Unit 2 - VI. Regions of the Vertebral Column: Sacrum/Coccyx/Misc. (Just Quizzies) Flashcards
What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?
psoas major
How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?
five
What is the origin of the sacral ala?
On base view, the S1 transverse process and costal element appear to originate from the vertebral body and possibly the pedicle to form the sacral ala.
What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?
the anterior two-thirds
What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?
the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1
What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave
What muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?
multifidis
Fusion of vertebral bodies of the sacrum across the intervertebral disc is called ___?
synostosis
From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of the sacrum will be replaced by what feature?
transverse ridges
What forms the median sacral crest?
fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles
What muscles may attach to the median sacral crest?
- latissimus dorsi
- iliocostalis lumborum
- longissimus thoracis
What forms the intermediate sacral crest?
fused articular processes and their facets
What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?
- mammillary process of S1
- sacral cornu of S5
What does the sacral cornu represent?
the inferior articular process and facet of S5
What forms the lateral sacral crest?
the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5
What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?
- S1 transverse tubercle
- sacral tuberosity of S2
- transverse tubercles of S3-S5
What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?
the accessory sacro-iliac joint
What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?
the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle
What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?
- multifidis
- iliocostalis lumborum
What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of the sacrum?
iliacus
What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?
auricular surface
What is the sacral promontory?
the bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1
The continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?
the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament
The continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?
the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
- sacral cornu
- coccygeal cornu
- superfcial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
- intercornual ligament
What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
- vertebral body of S5
- vertebral body of Co1
- deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
- intervertebral disc
How many synovial joints are typically present at the sacrum?
four
What joint classifications are typically present at the sacrum?
- fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
- cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
- synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?
the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments
What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?
the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
What ligament is a homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?
lateral sacrococcygeal ligament
What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?
sacrospinous ligament
What ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?
sacrotuberous ligament
Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacroiliac joint?
anterior sacroiliac ligament
Which ligament is the strongest of the sacroiliac ligaments and is penetrated by the dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?
interosseous sacroiliac ligament
Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1 and the lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?
short posterior sacroiliac ligament
Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?
long posterior sacroiliac ligament
What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?
sacral cornu
What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet of Co1?
coccygeal cornu
What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?
intercornual ligament
What is the number of coccygeal somites?
ten
What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?
4 segments
When is ossification of the coccyx completed?
about age 30
What bony features are present on the coccyx?
all segments are represented by a “vertebral body”; Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process
What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?
coccygeal cornu
What is the direction of fusion of the coccygeal segments?
from caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2
What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?
flexion-extension, 5-20 degrees
How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?
typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present
How many coccygeal nerves are present in the adult?
typically only one pair of coccygeal nerves remain in the adult
What is the ganglion impar?
a midline sympathetic ganglion
What muscles attach to the coccyx?
ischiococcygeus and levator ani
What ligaments form the posterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament
What ligaments form the anterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?
deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc
Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward, and medial?
C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1
Superior articular facets of which vertebrae are oriented back, up, medial, and concave?
C1, L1-L5, S1
Superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral?
C2, T1-T12
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, medial, and downward?
C1
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, lateral, and downward?
C2-C6, T12, L1-L5
Inferior articular facets of which segments are oriented forward, lateral, downward, and convex?
T12, L1-L5
Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, medial, and downward?
C7, T1-T11
Which segment has the only inferior articular facet to face backward?
C1
What directions will all superior articular facets face?
backward and upward
Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as “concave”?
C1, L1-L5, S1 superior articular facets
Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as “convex”?
T12, L1-L5 inferior articular facets
Which segments will have superior articular facets that are oriented medial or inward?
C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1
Which segments will have superior articular facets that are oriented lateral or outward?
C2, T1-T12
Which segments will have inferior articular facets that are oriented lateral or outward?
C2-C6, T12, L1-L5
Which segments will have inferior articular facets that are oriented medial or inward?
C1, C7, T1-T11
What is the definition of spondylosis?
a vertebral condition
What is the definition of spondylolysis?
a vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage
What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?
a vertebral slippage
What is the current limited definition of spondylolysis?
a vertebral condition that is acquired or age-related
What are some of the causes of spondylolysis?
congenital, acquired during development, the result of aging, or the result of trauma
What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal?
a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect?
What specific parts of a vertebra are separated as a result of a pars defect?
the vertebral body, pedicle, and articular process are separated from the other articular process, lamina, and spinous process
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?
a range of 2.6% to 10%
What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the native Alaskan population?
52.6%
What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?
the native Alaskan (Inuit) population
What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?
rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida
Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?
fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under five years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species
Lumbar spondylolysis has only been reported in what type of species?
those species that walk erect; humans
Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics?
familial association, spina bifida occulta, racial/ethnic disparities, gender and locational bias, youthful incidence and activities requiring repetitive stress on the spine
What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
men at L5/S1; women at L4/L5
What is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?
10-20 year olds
What activities are particularly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?
gymnastics, dance, soccer
