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Spinal Anatomy > Unit 1 - IV. Basic Osteology of the Vertebral Column, Sternum and Ribs > Flashcards

Unit 1 - IV. Basic Osteology of the Vertebral Column, Sternum and Ribs Flashcards

1
Q

What is the name given to the front of the C1 bony ring?

A

the anterior arch

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2
Q

What osseous modification is observed to the front of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the anterior tubercle

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3
Q

What is observed on the back of the anterior arch of C1?

A

the fovea dentis

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4
Q

What attaches behind the anterior arch of C1?

A

the lateral mass

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5
Q

What is the name given to the upper margin of the lateral mass of C1?

A

the superior articular process

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6
Q

What does the superior articular process of C1 support?

A

the superior articular facet

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7
Q

What is the name given to the lower margin of the lateral mass of C1?

A

the inferior articular process

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8
Q

What does the inferior articular process of C1 support?

A

the inferior articular facet

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9
Q

What is the name of the rounded elevation on the medial aspect of the lateral mass of C1?

A

tubercle for the transverse atlantal ligament

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10
Q

What attaches to the back of the lateral mass of C1?

A

the posterior arch

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11
Q

What is identified in the midline at the back of the posterior arch of C1?

A

the posterior tubercle

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12
Q

What superior surface modification of the posterior arch of C1 is present near the lateral mass?

A

groove/sulcus for the vertebral artery

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13
Q

What superior surface modification is present near the posterior tubercle of the posterior arch of C1?

A

the arcuate rim

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14
Q

What attaches to the arcuate rim of the posterior arch of atlas and to the superior articular process of the lateral mass of atlas?

A

a complete ponticulus posticus

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15
Q

Based on the amount of bony union between the superior articular process and the arcuate rim of C1 what structure will form?

A

an incomplete ponticulus posticus or a complete ponticulus posticus

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16
Q

What names are given to the opening formed by the ponticulus posticus?

A

arcuate foramen or retroarticular canal

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17
Q

What is observed on the undersurface of the posterior arch of C1?

A

the inferior vertebral notch

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18
Q

What is the name given to the triangular area of bone arising from the lateral mass of C1?

A

the transverse process

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19
Q

What is the name given to the anterior part of the transverse process of C1?

A

the costal element

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20
Q

What is the name given to the posterior part of the transverse process of C1?

A

the true transverse process

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21
Q

What is the distal most part of the transverse process of C1?

A

the posterior tubercle

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22
Q

What opening is identified in the transverse process of C1?

A

the transverse foramen

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23
Q

What unique vertebral body modification is characteristic of C2?

A

the dens or odontoid process

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24
Q

What surfaces are present on the odontoid process of C2?

A

facet for fovea dentis, groove for transverse atlantal ligament, attachment sites for the alar ligaments, attachment for the apical-dental ligament

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25
Q

What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the odontoid process of C2?

A

facet for fovea dentis

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26
Q

What feature is identified on the posterior surface of the odontoid process of C2?

A

groove for transverse atlantal ligament

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27
Q

What feature is identified on the superolateral margins of the odontoid process of C2?

A

attachment sites for the alar ligaments

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28
Q

What feature is identified on the tip of the odontoid process of C2?

A

attachment site for the apical-dental ligament

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29
Q

What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the vertebral body of C2?

A

the longus colli muscle attachment

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30
Q

What features are present at the inferior part of the vertebral body of C2?

A

the inferior epiphyseal rim and cancellous bone

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31
Q

What feature is identified on the anterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?

A

the anterior lip

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32
Q

What feature is identified on the posterior surface of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?

A

the posterior lip

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33
Q

What features are present at the lateral margins of the inferior epiphyseal rim of C2?

A

right and left lateral grooves

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34
Q

What features arise from the posterolateral margins of the vertebral body of C2?

A

the pedicles

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35
Q

What lies on the upper surface of the pedicle of C2?

A

the superior articular process

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36
Q

What covers the upper surface of the superior articular process of C2?

A

the superior articular facet

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37
Q

What is the location of the superior vertebral notch of C2?

A

on the lamina-pedicle junction

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38
Q

What feature is identified on the lower surface of the pedicle of C2?

A

the inferior vertebral notch or inferior vertebral incisure

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39
Q

What is the location of the inferior articular process of C2?

