Unit 1 - I. Osteology

Question 1

What are the four basic tissues of the human body?

Answer 1

epithelial, muscle, neural & connective tissues

Question 2

What is osteology?

Answer 2

the study of bone

Question 3

What are the three primary cell types of bone?

Answer 3

osteoblasts, osteocytes and osteoclasts

Question 4

What is the function of each type of bone cell?

Answer 4

osteoblast - form bone;
osteocyte - maintain or nurture bone
osteoclast - remodel bone

Question 5

What are the bone cells embedded in?

Answer 5

an amorphous matrix consisting of ground substance, protein fibers and various minerals

Question 6

What is the primary constituent of the ground substance?

Answer 6

glycosaminoglycans

Question 7

What types of glycosaminoglycans predominate in bone?

Answer 7

chondroitin sulfates, keratin sulfates & hyaluronic acid

Question 8

What is the principal type of protein fiber in bone?

Answer 8

collagen type I

Question 9

What are the primary constituents of the bone mineral?

Answer 9

calcium, phosphate, citrate & carbonate ions

Question 10

What is the most frequently describe deposit in bone?

Answer 10

hydroxyapatite

Question 11

Bone is also the repository for what additional ions?

Answer 11

sodium, magnesium, fluoride, lead, strontium & radium

Question 12

What is Wolff’s Law as it pertains to bone?

Answer 12

living tissue will respond to stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure; bone is formed or absorbed in response to these same stressors

Question 13

What three responses of “living” bone were stressed in class?

Answer 13

it has the ability to heal, to remodel under stressors such as anxiety, tension or pressure and to age

Question 14

Bone is the embryological derivative of which specific connective tissue?

Answer 14

mesenchyme and/or cartilage

Question 15

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in mesenchyme?

Answer 15

intramembranous ossification

Question 16

What is the timing for the appearance of intramembranous ossification?

Answer 16

from the second to third month in utero

Question 17

What part of the axial skeleton is primarily formed by intramembranous ossification?

Answer 17

the skull

Question 18

What is the name given to the pattern of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 18

endochondral ossification

Question 19

What is the timing for the appearance of ossification in cartilage?

Answer 19

from the second to fifth month in utero

Question 20

Which skull bones are ossified by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 20

the mandible, sphenoid, temporal & occipital bones

Question 21

Which bone of the appendicular skeleton is formed by both endochondral and intramembranous ossification?

Answer 21

the clavicle

Question 22

What are the names given to the centers of ossification based on time of appearance?

Answer 22

primary centers of ossification appear before birth

secondary centers of ossification appear after birth

Question 23

Mature bone is described as being composed of what areas based on bone density?

Answer 23

cortical or compact bone and spongy, cancellous or trabecular bone

Question 24

What is the name given to the bone below an articulating surface?

Answer 24

subchondral bone

Question 25

What is the name of the outer fibro-cellular covering of bone?

Answer 25

the periosteum

Question 26

What is the name given to the fibro-cellular lining of bone?

Answer 26

the endosteum

Question 27

What are the primary sources of variation observed in bone?

Answer 27

sexual dimorphism (gender variation), ontogenetic variation (growth or age variation), geographic or population-based variation (ethnic variation) and idiosyncratic variation (individual variation)

Question 28

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on male and female variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 28

sexual dimorphism or gender variation

Question 29

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on age or developmental variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 29

ontogenetic variation

Question 30

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on ethnicity or locational variation is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 30

geographic variation or population based variation

Question 31

Differences in the number or morphology of vertebrae within the population based on the uniqueness between individuals is identified as which type of variation?

Answer 31

idiosyncratic variation

Question 32

What are the six more commonly used classifications of normal bone?

Answer 32

long bones, short bones, flat bones, irregular bones, paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones and sesamoid bones

Question 33

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the appendicular skeleton?

Answer 33

long bones, short bones and sesamoid bones

Question 34

What is the characteristic feature of a long bone?

Answer 34

it is longer than it is across (length greater than breadth)

Question 35

What are the names given to the parts of a long bone?

Answer 35

the diaphysis (shaft) and typically two epiphyses (extremeties)

Question 36

What is the primary characteristic of short bones?

Answer 36

they are essentially cuboidal

Question 37

What are examples of short bones?

Answer 37

most of the bones of the carpus and tarsus

Question 38

What is the characteristic of sesamoid bone?

Answer 38

the bone develops within the tendon

Question 39

What are the consistent examples of sesamoid bones?

Answer 39

patella and pisiform

Question 40

Which classifications of bone are characteristic of the axial skeleton?

Answer 40

flat bones, irregular bones and paranasal sinus or pneumatic bones

Question 41

What are flat bones?

Answer 41

a thin layer of spongy bone that is sandwiched between two layers of compact bone

Question 42

What are examples of flat bones?

Answer 42

the parietal bone and sternum

Question 43

What is the name given to the spongy bone of the skull?

Answer 43

diploe

Question 44

What is characteristic of irregular bone?

Answer 44

numerous projections or irregular outlines

Question 45

What are examples of irregular bone?

Answer 45

the vertebrae and innominate bones

Question 46

What is characteristic of pneumatic bone?

Answer 46

air spaces within the bone

Question 47

What are examples of pneumatic bone?

Answer 47

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla, sphenoid & temporal

Question 48

What bones contain paranasal sinuses?

Answer 48

frontal, ethmoid, maxilla & sphenoid

Question 49

What are classifications given to abnormal bone stressed in Spinal Anatomy?

Answer 49

accessory and heterotopic bone

Question 50

What is the name given to bone formed from existing bone?

Answer 50

accessory bone

Question 51

What are examples of accessory bone?

Answer 51

para-articular processes and bony spurs of vertebrae

Question 52

What is the name given to bone formed in a non-bone location?

Answer 52

heterotopic bone

Question 53

What are examples of heterotopic bone?

Answer 53

calcific deposits in the pineal gland, heart, and ligaments

Question 54

What are the four basic surface feature categories?

Answer 54

elevations, depressions, tunnels or passageways & facets

Question 55

When do the surface features of bone become prominent?

Answer 55

during and after puberty

Question 56

What are the types of osseous elevations?

Answer 56

linear, rounded and sharp

Question 57

What are the types of osseous linear elevation?

Answer 57

the line, ridge and crest

Question 58

What are the types of rounded osseous elevations?

Answer 58

tubercle, protuberance, trochanter, tuber or tuberosity and malleolus

Question 59

What are the categories of sharp osseous elevations?

Answer 59

spine and process

Question 60

What are the categories of osseous depressions?

Answer 60

linear and rounded depressions

Question 61

What are the categories of osseous linear depressions?

Answer 61

notch or incisure, groove, and sulcus

Question 62

What are the categories of rounded osseous depressions?

Answer 62

the fovea and fossa

Question 63

What are the names given to openings on the surface of bone?

Answer 63

ostium or orifice and hiatus

Question 64

What is the definition of an osseous ostium?

Answer 64

a round or oval opening on the surface of bone

Question 65

What is the definition of an osseous hiatus?

Answer 65

an irregular opening on the surface of bone

Question 66

What are the names given to osseous ostia which completely penetrate bone?

Answer 66

foramen or canal

Question 67

What is the name given to an ostium which does not completely penetrate through a region of bone but appears as a blind-ended passageway?

Answer 67

meatus

Question 68

What are the categories of osseous facets?

Answer 68

flat facets and rounded facets

Question 69

What are the categories of rounded osseous facets?

Answer 69

articular heads and articular condyles