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Spinal Anatomy > Unit 2 - VI. Regions of the Vertebral Column: Sacrum/Coccyx/Misc. (Just Quizzies) > Flashcards

Unit 2 - VI. Regions of the Vertebral Column: Sacrum/Coccyx/Misc. (Just Quizzies) Flashcards

1
Q

What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?

A

psoas major

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2
Q

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?

A

five

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3
Q

What is the origin of the sacral ala?

A

On base view, the S1 transverse process and costal element appear to originate from the vertebral body and possibly the pedicle to form the sacral ala.

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4
Q

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?

A

the anterior two-thirds

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5
Q

What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?

A

the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1

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6
Q

What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?

A

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

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7
Q

What muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?

A

multifidis

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8
Q

Fusion of vertebral bodies of the sacrum across the intervertebral disc is called ___?

A

synostosis

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9
Q

From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of the sacrum will be replaced by what feature?

A

transverse ridges

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10
Q

What forms the median sacral crest?

A

fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

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11
Q

What muscles may attach to the median sacral crest?

A
  • latissimus dorsi
  • iliocostalis lumborum
  • longissimus thoracis
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12
Q

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

A

fused articular processes and their facets

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13
Q

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A
  • mammillary process of S1

- sacral cornu of S5

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14
Q

What does the sacral cornu represent?

A

the inferior articular process and facet of S5

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15
Q

What forms the lateral sacral crest?

A

the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5

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16
Q

What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?

A
  • S1 transverse tubercle
  • sacral tuberosity of S2
  • transverse tubercles of S3-S5
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17
Q

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

A

the accessory sacro-iliac joint

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18
Q

What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?

A

the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle

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19
Q

What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?

A
  • multifidis

- iliocostalis lumborum

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20
Q

What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of the sacrum?

A

iliacus

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21
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

auricular surface

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22
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

the bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1

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23
Q

The continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?

A

the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

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24
Q

The continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?

A

the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

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25
Q

What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A
  • sacral cornu
  • coccygeal cornu
  • superfcial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
  • intercornual ligament
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26
Q

What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A
  • vertebral body of S5
  • vertebral body of Co1
  • deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament
  • intervertebral disc
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27
Q

How many synovial joints are typically present at the sacrum?

A

four

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28
Q

What joint classifications are typically present at the sacrum?

A
  • fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
  • cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
  • synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)
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29
Q

What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?

A

superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

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30
Q

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

A

the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments

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31
Q

What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?

A

the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

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32
Q

What ligament is a homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?

A

lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

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33
Q

What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

A

sacrospinous ligament

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34
Q

What ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

A

sacrotuberous ligament

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35
Q

Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacroiliac joint?

A

anterior sacroiliac ligament

36
Q

Which ligament is the strongest of the sacroiliac ligaments and is penetrated by the dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?

A

interosseous sacroiliac ligament

37
Q

Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1 and the lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

short posterior sacroiliac ligament

38
Q

Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

A

long posterior sacroiliac ligament

39
Q

What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?

A

sacral cornu

40
Q

What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet of Co1?

A

coccygeal cornu

41
Q

What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?

A

intercornual ligament

42
Q

What is the number of coccygeal somites?

A

ten

43
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

A

4 segments

44
Q

When is ossification of the coccyx completed?

A

about age 30

45
Q

What bony features are present on the coccyx?

A

all segments are represented by a “vertebral body”; Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process

46
Q

What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?

A

coccygeal cornu

47
Q

What is the direction of fusion of the coccygeal segments?

A

from caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2

48
Q

What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?

A

flexion-extension, 5-20 degrees

49
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?

A

typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present

50
Q

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the adult?

A

typically only one pair of coccygeal nerves remain in the adult

51
Q

What is the ganglion impar?

A

a midline sympathetic ganglion

52
Q

What muscles attach to the coccyx?

A

ischiococcygeus and levator ani

53
Q

What ligaments form the posterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament

54
Q

What ligaments form the anterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

A

deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc

55
Q

Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward, and medial?

A

C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1

56
Q

Superior articular facets of which vertebrae are oriented back, up, medial, and concave?

A

C1, L1-L5, S1

57
Q

Superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral?

A

C2, T1-T12

58
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, medial, and downward?

A

C1

59
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, lateral, and downward?

A

C2-C6, T12, L1-L5

60
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments are oriented forward, lateral, downward, and convex?

A

T12, L1-L5

61
Q

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, medial, and downward?

A

C7, T1-T11

62
Q

Which segment has the only inferior articular facet to face backward?

A

C1

63
Q

What directions will all superior articular facets face?

A

backward and upward

64
Q

Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as “concave”?

A

C1, L1-L5, S1 superior articular facets

65
Q

Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as “convex”?

A

T12, L1-L5 inferior articular facets

66
Q

Which segments will have superior articular facets that are oriented medial or inward?

A

C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1

67
Q

Which segments will have superior articular facets that are oriented lateral or outward?

A

C2, T1-T12

68
Q

Which segments will have inferior articular facets that are oriented lateral or outward?

A

C2-C6, T12, L1-L5

69
Q

Which segments will have inferior articular facets that are oriented medial or inward?

A

C1, C7, T1-T11

70
Q

What is the definition of spondylosis?

A

a vertebral condition

71
Q

What is the definition of spondylolysis?

A

a vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage

72
Q

What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?

A

a vertebral slippage

73
Q

What is the current limited definition of spondylolysis?

A

a vertebral condition that is acquired or age-related

74
Q

What are some of the causes of spondylolysis?

A

congenital, acquired during development, the result of aging, or the result of trauma

75
Q

What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal?

A

a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect?

76
Q

What specific parts of a vertebra are separated as a result of a pars defect?

A

the vertebral body, pedicle, and articular process are separated from the other articular process, lamina, and spinous process

77
Q

What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?

A

a range of 2.6% to 10%

78
Q

What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the native Alaskan population?

A

52.6%

79
Q

What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?

A

the native Alaskan (Inuit) population

80
Q

What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?

A

rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida

81
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?

A

fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under five years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species

82
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis has only been reported in what type of species?

A

those species that walk erect; humans

83
Q

Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics?

A

familial association, spina bifida occulta, racial/ethnic disparities, gender and locational bias, youthful incidence and activities requiring repetitive stress on the spine

84
Q

What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?

A

men at L5/S1; women at L4/L5

85
Q

What is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?

A

10-20 year olds

86
Q

What activities are particularly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?

A

gymnastics, dance, soccer

Spinal Anatomy (12 decks)

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