A

on the lamina-pedicle junction behind the inferior vertebral notch

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40
Q

What osseous parts of the typical cervical transverse process are present at C2?

A

costal element, posterior tubercle and true transverse process

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41
Q

What is the name given to the anterior part of the transverse process of C2?

A

the costal element

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42
Q

What is the name given to the posterior part of the transverse process of C2?

A

the true transverse process of C2

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43
Q

What is the distal most part of the transverse process of C2?

A

the posterior tubercle

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44
Q

What opening is identified in the transverse process of C2?

A

the transverse foramen

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45
Q

What is the characteristic appearance of the C2 spinous process in humans?

A

it is bifid

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46
Q

What are the modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes

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47
Q

What are the names of the lateral modifications of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

uncinate process, unciform process, uncovertebral process, uncus or lateral lip

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48
Q

What is the anterior modification of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

anterior groove

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49
Q

What is the posterior modification of the superior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

posterior groove

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50
Q

What are the modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

anterior lip, posterior lip, right and left lateral grooves

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51
Q

What is the name given to the lateral modifications of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

lateral groove

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52
Q

What is the name given to the anterior modification of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

anterior lip

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53
Q

What is the name given to the posterior modification of the inferior epiphyseal rim of a typical cervical?

A

posterior lip

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54
Q

What attaches to the posterolateral margin and in the center of a typical cervical vertebra body?

A

the pedicle

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55
Q

What surface feature is located at the upper margin of the pedicle?

A

superior vertebral notch

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56
Q

What surface feature is located at the lower margin of the pedicle?

A

inferior vertebral notch

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57
Q

What bony feature is attached to the posterior end of the pedicle?

A

the articular process

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58
Q

What is located at the top of the articular pillar?

A

the superior articular process

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59
Q

The superior articular process will provide support for what bone feature?

A

the superior articular facet

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60
Q

What is located at the bottom of the articular pillar?

A

the inferior articular process

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61
Q

The inferior articular process will provide support for what bone feature?

A

the inferior articular facet

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62
Q

What is the name of the surface feature observed between the ends of the articular pillar?

A

the groove/sulcus for the dorsal ramus of a cervical spinal nerve

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63
Q

What bone feature is attached to the posterior part of the articular pillar?

A

the lamina

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64
Q

What is the direction of projection of the cervical lamina?

A

posteromedially

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65
Q

What ligament attaches to the lamina of a typical cervical?

A

ligamentum flavum

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66
Q

Ossification of the ligamentum flavum at the attachment site on the lamina will result in what feature?

A

para-articular processes

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67
Q

To what parts of the typical cervical vertebra is the transverse process attached?

A

the vertebral body and the articular pillar

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68
Q

List, in order the osseous parts of the typical cervical vertebra transverse process beginning at the vertebral body.

A

costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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69
Q

What is the distal modification of the costal element of a typical vertebra?

A

the anterior tubercle

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70
Q

What is the distal modification of the true transverse process of typical cervicals?

A

the posterior tubercle

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71
Q

What bony feature connects the anterior and posterior tubercles of a typical cervical transverse process?

A

costotransverse bar or intertubercular lamella

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72
Q

What is the name given to the superior margin of the costotransverse bar?

A

sulcus for the ventral primary ramus of a cervical spinal nerve

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73
Q

What is the name given to the modification of the anterior tubercle of the C6 transverse process?

A

the carotid tubercle

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74
Q

What is the usual condition for the Caucasian typical cervical spinous process?

A

they are bifid

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75
Q

What is the usual condition for the African-American typical cervical spinous process?

A

they are non-bifid

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76
Q

What is the osseous modification at the distal end of the spinous process?

A

the spinous tubercle

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77
Q

What surfaces are present on the superior epiphyseal rim of the vertebral body of C7?

A

anterior groove, posterior groove, right and left uncinate processes

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78
Q

What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of C7?

A

typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the typical cervicals

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79
Q

What are the osseous parts of the transverse process of C7?

A

costal element, anterior tubercle, costotransverse bar, posterior tubercle, true transverse process

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80
Q

What are the features of the spinous process of C7?

A

long, horizontal, nonbifid

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81
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral body of T1 from superior view?

