Unit 2 - VI. Regions of the Vertebral Column: Sacrum/Coccyx/Misc. (Just Quizzies)

Question 1

What muscle(s) may attach to the first sacral vertebral body?

Answer 1

psoas major

Question 2

How many joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of the first sacral segment?

Answer 2

five

Question 3

What is the origin of the sacral ala?

Answer 3

On base view, the S1 transverse process and costal element appear to originate from the vertebral body and possibly the pedicle to form the sacral ala.

Question 4

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?

Answer 4

the anterior two-thirds

Question 5

What is the position of the sacral zygapophysis in adults?

Answer 5

the zygapophysis lies in the coronal plane for L5/S1

Question 6

What is the orientation of the first sacral superior articular facet?

Answer 6

backward, upward, medial (BUM); typically concave

Question 7

What muscles will attach to the sacral mammillary processes?

Answer 7

multifidis

Question 8

Fusion of vertebral bodies of the sacrum across the intervertebral disc is called ___?

Answer 8

synostosis

Question 9

From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of the sacrum will be replaced by what feature?

Answer 9

transverse ridges

Question 10

What forms the median sacral crest?

Answer 10

fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

Question 11

What muscles may attach to the median sacral crest?

Answer 11

• latissimus dorsi
• iliocostalis lumborum
• longissimus thoracis

Question 12

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

Answer 12

fused articular processes and their facets

Question 13

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

Answer 13

• mammillary process of S1

- sacral cornu of S5

Question 14

What does the sacral cornu represent?

Answer 14

the inferior articular process and facet of S5

Question 15

What forms the lateral sacral crest?

Answer 15

the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5

Question 16

What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?

Answer 16

• S1 transverse tubercle
• sacral tuberosity of S2
• transverse tubercles of S3-S5

Question 17

What is the name of the joint formed by the sacral tuberosity?

Answer 17

the accessory sacro-iliac joint

Question 18

What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?

Answer 18

the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle

Question 19

What muscles may attach to the lateral sacral crest?

Answer 19

• multifidis

- iliocostalis lumborum

Question 20

What muscle is said to attach to the dorsal surface of the sacrum?

Answer 20

iliacus

Question 21

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

Answer 21

auricular surface

Question 22

What is the sacral promontory?

Answer 22

the bulging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1

Question 23

The continuation of the anterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?

Answer 23

the anterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 24

The continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament below S3 forms what ligament?

Answer 24

the deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 25

What forms the posterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

Answer 25

- sacral cornu - coccygeal cornu - superfcial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament - intercornual ligament

Question 26

What forms the anterior boundary for the fifth sacral spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

Answer 26

- vertebral body of S5 - vertebral body of Co1 - deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament - intervertebral disc

Question 27

How many synovial joints are typically present at the sacrum?

Answer 27

four

Question 28

What joint classifications are typically present at the sacrum?

Answer 28

- fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis - cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis - synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia)

Question 29

What is the homolog for the ligamentum flavum at S5?

Answer 29

superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 30

What forms the inferior boundary for the spinal canal?

Answer 30

the union of the superficial posterior and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments

Question 31

What ligament is formed by the union of the superficial posterior sacrococcygeal and deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligaments at Co1?

Answer 31

the posterior sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 32

What ligament is a homolog of the intertransverse ligament at S5?

Answer 32

lateral sacrococcygeal ligament

Question 33

What ligament divides the sciatic foramen into the greater and lesser sciatic foramina?

Answer 33

sacrospinous ligament

Question 34

What ligament has a broad attachment along the lateral margin of the sacrum and coccyx and then attaches to the ischial tuberosity?

Answer 34

sacrotuberous ligament

Question 35

Which ligament represents a thickening of the fibrous capsule of the sacroiliac joint?

Answer 35

anterior sacroiliac ligament

Question 36

Which ligament is the strongest of the sacroiliac ligaments and is penetrated by the dorsal rami of the sacral spinal nerves?

Answer 36

interosseous sacroiliac ligament

Question 37

Which ligament will attach the intermediate sacral crest of S1 and the lateral sacral crest of S2 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

Answer 37

short posterior sacroiliac ligament

Question 38

Which ligament attaches the lateral sacral crest of S3 and S4 to the posterior superior iliac spine?

Answer 38

long posterior sacroiliac ligament

Question 39

What is the homolog for the inferior articular process and facet at S5?

Answer 39

sacral cornu

Question 40

What is the homolog for the superior articular process and facet of Co1?

Answer 40

coccygeal cornu

Question 41

What is the homolog for the capsular ligament at S5?

Answer 41

intercornual ligament

Question 42

What is the number of coccygeal somites?

Answer 42

ten

Question 43

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

Answer 43

4 segments

Question 44

When is ossification of the coccyx completed?

Answer 44

about age 30

Question 45

What bony features are present on the coccyx?

