Unit 1_Hyper and Hypo-Immune Pathology Flashcards
What occurs when the immune response is absent or depressed because of a primary or secondary disorder:
- Primary immunodeficiency reflects a defect involving T cells, B cells, or lymphoid tissues (often genetic).
- Secondary immunodeficiency results from an underlying disease or factor that depresses or blocks the immune response.
Example: HIV
Immunodeficiency
What retrovirus predominantly infects human T4 (helper) lymphocytes (also known as CD4 cells)? CD4+ cell numbers decline, and the patient develops clinical symptoms of AIDS.
HIV
What occurs as a result of HIV and presents as:
- Low food update/altered metabolism/poor nutrient absorption
- Extreme weight loss, weakness, fever
HIV wasting syndrome
What neurological/neuromuscular disorder occurs as a result of HIV and presents with gait disturbances?
Encephalitis
What is the most common neurologic cause of pain in HIV disease, affecting one-third of individuals with AIDS?
Distal sensory polyneuropathy (DSP)
How might HIV manifest and present as opportunistic infections?
Cardiopulmonary
How might HIV manifest and present as delayed wound healing?
Integumentary
Why are opportunistic infections important in HIV manifestation?
Primary cause of death (Includes: pneumonia, tuberculosis, fungal, and other sexually transmitted infections)
What is non-negotiable and literally saves lives when treating someone who is immunocompromised?
Infection control
What type of disorders are the following?
Type I (Allergic)
Type II (Cytotoxic)
Type III (Immune Complex-Mediated)
Type IV (Cell-Mediated/Delayed Immunity)
Hypersensitivity Disorders
What type of Hypersensitivity disorder is the following:
The antigen is called an allergen
- Foods, grasses, etc.
Exposure to an allergen initiates the development of IgE antibodies
When future exposures and bindings occur, chemical mediators (histamines) are released to cause inflammation
Results in skin rashes, vomiting, anaphylaxis
Type I: Allergic Hypersensitivity
What type of Hypersensitivity disorder is the following:
Antigen present on the cell membrane
Can be a foreign or “domestic” antigen
Circulating IgG antibodies react with antigens and destroy via phagocytosis
Incompatible blood types are an example of this
Type II: Cytotoxic Hypersensitivity
What type of Hypersensitivity disorder is the following:
Antigen combines with antibody creating a “complex” that is ingrained in tissue
The complex creates inflammation and tissue destruction
- Rheumatoid arthritis
Can be localized or systemic
Type III: Immune Complex-Mediated
What type of Hypersensitivity disorder is the following:
Delayed response from T cells to antigens
- Subsequent inflammatory response
Responses usually occur 24-96 hours after exposure
Type IV: Cell-Mediated/Delayed Immunity
What occurs based on the development of antibodies to their own cells/cellular material? Triggers immune reaction leading to inflammation/necrosis. Can be systemic (multiple sclerosis) or single organ (Hashimoto affecting thyroid).
Autoimmune Diseases
What occurs when self-antigens are usually tolerated by the immune system? Self-tolerance is lost lack of recognition and responsiveness to one’s own tissue antigens.
Autoimmunity
What can mutations that inactivate the receptors or signaling molecules involved in innate immune recognition and mutations that render them active all the time lead to?
- The first type of mutation can result in various types of immunodeficiencies.
- The second type of mutation can trigger aberrant immune responses and contribute to a variety of conditions with inflammatory components (e.g., asthma, allergy, arthritis, autoimmune diseases).
immunologic abnormalities
What do viruses share where microbial antigens tend to attack self-tissues?
Viruses share cross-reacting epitopes with self-antigens
What is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disorder that appears in several forms:
Discoid lupus erythematosus (DLE), which affects only the skin (usually the face, neck, and scalp)
Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), which can affect any organ or system of the body
Lupus erythematosus (Lupus)
What is the central immunologic disturbance in lupus? The body produces antibodies against its cells and antigens. Suppress the body’s normal immunity and damage tissues.
autoantibody production
What are the following exacerbations and remissions of?
Musculoskeletal
Cutaneous and membranous
Cardiopulmonary
Central nervous system
Other
Lupus
What musculoskeletal presentation in patients with Lupus can cause temporary functional impairment?
Pain
What is a cutaneos skin rash that occurs most commonly in areas exposed to sunlight (ultraviolet rays) in patients with Lupus?
Butterfly rash over the nose and cheeks
What is inflammation of cutaneous blood vessels involving small- and medium-size vessels may cause other skin lesions in patients with Lupus, including:
Necrotic leg ulcers
Digital gangrene
Vasculitis