A

somewhat rectangular with curved anterior margins

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82
Q

What is the appearance of the vertebral body of T1 from the anterior view?

A

both sides will appear to be scalloped (indented) between the epiphyseal rims

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83
Q

What is the appearance of the superior surface of the vertebral body of T1?

A

it is somewhat cup-shaped with elevations at the posterior and lateral margin

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84
Q

What may elevations on the vertebral body of T1 represent?

A

uncinate processes

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85
Q

What is the appearance of the inferior surface of the vertebral body of T1?

A

typically flat, lacking anterior and posterior lips characteristic of the cervicals

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86
Q

What surfaces are present on the upper and lower margins of the T1 vertebral body?

A

the right and left superior costal facet & right and left inferior costal demi-facet

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87
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body of T1?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

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88
Q

What is the direction of the transverse process at T1?

A

the transverse process projects nearly straight out laterally

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89
Q

What is present at the tip of the transverse process of T1?

A

the transverse tubercle

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90
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of T1?

A

the transverse costal facet

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91
Q

What is the orientation of the transverse costal facets for T1?

A

they face forward and outward

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92
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process of T1?

A

the undersurface of the T1 spinous processes will be nearly horizontal

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93
Q

What features will allow discrimination between T2-T4 and T5-T8 segmental groups?

A

the vertebral body, transverse process, articular process and spinous process

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94
Q

On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T2-T4 group?

A

the vertebral body will have bilaterally convex sides

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95
Q

On cranial view, what is the outline of the vertebral body for the T5-T8 group?

A

the left side of the vertebral body will be flattened, the right side convex

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96
Q

What is the appearance of the vertebral body from the anterior view for T2-T4?

A

both sides will appear to be scalloped (indented) between the epiphyseal rims

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97
Q

What is the name given to the left side of the vertebral bodyof T5-T8?

A

the aortic impression

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98
Q

What is the aortic impression?

A

the flattening of the superior and inferior epiphyseal rims on the left side of the vertebral body of T5-T8 which gives the vertebral body a less scalloped or less indented appearance on that side

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99
Q

What part of the vertebral body is most influenced by the aorta at T5-T8?

A

the left side superior and inferior epiphyseal rims

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100
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic?

A

the right and left superior and the right and left inferior costal demi-facets

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101
Q

Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of a typical thoracic is larger?

A

the superior costal demi-facet

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102
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the typical thoracic vertebral body?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

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103
Q

What is the appearance and position of the lamina in a typical thoracic?

A

the lamina is short, broad and thick and lies next to the spinous process

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104
Q

What is the direction of the transverse process in the typical thoracic?

A

the transverse process projects more posterior with each inferior vertebra

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105
Q

What is present at the tip of the transverse process of a typical thoracic?

A

the transverse tubercle

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106
Q

What is the distance between the transverse tubercles in the typical thoracic region?

A

from T2 each transverse diameter becomes shorter as the transverse processes angle more posterior

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107
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of a typical thoracic?

A

the transverse costal facet

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108
Q

What is the orientation of the transverse costal facets for T2-T6?

A

they face forward and outward

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109
Q

What is the orientation of the transverse costal facets for T7-T8?

A

they face forward, outward, and upward

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110
Q

How can you distinguish between a T2-T4 from T5-T8 segment using the articular process?

A

at T2-T4 the width between the superior articular processes is greater than the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra;
at T5-T8 the width between the superior articular processes is equal to or the same as the width between the inferior articular processes of that vertebra

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111
Q

How do the transverse diameters of the articular processes compare in the T2-T4 region?

A

the superior articular process transverse diameter is greater than the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment

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112
Q

How do the transverse diameters of the articular process compare in the T5-T8 regions?

A

the superior articular process transverse diameter is the same as or equal to the inferior articular process transverse diameter for a given segment

113
Q

What is the relationship of the inferior articular process and the lamina?

A

they blend together

114
Q

What name is given to the region between the superior and inferior articular processes in the typical thoracics?

A

the pars interarticularis

115
Q

What is the pars interarticularis?

A

the region between the superior and inferior articular processes

116
Q

What part of a vertebra arises laterally from the pars interarticularis?

A

the transverse process

117
Q

What part of a vertebra arises medially from the pars interarticularis?

