Unit 2 - VI. Regions of the Vertebral Column: Cervical Region Flashcards
1
Q
Which mammals do not have seven cervical vertebrae?
A
the two toed sloth, manatee, ant bear, and three toed sloth
2
Q
Which mammals have more than seven cervical vertebrae?
A
ant bear, three-toed sloth
3
Q
Which mammals have less than seven cervical vertebrae?
A
two-toed sloth, manatee
4
Q
What is the number of vertebrae in the typical cervical spine?
A
seven segments
5
Q
Which vertebrae are typical cervicals?
A
C3-C6
6
Q
Which vertebrae are atypical cervicals?
A
C1, C2, C7
7
Q
What is the shape of the typical cervical vertebral body from the cranial view?
A
rectangular
8
Q
What is the effect of aging on the cervical vertebral body?
A
it diminishes the overall height of the vertebral body
9
Q
What is the appearance of the typical cervical vertebral body from the lateral view?
A
posterior height is greater than anterior height by a few millimeters
10
Q
What would be the direction of the cervical curve based on osseous features?
A
posterior or kyphotic
11
Q
What accounts for the direction of the typical cervical curve?
A
the intervertebral disc height
12
Q
What is the direction of the typical cervical curve?
A
anterior or lordotic
13
Q
Which vertebral couples will demonstrate a decrease in intervertebral disc height?
A
C2/C3 down to C4/C5
14
Q
At which vertebral couple will the cervical curve again inrease intervertebral disc height?
A
C5/C6
15
Q
What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
A
anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes
16
Q
What are the names of the lateral modification of the superior epiphyseal rim?
A
uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip
17
Q
At what developmental age will the uncinate process first be observed?
A
3rd-4th fetal month
18
Q
What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?
A
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves
19
Q
What are the names given to the lateral modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim?
A
lateral groove or enchancrure
20
Q
What is the joint classification for the anterior lip-anterior longitudinal ligament-anterior groove articulation?
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
21
Q
What is the joint classification for the posterior lip-posterior longitudinal ligament-posterior groove articulation?
A
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
22
Q
What is the joint classification for the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
A
modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar)
23
Q
What is the joint classification for the spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation?
A
cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
24
Q
What joint surfaces are present on the upper surface of the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
A
anterior groove, right uncinate process, left uncinate process, posterior groove and superior spongy bone surface
25
How many joints are present on the upper surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
five
26
What joint surfaces are present on the lower surface of the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
anterior lip, right lateral groove, left lateral groove, posterior lip and inferior spongy bone surface
27
How many joints are present on the lower surface of a typical cervical vertebral body?
five
28
How many total joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
ten
29
What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
right and left uncinate process, right and left lateral groove
30
What is the name given to the uncinate process-lateral groove articulation?
joint of Luschka or uncovertebral joint
31
The joint of Luschka is formed from what surfaces?
the uncinate process and lateral groove
32
How many total synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
four
33
What does the recent literature suggest as to the nature of the joint of Luschka?
the joint is representative of intervertebral disc aging, which results in loss of lamellar integrity near the joint
34
What is the functional significance of the joint of Luschka?
it appears to stabilize the intervertebral disc while accomodating flexion - extension and requiring coupled motion (axial rotation with lateral bending) in the cervical spine
35
How many spongy bone-intervertebral disc articulation-spongy bone articulations are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
two
36
How many cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joints are present on the vertebral body of a typical cervical?
two
37
What muscle attaches to the typical cervical vertebral body?
the longus colli muscle
38
What is the orientation and angulation of the pedicle of a typical cervical?
posterolateral, 45 degrees
39
At what location on the vertebral body of a typical cervical will the pedicle attach?
to the side and in the center of the vertebral body
40
In the vertebral couple, which cervical vertebral body will contribute more toward the height of the intervertebral foramen?
neither, both contribute equally to the intervertebral foramen height
41
What surface feature is located at the lower margin of the pedicle?
inferior vertebral notch
42
Which spinal nerve will be accomodated on the superior vertebral notch of C5?
C5 spinal nerve
43
Which spinal nerve will be accomodated on the inferior vertebral notch of C5?
C6 spinal nerve
44
What is the direction of projection of the cervical lamina?
posteromedially
45
What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?
ligamentum flavum
46
What joint classification will be associated with the ligamentum flavum and its attachment?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
47
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?
para-articular processes
48
Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will be associated with which classification of bone?
accessory bone
49
Ossification within the length of the ligamentum flavum will be associated with which classification of bone?
heterotopic bone
50
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of a typical cervical vertebra?
heart-shaped or triangular
51
Which is the greatest diameter of the vertebral foramen of typical cervicals?
transverse
52
What soft tissue diameter mimics the outline of the typical cervical vertebral foramen?
the transverse diameter of the cervical enlargement of the spinal cord
53
The greatest transverse diameter of the typical cervical vertebra occurs at ___?
