Unit 2: Module 4.1 Economy + 5 Modes Of Subsistence

Question 1

Economy

Answer 1

A cultural way of organizing for needs to be met by creating, allocating and using resources. Through production, distribution and consumption.

Question 2

Subsistence

Answer 2

Way of maintaining oneself production livelihood; food production

Question 3

5 modes of subsistence (food production)

Answer 3

Food Foraging, Horticulture, Pastoralism, Intensive Agriculture, Industrial Agriculture

Question 4

Foraging

Answer 4

Hunter-Fisher-Gatherers, not a harsh life, leisure time, egalitarianism (opposite of hierarchy), leaders based on task, sharing/generalized reciprocity, ecologically sustainable but vulnerable to land issues (constrained to small area, politically enforced)

Question 5

Horticulture

Answer 5

Gardening
Swidden practice to replenish nutrients in soil, fallowing/shifting cultivation (four plots 1 left empty annually and rotate), basic hand tools (adze, hands, digging stick), tribes or chiefdoms, little hierarchy, shared/generalized and balanced reciprocity, leader headman responsible for redistribution. Minimal surplus, division of labor, sustainable except when overcrowded, overuse of land, or land being taken by government.

Question 6

Pastoralism

Answer 6

Herding
Dependent on domesticated animals, material and labor ownership/control (by families), division of labor (gender based), nomadic/ transchumance, need spatial mobility, self sufficient, routes are protected (tradition of passing through culture accepts, sustainable as long as there is access to water and land, issue of private property and borders, climate change.

Question 7

Agriculture

Answer 7

Intensive Farming
Invest time energy and technology (use of plows, irrigation fertilizer), land use continuously, chiefdoms and state, development of market economy (form of redistribution;trade), limited sharing, specialized roles, produce surplus, settled, dense populations (risk of disease, famine, crop failure), sustainability depends on water land availability irrigation weather and population. Tourism negative impact pressure on water and land resources.

Question 8

Swidden

Answer 8

Slash and burn

Question 9

Industrial Agriculture

Answer 9

Use of machines to mass produce food. Large scale monoculture (singlecrop), overproduction, specialized roles, hierarchy, nation-state, market economy (ex:capitalism), urbanization, not sustainable due to environmental costs (large use of non-renewable resources), unequal distribution of resources, reliance on processed foods (homogenization diet)

Question 10

5 modes of subsistence in order from egalitarian to inequalities

Answer 10

Foraging, horticulture, pastoralism, agriculture, industrial agriculture

Question 11

5 modes of subsistence from low carrying capacity of land to high

Answer 11

Foraging, pastoralism, horticulture(mid), agriculture, industrial agriculture

Question 12

Transhumance

Answer 12

Practice among pastoralism of moving to new pastureland on a seasonal basis. Nomadic pastoralism