A

the lamina

118
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of a typical thoracic?

A

they slant backward and downward

119
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process of T2-T4?

A

the undersurface of T2-T4 spinous processes will angle up to forty degrees from the horizontal plane

120
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process of T5-T8?

A

the undersurface of T5-T8 spinous processes will angle up to sixty degrees from the horizontal plane

121
Q

Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation up to forty degrees?

A

T2-T4

122
Q

Which vertebrae will have a spinous process angulation up to sixty degrees?

A

T5-T8

123
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T9?

A

right and left superior costal demi-facets; right and left inferior costal demi-facets

124
Q

Which synovial joint surfaces may be absent from the vertebral body of T9?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

125
Q

Which of the demi-facets on the vertebral body of T9 is larger?

A

the superior costal demi-facet

126
Q

How does the superior costal demi-facet compar in size with those of T2-T8?

A

it is larger

127
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body at T9?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

128
Q

What is present at the tip of the transverse process of T9?

A

the transverse tubercle

129
Q

What is present on the transverse tubercle of T9?

A

the transverse costal facet

130
Q

Which rib related facet may be absent on T9?

A

the inferior costal demi-facet

131
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T9?

A

posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal

132
Q

What is the angulation of the spinous process of T9?

A

the undersurface of T9 spinous processes will angle less than forty degrees from the horizontal plane

133
Q

What is the name of the osseous feature at the tip of the spinous process?

A

the spinous tubercle

134
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T10?

A

the right and left superior costal facet

135
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T10?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

136
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body at T10?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

137
Q

What feature is very commonly observed on the lamina of T10?

A

para-articular processes

138
Q

What is present at the tip of the transverse process of T10?

A

the transverse tubercle

139
Q

What is typically present on the transverse tubercle of T10?

A

the transverse costal facet

140
Q

What part of the transverse process may be absent on T10?

A

the transverse costal facet

141
Q

Identify the synovial joint surfaces typically present on T10?

A

two superior costal facets, two transverse costal facets, two superior articular facets, two inferior articular facets

142
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T10?

A

posterior and slightly inferior, it will shorten and become more horizontal

143
Q

What is the length of the spinous process of T10?

A

it will shorten significantly from the spinous process of T9

144
Q

What is the generic appearance of the spinous process of T10?

A

shorter and more horizontal than the T9 spinous process

145
Q

What is the name of the osseous feature at the tip of the spinous process?

A

the spinous tubercle

146
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral body of T11 on superior view?

A

kidney-shaped or reniform

147
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T11?

A

the right and left superior costal facet

148
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T11?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

149
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body at T11?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior and slightly laterally

150
Q

What is present at the tip of the transverse process of T11?

A

the transverse tubercle

151
Q

What part of the transverse process is absent on T11?

A

the transverse costal facet

152
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T11?

A

posterior and horizontal along the undersurface

153
Q

What is the length of the spinous process of T11?

A

it will lengthen significantly from the spinous process of T10

154
Q

What is the generic appearance of the spinous process of T11?

A

longer and more horizontal along the undersurface than T10

155
Q

What is the name of the osseous feature at the tip of the spinous process?

A

the spinous tubercle

156
Q

What is the outline of the vertebral body of T12 on superior view?

A

kidney-shaped or reniform

157
Q

What synovial joint surfaces are present on the vertebral body of T12?

A

the right and left superior costal facet

158
Q

Which synovial joint surface is absent from the vertebral body of T11?

A

inferior costal demi-facets

159
Q

What is the position and direction of the pedicle from the vertebral body at T12?

A

the pedicle arises from the upper third of the vertebral body and projects posterior

160
Q

What is present at the transverse process region of T12?

A

three tubercles of variable size

161
Q

Which tubercle on T12 represents the transverse process?

A

the lateral tubercle

162
Q

What does the lateral tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the transverse process

163
Q

Which tubercle on T12 represents the mammillary process of the lumbars?

A

the superior tubercle

164
Q

What does the superior tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the mammillary process of lumbar vertebrae

165
Q

Which tubercle on T12 represents the accessory process of the lumbars?

A

the inferior tubercle

166
Q

What does the inferior tubercle of T12 represent?