C6
54
The greatest frequency of osteophytes associated with the vertebral body occurs at which typical cervical vertebral couple?
C5/C6
55
What osseous parts form the typical cervical vertebra transverse process?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
56
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body.
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bat, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
57
List, in order, the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the lamina pedicle junction.
true transverse process, posterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, anterior tubercle, costal element
58
What is the distal modification of the costal element of a typical cervical vertebra?
the anterior tubercle
59
What muscles will attach to the anterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
anterior scalene, longus capitis, longus colli, anterior intertransversarii
60
What is the distal modification of the true transverse process of typical cervicals?
the posterior tubercle
61
What muscles may attach to the posterior tubercle of a typical cervical vertebra?
spleniue cervicis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, levator scapula, middle scalene, posterior scalene, rotators and posterior intertransversarii
62
What bony feature connects the anterior and posterior tubercles of a typical cervical transverse process?
costotransverse bar or intertubercular lamella
63
What muscles will attach to the costotransverse bar?
middle scalene and posterior intertransversarii
64
What is the name given to the collective rib-forming region?
the pleurapophysis
65
What produces the primary tension on the transverse process that will cause remodeling in the anterolateral and inferior directions?
cervical spinal nerves as they are directed anterolaterally and inferiorly to form the cervical and brachial plexuses
66
What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?
sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
67
What is the orientation and angulation of a typical cervical transverse process?
60 degrees anterolaterally (from midsagittal plane), 15 degrees inferiorly (from the horizontal plane)
68
What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?
the carotid tubercle
69
What will cause remodeling of the anterior tubercle at C6?
the common carotid artery
70
What will occupy the typical cervical vertebra transverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus and postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
71
What part of the peripheral nerve system is observed in the transverse foramen of typical cervical vertebrae?
postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers of the autonomic (involuntary or visceral) nerve system
72
What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of typical cervical vertebrae?
the articular pillar
73
What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?
the groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
74
What nerve indents the articular pillar of typical cervical vertebrae?
the medial branch of the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve
75
What is the classic angulation of typical cervical articular facets?
40 to 45 degree from the coronal plane
76
Recent work suggests what angulation for typical cervical articular facets?
55 to 60 degrees
77
What is the orientation of the typical cervical superior articular facet?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
78
What is the orientation of the typical cervical inferior articular facet?
forward, lateral, downward (FoLD)
79
What muscles will attach to typical cervical articular processes?
the longissimus capitis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, semispinais cervicis, multifidis and rotators
80
What muscles blend with the capsular ligament of cervical zygapophyses?
the semispinalis capitis, multifidis and rotator longus
81
What is the joint classification for the typical cervical zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
82
What modifications of the synovial joint are observed in the cervical spine?
meniscoidal folds
83
What function will meniscoidal folds provide in cervical zygapophyses?
they are assumed to distribute pressure across the joint surface
84
The greatest range of flexion - extension among the typical cervical vertebrae occurs at which vertebral couple?
typically C5/C6
85
What motions are coupled in the cervical spine?
lateral bending and axial rotation
86
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will be similar for what cervical vertebrae couples?
the C2/C3, C3/C4, C4/C5 vertebral couples
87
Ranges of coupled motion among the typical cervical vertebrae will begin to decrease at what cervical vertebral couple?
the C5/C6 vertebral couple
88
What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?
they are bifid
89
What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?
they are non-bifid
90
What is the osseous modification at the distal end of the spinous process?
the spinous tubercle
91
What muscles may attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
92
What ligaments will attach to the typical cervical spinous process?
the interspinous ligament and ligamentum nuchae
93
What will form the anterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the lateral groove and vertebral body of the segment above, the uncinate process and vertebral body of the segment below, the intervertebral disc and the posterior longitudinal ligament
94
What will form the posterior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior articular process (post-zygapophysis), the superior articular process (pre-zygapophysis), the capsular ligament and the ligamentum flavum
95
What will form the superior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure
96
What will form the inferior boundary of a typical cervical intervertebral foramen?
the superior vertebral notch or superior vertebral incisure
97
What is the unique anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen for the C4 spinal nerve?
the lateral groove of C3 and uncinate process of C4 forming the joint of Luschka
98
What is the name of tje the first cervical vertebra?
