are smokers.

Answer 54

Oral contraceptives