A

the accessory process of lumbar vertebrae

167
Q

What is the location of the lateral tubercle?

A

it projects laterally from the pars interarticularis of T12

168
Q

What is the location of the superior tubercle?

A

it projects superiorly over the superior articular facet from the pars interarticularis of T12

169
Q

What is the location of the inferior tubercle?

A

it projects from the pars interarticularis of T12 in a plane that is inferior to the superior tubercle and medial to the lateral tubercle

170
Q

Which is the smallest of the tubercles at the transverse process region of T12?

A

the inferior tubercle

171
Q

What joint surface of the typical thoracic transverse process is absent on T12?

A

the transverse costal facet

172
Q

What is the curvature of the superior articular facets of T12?

A

they are said to be slightly concave

173
Q

What is the curvature of the inferior articular facets of T12?

A

they are significantly convex

174
Q

What is the orientation of the spinous process of T12?

A

posterior and horizontal

175
Q

What is the length of the spinous process of T12?

A

it is similar to the spinous process of T11

176
Q

What is the generic appearance of the spinous process of T12?

A

lumbar-like, similar in length to T11

177
Q

What is the name of the osseous feature at the tip of the spinous process?

A

the spinous process

178
Q

What is the generic size of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

transversely broad

179
Q

What is the generic shape of the typical lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

reniform or kidney-shaped

180
Q

What parts of the vertebra may be used to distinguish L1-L4 from L5?

A

vertebral body, pedicle, articular process, transverse process, spinous process

181
Q

What characteristic(s) of the L1-L4 vertebral body may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group.

A

On cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment. At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region. In addition, the vertebral body of L5 is more wedge-shaped on lateral view with a much greater anterior height than posterior height

182
Q

The pedicle attaches at what location on the vertebral body of a typical lumbar?

A

to the upper third or half of the vertebral body

183
Q

What is the distal modification of the transverse process of typical lumbars?

A

the transverse tubercle

184
Q

What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?

A

accessory process

185
Q

What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of typical lumbar vertebrae?

A

pars interarticularis

186
Q

What is the name of the prominent linear elevation in the lumbar spine between superior and inferior articular processes?

A

pars interarticularis

187
Q

What is characteristic of the L1-L4 articular processes?

A

The transverse diameter (width between/distance between) superior articular processes of an L1-L4 segment will be greater than the transverse diameter (width between/distance between) the inferior articular processes of that same segment

188
Q

What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?

A

mammillary process

189
Q

What is the usual condition for typical lumbar spinous process?

A

they are non-bifid

190
Q

What is the usual appearance of the typical lumbar spinous process?

A

rectangular with the long axis in the superior-inferior orientation

191
Q

What is the osseous modification at the distal end of the spinous process?

A

the spinous tubercle

192
Q

What is the generic size of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

transversely broad

193
Q

What is the generic shape of the fifth lumbar vertebral body from the cranial view?

A

reniform or kidney-shaped

194
Q

What characteristic(s) of the L1-L4 vertebral body may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group.

A

On cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment. At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region. In addition, the vertebral body of L5 is more wedge-shaped on lateral view with a much greater anterior height than posterior height

195
Q

What characteristic of the L1-L4 pedicle may be used to differentiate it from the L5 segment? Be specific and complete as the difference(s) on a segment from each group.

A

On cranial view, the lateral surface of the pedicle is apparent on a L1-L4 segment. At L5 the transverse process originates from the vertebral body, pedicle and lamina-pedicle region

196
Q

What is the generic direction and length of the fifth lumbar transverse process?

A

it is directed straight lateral and is the shortest of all lumbar transverse processes

197
Q

What is the distal modification of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar?

A

the transverse tubercle

198
Q

What is the name of the elevation near the origin of the lumbar transverse process?

A

accessory process

199
Q

What is the name of the lamina-pedicle junction of the fifth lumbar vertebrae?

A

pars interarticularis

200
Q

What is the name of the prominent linear elevation in the lumbar spine between superior and inferior articular processes?

A

pars interarticularis

201
Q

What is the name given to the projection on the lumbar superior articular process?

A

mammillary process

202
Q

What is the usual condition for the fifth lumbar spinous process?

A

it is non-bifid and short

203
Q

What is the usual appearance of the fifth lumbar spinous process?