Answer 45

all segments are represented by a "vertebral body"; Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process

Question 46

What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?

Answer 46

coccygeal cornu

Question 47

What is the direction of fusion of the coccygeal segments?

Answer 47

from caudal to cranial, the last segments to fuse together are Co1 and Co2

Question 48

What is the major motion and range of motion for coccyx?

Answer 48

flexion-extension, 5-20 degrees

Question 49

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the fetus?

Answer 49

typically 5 pairs of coccygeal nerves are present

Question 50

How many coccygeal nerves are present in the adult?

Answer 50

typically only one pair of coccygeal nerves remain in the adult

Question 51

What is the ganglion impar?

Answer 51

a midline sympathetic ganglion

Question 52

What muscles attach to the coccyx?

Answer 52

ischiococcygeus and levator ani

Question 53

What ligaments form the posterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

Answer 53

superficial posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intercornual ligament

Question 54

What ligaments form the anterior boundary for the Co1 spinal nerve intervertebral foramen?

Answer 54

deep posterior sacrococcygeal ligament and intervertebral disc

Question 55

Superior articular facets of which vertebrae will be oriented backward, upward, and medial?

Answer 55

C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1

Question 56

Superior articular facets of which vertebrae are oriented back, up, medial, and concave?

Answer 56

C1, L1-L5, S1

Question 57

Superior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, upward, and lateral?

Answer 57

C2, T1-T12

Question 58

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented backward, medial, and downward?

Answer 58

C1

Question 59

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, lateral, and downward?

Answer 59

C2-C6, T12, L1-L5

Question 60

Inferior articular facets of which segments are oriented forward, lateral, downward, and convex?

Answer 60

T12, L1-L5

Question 61

Inferior articular facets of which segments will be oriented forward, medial, and downward?

Answer 61

C7, T1-T11

Question 62

Which segment has the only inferior articular facet to face backward?

Answer 62

C1

Question 63

What directions will all superior articular facets face?

Answer 63

backward and upward

Question 64

Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as "concave"?

Answer 64

C1, L1-L5, S1 superior articular facets

Question 65

Which segments will have facets that are specifically shaped as "convex"?

Answer 65

T12, L1-L5 inferior articular facets

Question 66

Which segments will have superior articular facets that are oriented medial or inward?

Answer 66

C1, C3-C7, L1-L5, S1

Question 67

Which segments will have superior articular facets that are oriented lateral or outward?

Answer 67

C2, T1-T12

Question 68

Which segments will have inferior articular facets that are oriented lateral or outward?

Answer 68

C2-C6, T12, L1-L5

Question 69

Which segments will have inferior articular facets that are oriented medial or inward?

Answer 69

C1, C7, T1-T11

Question 70

What is the definition of spondylosis?

Answer 70

a vertebral condition

Question 71

What is the definition of spondylolysis?

Answer 71

a vertebral separation or vertebral cleavage

Question 72

What is the definition of spondylolisthesis?

Answer 72

a vertebral slippage

Question 73

What is the current limited definition of spondylolysis?

Answer 73

a vertebral condition that is acquired or age-related

Question 74

What are some of the causes of spondylolysis?

Answer 74

congenital, acquired during development, the result of aging, or the result of trauma

Question 75

What is the location of spondylolysis that will be stressed in Spinal?

Answer 75

a separation along the pars interarticularis (defect in the pars interarticularis or pars defect?

Question 76

What specific parts of a vertebra are separated as a result of a pars defect?

Answer 76

the vertebral body, pedicle, and articular process are separated from the other articular process, lamina, and spinous process

Question 77

What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the general population?

Answer 77

a range of 2.6% to 10%

Question 78

What is the incidence of spondylolysis in the native Alaskan population?

Answer 78

52.6%

Question 79

What is the geographic or ethnic bias for a higher incidence of spondylolysis?

Answer 79

the native Alaskan (Inuit) population

Question 80

What characteristics are associated with cervical spondylolysis?

Answer 80

rare, congenital, gender biased toward men, most common at C6 and linked to spondylolisthesis and spina bifida

Question 81

Lumbar spondylolysis has not been reported in what groups of individuals?

Answer 81

fetuses, newborns, rarely in children under five years old, patients who have never walked and in non-erect species

Question 82

Lumbar spondylolysis has only been reported in what type of species?

Answer 82

those species that walk erect; humans

Question 83

Lumbar spondylolysis is associated with what characteristics?

Answer 83

familial association, spina bifida occulta, racial/ethnic disparities, gender and locational bias, youthful incidence and activities requiring repetitive stress on the spine

Question 84

What is the gender bias and locational bias associated with lumbar spondylolysis?

Answer 84

men at L5/S1; women at L4/L5

Question 85

What is the age range typically associated with lumbar spondylolysis?

Answer 85

10-20 year olds

Question 86

What activities are particularly stressful at the pars interarticularis of lumbar vertebrae?

Answer 86

gymnastics, dance, soccer