atlas
99
What features are lacking at C1?
vertebral body, pedicles, a spinous process and the intervertebral disc
100
What is thought to represent the pedicle at C1?
the anterior arch
101
What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior tubercle
102
What muscle attaches to the anterior arch of C1?
longus colli
103
What ligaments will attach to the anterior arch of C1?
the anterior longitudinal, anterior atlanto-occipital and anterior atlanto-axial ligaments
104
What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?
the fovea dentis
105
What joint classifications are observed on the anterior arch of C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint
106
What is the contribution of the lateral mass to the circumference of C1?
forty percent; twenty percent for each lateral mass
107
What is the morphology of the superior articular facet of C1?
they are elliptical, closer together in front and often demonstrate an elevation subdividing the facet surface into two separate surfaces
108
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C1?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
109
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-occipital zygapophysis?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint
110
What are the morphological characteristics of the inferior articular facet of C1?
asymmetrical, slightly concave or flattened
111
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C1?
backward, medial, downward (BMD)
112
What is the joint classification of the atlanto-axial zygapophysis?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
113
What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?
tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament
114
What muscles attach to the lateral mass of C1?
levator scapula, splenius cervicis and rectus capitis anterior
115
What is the contribution of the posterior arch to the circumference of C1?
about forty percent
116
What part of C1 represents the spinous process?
posterior tubercle of the posterior arch
117
What is the distance fromt he psoterior tubercle of the posterior arch to the skin in each gender?
males: about fifty millimeters; females: about thirty-seven millimeters
118
What attaches to the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor muscle and ligamentum nuchae
119
What superior surface modifications of the posterior arch of C1 are present?
groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery and arcuate rim
120
What attaches to the arcuate rim of C1?
the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
121
What are the attachment sites of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
it is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas, to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas and to the posterior margin of the foramen magnum of the occipital bone
122
Ossification of the free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament results in which atypical bone classification?
accessory bone
123
What is the earliest age of development where ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament was observed?
about age 7 years old
124
Based on the amount of ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament what structures will form?
an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus
125
What may be formed by ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament?
a partial ponticulus posticus or complete ponticulus posticus
126
What forms the types of ponticulus posticus?
ossification of the anterior free margin of the posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
127
What are the attachment sites of the ponticulus posticus?
it is attached to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas
128
What other name may be used to identify a ponticulus posticus?
Kimmerle's anomaly
129
What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?
arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal
130
Ponticulus posticus has been observed in what ethnic populations?
all ethnic populations studied thus far
131
What is the general range of incidence of ponticulus posticus in the populations studied?
1% - 41%
132
What is the gender bias now associated with ponticulus posticus?
the incidence of a complete ponticulus posticus is about fifteen percent; the incidence of an incomplete ponticulus posticus may be as high as forty-one percent
133
What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?
"inferior vertebral notch" and an attachment site for the posterior atlanto-axial ligament
134
What joint classification(s) may be observed on the posterior arch of C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis joint
135
What is the location of the "zygapophysis" relative to the atlanto-occipital and atlanto-acial intervertebral foramina?
it forms part of the anterior boundary of the intervertebral foramen in both cases
136
What is the general appearance of the transverse process of C1?
triangular
137
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C1?
costal element, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
138
What osseous parts of the transverse process are absent at C1?
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
139
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C1?
rectus capitis anterior, rectus capitis lateralis, middle scalene, levator scapula, splenius cervicis, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior and intertransversarii muscles
140
What suboccipital muscles are known to have fascial projections attaching to the spinal dura?
rectus capitis posterior minor, rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
141
What are the connections between suboccipital muscles and the spinal dura called?
myodural bridges
142
What are the lateral bridges of atlas connected to?
the lateral mass and the transverse process of atlas
143
What forms of the lateral bridges are observed in the population?
incomplete lateral bridges and complete lateral bridges
144
What opening is identified when a complete lateral bridge is formed?
the retrotransverse foramen
145
What are the possible contents of the retrotransverse foramen?
the vertebral artery, a branch from the suboccipital nerve and veins communicating with the venous sinuses of the neck
146
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is most numerous?
ponticulus posticus
147
Which of the ponticles (bridges) of atlas is only observed in humans?
lateral bridges
148
What is observed in the transverse foramen of C1?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
149
What is the gender variation for measurements of the transverse diameter of C1?
males: 78 millimeters and females: 72 millimeters
150
Is there a gender variation for the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin?
not a significant difference
151
What is the distance from the posterior tubercle of the transverse process of C1 to the skin for each gender?