A

rectangular with the long axis in the superior-inferior orientation

204
Q

What is the osseous modification at the distal end of the spinous process?

A

the spinous tubercle

205
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult sacrum?

A

5 segments

206
Q

An imaginary line drawn along the dorsal midline of sacrum is identified as the ___.

A

median sacral crest

207
Q

What forms the median sacral crest?

A

fused spinous processes and their spinous tubercles

208
Q

An imaginary line drawn from the superior articular process of S1 to the sacral cornu will form what feature?

A

intermediate sacral crest

209
Q

What forms the intermediate sacral crest?

A

fused articular processes and their facets

210
Q

What features may be identified along the intermediate sacral crest?

A

the mammillary process of S1 and the sacral cornu of S5

211
Q

What does the sacral cornu represent?

A

the inferior articular process and facet of S5

212
Q

What is the remnant of the inferior articular process and facet of S5?

A

the sacral cornu

213
Q

What is the name of the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal?

A

the sacral hiatus

214
Q

What is the sacral hiatus?

A

the inferior opening of the sacral spinal canal which appears as an inverted V

215
Q

An imaginary line drawn from the transverse process of S1 to the inferior lateral sacral angle will form what feature?

A

the lateral sacral crest

216
Q

What forms the lateral sacral crest?

A

the fused transverse processes and transverse tubercles from S1 to S5

217
Q

What features may be identified along the lateral sacral crest?

A

S1 transverse tubercle, sacral tuberosity of S2, transverse tubercles of S3, S4, and S5

218
Q

What is the sacral tuberosity?

A

the enlarged transverse tubercle of S2

219
Q

What feature is associated with the transverse tubercle of S5?

A

the inferior and lateral (inferolateral) sacral angle

220
Q

From the anterior view, the intervertebral discs of sacrum will be replaced by what feature?

A

transverse ridges

221
Q

What is the name given to the openings that transmit the ventral sacral nerve rami?

A

anterior sacral foramina, ventral sacral foramina, or ventral pelvic foramina

222
Q

What feature is identified on the lateral surface of S1-S3?

A

auricular surface

223
Q

What feature does the anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1 form?

A

the sacral promontory

224
Q

What is the sacral promontory?

A

the buldging anterior surface of the superior epiphyseal rim of S1

225
Q

What is the name given to the region of bone extending laterally from the S1 vertebral body looking from the base view?

A

sacral ala

226
Q

What forms the sacral ala?

A

the costal element and true transverse process

227
Q

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the costal element?

A

the anterior two-thirds

228
Q

What part of the sacral ala is derived from the true tansverse process?

A

the posterior third

229
Q

The costal element and true transverse process of sacrum unite to form what feature?

A

the sacral ala

230
Q

What is the typical number of segments that unite to form the adult coccyx?

A

4 segments

231
Q

What bony features are present on the coccyx?

A

all segments are represented by a “vertebral body”; in addition, Co1 has a coccygeal cornu and transverse process

232
Q

What is the homolog of the superior articular process and facet on Co1?

A

coccygeal cornu

233
Q

What feature is present at the top of the manubrium sterni?

A

jugular notch (suprasternal notch)

234
Q

What is the name given to the articular site at the superolateral margin of the manubrium sterni?

A

clavicular notch

235
Q

What names are given to the articular sites for the joint with the first and second rib?

A

costal notch I for the first rib costal cartilage;

costa notch II for the second rib costal cartilage

236
Q

How many sternabrae for the corpus sterni?

A

4 sternabrae

237
Q

What surface feature on the corpus sterni identifies the location of the old synchondroses?

A

transverse lines

238
Q

What articular sites for the costal cartilage of ribs will be identified on the corpus sterni?

A

costal notches II-VII

239
Q

What feature of the corpus sterni is present in 4-7% of the population?

A

a sternal foramen

240
Q

What are the primary parts of the vertebral end of a typical rib?

A

the head, neck and tubercle

241
Q

What features may be identified on the head of a typical rib?

A

two articular surfaces and the interarticular crest

242
Q

What names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of a typical rib based on location?

A

superior articular surface/facet and inferior articular surface/facet

243
Q

What feature of the head of a rib seperates the superior from inferior articular surface/facet?

