Unit 1_Injury & Inflammation Flashcards
What is an innate system of cellular and humoral responses following injury (such as after heat or cold exposure, ischemia/reperfusion, blunt, trauma, etc.) in which the body attempts to restore the tissue to its preinjury state?
Inflammation
What do the following factors lead to?
Lack of adequate blood flow
- Heart attack (myocardial infarction)
Damaged tissue (physical trauma)
- Ankle sprain
Cancer
Infection
Foreign material
Chemicals
Physical agents
- Heat, cold, radiation
- Radiation-induced dysphagia
Inflammation
What is the purpose of the following?
Intended to be a protective response
- Can cause problems in chronic states
Get rid of the cause and consequences of an injury
- Removal of injurious agent(s) and cellular debris
Initiate healing
- Restore structure and function if possible
- Repair begins during inflammatory process
Inflammatory response
When does inflammation end?
When the injurious agent is removed
What are signs/symptoms of inflammation?
Redness
Swelling
Increased temperature
Pain
Decreased function of affected site
What is a sign/symptom of inflammation that includes the following:
increase blood flow –> heat and redness (erythema)
Vasodilation
What is the following a sign/symptom of?
Increased capillary permeability –> plasma protein and leukocyte movement –> edema
Inflammation
What is the following a sign/symptom of?
Loss of fluid (because of previous step) –> slower blood flow, higher red blood cell concentration, increased blood viscosity
Inflammation
What is the following a sign/symptom of?
Increased fibrinogen –> Clotting of fluid in interstitial spaces
Inflammation
What is the following a sign/symptom of?
Migration of leukocytes –> increased swelling
Inflammation
What kind of inflammation includes a sudden onset and short duration (minutes to days to weeks) triggered by:
- Infection
- Necrosis
- Foreign bodies
- Immune reactions
Exudation of fluid and plasma proteins
Migration of leukocytes
Acute Inflammation
What kind of inflammation includes:
- Extensive necrosis
- Cell regeneration not possible (Heart, CNS, peripheral nerve cells)
- Underlying cause is not removed
- Hallmark sign: accumulation of macrophages, lymphocytes, and plasma cells –> present to help reorganize and formulate scar tissue
Chronic Inflammation
What kind of chronic inflammation forms from:
- Endothelial cells: mends vasculature in injured tissue
- Fibroblasts –> production of collagen healing extracellular matrix
Combined –> connective scar tissue
Scar tissue formation
What kind of chronic inflammation forms from:
- Microscopic accumulation of macrophages clustered around infection/foreign object
- Aids in diagnosis:
Tuberculosis: caseous necrosis (infection)
Foreign bodies (sutures)
Granuloma
What kind of inflammatory reaction includes the goal of moving plasma/cells from intravascular space to the injury site?
- Exudation: escape of fluid, protein, and blood from vasculature system into tissue or body cavities
- Transudate: fluid with low protein content, cellular material, and low specific gravity
- Fluid leaks into a space (pleural, pericardial cavities) –> effusion
- Diagnosis: remove effusion to test for different proteins/cellular material
Vascular changes
What inflammatory reaction moves plasma/cells from intravascular space to the injury site?
Vascular changes
What is escape of fluid, protein, and blood from vasculature system into tissue or body cavities?
Exudation
What is fluid with low protein content, cellular material, and low specific gravity? Fluid leaks into a space (pleural, pericardial cavities) –> effusion.
Transudate
What inflammatory exudate includes bright red or bloody; presences of red blood cells (RBCs)? Large amounts may indicate hemorrhage; dark, red blood may be a draining hematoma.
Hemorrhagic; sanguineous
What inflammatory exudate includes blood-tinged yellow or pink; RBCs? Expected for 48-72 hours after injury; sudden increase may precede wound dehiscence (rupture).
Serosanguineous
What inflammatory exudate includes thin, clear yellow, blisters, viral skin infections, trauma/surgery, sudden increase may mean a seroma (pocket of serum) is draining?
Serous
What inflammatory exudate includes viscous, cloudy pus; necrotic cellular debris, indicates infection; may drain from an abscess or boil?
Purulent
What inflammatory exudate includes thin, clear mucus, inflammatory process in mucous membranes?
Catarrhal
What occurs with vascular changes comes influx of blood cells into vessels?
- Stasis: slowing or cessation of flood flow in affected vessels
- Margination: leukocytes accumulate and adhere to endothelial cells of blood vessels
“Adhesion glycoproteins”
Leukocyte accumulations