a little over 30 millimeters for both males and females
152
What joint classifications are observed at C1?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) sydesmosis joint, synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal joint, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joint and synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
153
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
five
154
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at C1?
two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets and the fovea dentis
155
What names are given to C2?
axis or epistropheus
156
What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?
the dens or odontoid process
157
How many joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
five
158
What joint surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?
facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment site for the apical-dental ligament
159
Which joint classifications are represented at the odontoid process of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid) joints
160
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies above the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed posterior?
lordotic dens
161
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed posterior?
lordotic dens
162
What is the name given to the odontoid process when the facet for the fovea dentis lies below the groove for the transverse atlantal ligament and the attachment sites for the apical-dental and alar ligaments appear to be directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
163
What is the name/classification given to the odontoid process when the tip of the dens is directed anterior?
kyphotic dens
164
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves and cancellous bone
165
How many joints are formed by the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
five
166
What joint classifications are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
167
How many joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C2?
ten
168
What joint classifications are present at the vertebral body of C2?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
169
What ligaments will attach posteriorly, to the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?
membrana tectoria and posterior longitudinal ligament
170
What ligament will represent the cranial continuation of the posterior longitudinal ligament?
membrana tectoria
171
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal above C2?
membrana tectoria
172
What ligament forms the anterior boundary for the spinal canal below C2?
posterior longitudinal ligament
173
What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?
the superior articular process
174
What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?
on the lamina-pedicle junction
175
What attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior muscle, posterior atlanto-axial ligament, ligamentum flavum
176
What muscle attaches to the lamina of C2?
obliquus capitis inferior
177
What is the outline of the vertebral foramen of C2?
oval to triangular
178
What is the appearance of the superior articular facets of C2?
they are asymmetrical and slightly convex
179
What is the facet orientation of the superior articular facet of C2?
backward, upward, and lateral (BUL)
180
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facets of C2?
forward, lateral, and down (FoLD)
181
What is the classification of the zygapophyseal joints of C2?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) joint
182
What muscle attaches to the articular processes of C2?
longissimus cervicis
183
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?
costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process
184
What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are absent at C2?
anterior tubercle and costotransverse bar
185
What will be observed in the transverse foramen at C2?
vertebral artery, vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor nerve fibers
186
What is the gender variation for the transverse diameter of C2?
males: fifty-seven millimeters and females: about fifty millimeters
187
What muscles attach to the transverse process at C2?
levator scapulae, middle scalene, splenius cervicis, longissimus cervicis and intertransversarii
188
Anterior and posterior intertransversarii are first observed at what vertebral couple?
C2 and C3
189
What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?
bifid
190
What is the location for palpation of the spinous process of C2?
in the midline, about two inches below the external occipital protuberance
191
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis cervicis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis muscles
192
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C2?
ligamentum nuchae, interspinous ligaments
193
What names may be given to C7?
vertebra prominens and vertebral prominence
194
What is the name given to the topographical elevation observed at the base of the neck?
vertebral prominence
195
What name is given only to C7?
vertebra prominens
196
In what percent of men and of women does C7 become the vertebral prominence?
men: eighty-six percent and women: seventy-nine percent
197
What is the segment and gender bias for vertebrae other than C7 becoming the vertebral prominence?
C6 is more common in females and T1 is more common in males
198
What joint surfaces are present at the superior margin of the vertebral body of C7?
anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes, cancellous bone
199
What joint surfaces are present at the inferior margin of the vertebral body of C7?
the anterior and posterior margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim, cancellous bone
200
How may joint surfaces are present at the vertebral body of C7?
eight
201
What joint classifications are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis, cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis and modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar) joint
202
How many synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
two
203
What synovial joint surfaces are observed at the vertebral body of C7?
the right and left uncinate processes
204
What muscle(s) attaches to the vertebral body of C7?
longus colli muscle
205
What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?
costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process
206
What features are typically present in the transverse foramen of C7?
vertebral venous plexus, postganglionic sympathetic motor fibers
207
What muscles attach to the transverse process of C7?
middle scalene, iliocostalis thoracis, longissimus cervicis, semispinalis capitis, rotators, intertransversarii and levator costarum brevis
208
What is the angulation of the articular facet at C7?
more vertical at about 63 degrees
209
What is the orientation of the superior articular facet of C7?
backward, upward, medial (BUM)
210
What is the orientation of the inferior articular facet of C7?
forward, medial, downward (ForMeD)
211
What muscles will attach to the articular process of C7?
longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, semispinalis cervicis and multifidis
212
What are the features of the spinous process of C7?
long, horizontal, nonbifid
213
What muscles attach to the spinous process of C7?
trapezius, rhomboid minor, serratus posterior superior, splenius capitis, spinalis capitis, spinalis cervicis, semispinalis thoracis, multifidis, rotators and interspinalis
214
What ligaments attach to the spinous process of C7?
ligamentum nuchae and interspinous ligaments
215
The vertebral artery on which side is typically larger?
left vertebral artery
216
What is the gender bias regarding size of the vertebral artery?
men have larger vertebral arteries than women
217
What was the name of the physical exam used to determine vertebral artery patency?
the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency test
218
Which side artery was tested during the course of the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
the ipsilateral artery on the side of rotation
219
What are the symptoms of failure of the vertebral artery to compensate during the vertebrobasilar artery insufficiency exam?
dizziness, vertigo, nausea are common complaints
220
The vertebral artery is typically a branch of which artery?
subclavian artery
221
Typically, at what vertebral level will the vertebral artery first become located in the transverse foramen?
C6
222
At what location will the vertebral artery form its first compensatory loop?
the atlanto-axial interspace
223
At what location will the vertebral artery form its second compensatory loop?
the atlanto-occipital interspace
224
At what segments will the vertebral artery be firmly attached to the transverse foramen?
both C1 and C2
225
What is the purpose of the vertebral artery loops between C2, C1, and occiput?
the increased length will accommodate the greater rotation at these locations
226
What happens to the vertebral artery as it enters the vertebral foramen of C1?
the adventitia of the artery blends with the dura mater and the arachnoid mater; as a result the artery lies in the subarachnoid space
227
What happens to the vertebral artery after it enters the subarachnoid space at C1?
the vertebral artery ascends along the medulla oblongata to the pontine-medullary junction where the right and left arteries unite to form the basilar artery
228
What artery is formed by the union of the right and left vertebral arteries?
the basilar artery
229
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C1?
rectus capitis posterior minor, obliquus capitis superior, obliquus capitis inferior
230
Which suboccipital muscles attach to C2?
rectus capitis posterior major, obliquus capitis inferior
231
Which erector spinae muscles attach to the cervical spine?
iliocostalis thoracis, iliocostalis cervicis, longissimus cervicis, longissimus capitis, spinalis cervicis, spinalis capitis
232
Which transversospinalis muscles attach to the cervical spine?
semispinalis cervicis, semispinalis capitis, multifidis, rotators
233
What joint classifications are present at C1?
synovial (diarthrosis) ellipsoidal, synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia) and fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis
234
What joint classifications are present at C2?
synovial pivot (diarthrosis trochoid), synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis joint
235
What joint classifications are present at each typical cervical?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
236
What joint classifications are present at C7?
synovial plane (diarthrosis arthrodia), modified synovial saddle (diarthrosis sellar), fibrous (amphiarthrosis) syndesmosis and cartilaginous (amphiarthrosis) symphysis
237
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C1 nerve from the spinal canal?
occipital condyle, superior articular process of C1, capsular ligament, arcuate rim, groove for the vertebral artery, posterior atlanto-occipital ligament
238
What forms the boundaries for the exit of the C2 nerve from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament, inferior vertebral notch of C1, superior vertebral notch of C2, posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2, posterior atlanto-axial ligament
239
What forms the anterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
inferior articular process of C1, superior articular process of C2, capsular ligament
240
What forms the posterior boundary for the C2 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the posterior arch of C1, lamina of C2 and posterior atlanto-axial ligament
241
What forms the anterior boundary for the C3-C7 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, uncinate process, lateral groove
242
What forms the anterior boundary for the C8 nerve exit from the spinal canal?
the vertebral bodies of C7 and T1, intervertebral disc, posterior longitudinal ligament, capsular ligament of the costocentral joint, superior costal facet of T1 and articular surface of the first rib
243
What are the superior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, upward, medial (BUM), C2 is backward, upward, lateral (BUL), C3-C7 is backward, upward, medial (BUM)
244
What are the inferior articular facet orientations for the cervical vertebrae?
C1 is backward, downward, medial (BMD), C2-C6 is forward, downward, lateral (FoLD), C7 is forward, downward, medial (ForMed)
245
How many synovial joints are identified for each cervical vertebra?
C1 = five, C2 = eight, C3-6 = eight, C7 = six
246
How many joints are identified at the vertebral body of each cervical vertebra?
C1 = none, C2 = ten, C3-6 = ten, C7 = eight