A

the interarticular crest

244
Q

What features may be identified on the neck of a typical rib?

A

the crest of the rib

245
Q

What features may be identified on the tubercle of a typical rib?

A

the articular surface of the tubercle and the non-articular surface of the tubercle

246
Q

Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the head of the rib?

A

the articular surface of the tubercle

247
Q

Which feature of the tubercle of a typical rib is closer to the shaft of the rib?

A

the non-articular surface of the tubercle

248
Q

What features may be identified on the body (corpus or shaft) of a typical rib?

A

the costal angle and costal groove

249
Q

What is the costal angle of a rib?

A

the location on the body (corpus or shaft) of the rib where there is a directional change toward the sternum

250
Q

What is the costal groove of a rib?

A

the linear depression on the internal and inferior surface of the body (corpus or shaft)

251
Q

What is present on the head of the first rib?

A

a single articular surface

252
Q

What is lacking at the head of the first rib?

A

the interarticular crest

253
Q

Is there a crest on the neck of the first rib?

A

not a well-developed one like on the typical rib

254
Q

What features may be identified on the tubercle of the first rib?

A

the articular surface of the tubercle and the non-articular surface of the tubercle

255
Q

Which feature of the tubercle of the first rib is closer to the head of the rib?

A

the articular surface of the tubercle

256
Q

Which feature of the tubercle of the first rib is closer to the shaft of the rib?

A

the non-articular surface of the tubercle

257
Q

What is unique about the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib?

A

the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is flattened and has a scalene tubercle flanked by the groove for the subclavian artery and the groove for the subclavian vein

258
Q

Which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the vertebral end?

A

the groove for the subclavian artery and the first thoracic nerve

259
Q

Which groove on the body (corpus or shaft) of the first rib is close to the sternal end?

A

the groove for the subclavian vein

260
Q

Is either the costal angle or costal groove apparent on the first rib

A

Neither the costal angle nor the costal groove are apparent on the first rib

261
Q

What are the primary parts of the vertebral end of rib 2?

A

the head, neck and tubercle

262
Q

What features may be identified on the head of rib 2?

A

two articular surfaces and the interarticular crest

263
Q

What names are given to the articular surfaces on the head of rib 2 based on location?

A

superior articular surface/facet and inferior articular surface/facet

264
Q

What feature of the head of rib 2 seperates the superior from inferior articular surface/facet?

A

the interarticular crest

265
Q

What feature may be identified on the neck of rib 2?

A

the crest of the rib

266
Q

What features may be identified on the tubercle of rib 2?

A

the articular suface of the tubercle and the non-articular surface of the tubercle

267
Q

Which feature of the tubercle of rib 2 is closer to the head of the rib?

A

the articular surface of the tubercle

268
Q

Which feature of the tubercle of rib 2 is closer to the shaft of the rib?

A

the non-articular surface of the tubercle

269
Q

What features may be identified on the body (corpus or shaft) of rib 2?

A

the tuberosity for the serratus anterior, the costal angle and the costal groove

270
Q

What is the costal angle of a rib?

A

the location on the body (corpus or shaft) of the rib where there is a directional change toward the sternum

271
Q

What is the costal groove of a rib?

A

the linear depression on the internal and inferior surface of the body (corpus or shaft)

272
Q

What unique feature is present on the body (corpus or shat) of the second rib?

A

the tuberosity for the serratus anterior

273
Q

What distinguishes the vertebral end of rib 11 from typical ribs?

A

the single articular surface, absence of a well-developed crest on the neck and the tubercle may be absent or if present, consists only of a non-articular surface

274
Q

What features may be present on the body (corpus or shaft) of the eleventh rib?

A

the costal angle and costal groove are under-developed

275
Q

What is the appearance of the sternal end of the eleventh rib?

A

it is somewhat pointed

276
Q

What helps to distinguish the vertebral end of the twelfth rib from other ribs?

A

the head has a single articular surface, the crest of the neck is poorly developed, the tubercle is absent

277
Q

What is the condition of the body (corpus or shaft) of rib 12?

A

the costal angle and costal groove are absent and it is the shortest of all ribs

278
Q

What is the appearance of the sternal end of the twelfth rib?

A

the sternal end is pointed

Spinal Anatomy (12 decks)

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