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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Unit 2 : Chapters 3 and 4 > Flashcards

Unit 2 : Chapters 3 and 4 Flashcards

1
Q

what do atoms do?

A

gain or lose electrons
- if they gain, it is more negatively charged
-if they lose, it is more positively charged

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2
Q

cations

A

positively charged

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3
Q

anions

A

negatively charged

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4
Q

hydrophobic

A

does not mix with water
-lipids are hydrophobic

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5
Q

hydrophilic

A

mix well with water
- polar molecules and ions are hydrophilic

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6
Q

what kind of layer is the cell membrane?

A

lipid bilayer
- anything that mixes with water will not pass the cell membrane

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7
Q

Diffusion

A

process of a movement of a substance from a region of higher concentration to the region of lower concentration until particles are evenly spread out
- molecules move down a concentration gradient

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8
Q

concentration gradient

A

the difference in concentration of a substance from one place to another

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9
Q

protein channels

A

allow certain molecules (water molecules) to pass through the membrane, but most chemicals are unable to cross

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10
Q

semipermeable membranes

A

only certain substances can pass through

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11
Q

electrostatic forces

A

like charges repel each other and opposite charges are attracted to each other

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12
Q

voltage

A

measure of stored or potential energy

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13
Q

current

A

flow of energy (active energy)

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14
Q

potential energy

A

energy being held

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15
Q

intracellular fluids

A

fluid inside cell

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16
Q

extracellular fluids

A

fluid surrounding the cell

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17
Q

what happens when recording electrode is placed in a neuron?

A

it creates a negative charge
- inside of axon is more negative

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18
Q

what should be more negative; inside or outside of cell?

A

the inside of the cell should be more negatively charged

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19
Q

what is the measure of the resting membrane potential?

A

-65mV
- inside the cell is more negative than the outside

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20
Q

resting membrane potential

A

voltage between inside and outside of the cell when the cell is resting

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21
Q

factors contributing to negative membrane potential

A
  1. selective membrane permeability (ion channels, negative proteins)
  2. diffusion (equilibrium potential)
  3. electrostatic forces (equilibrium potential)
  4. Na-K pump
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22
Q

what is the ratio of Na-K pump?

A

3 Na+ ions are pushing out while 2 K+ ions are pushing into the cell

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23
Q

steps of resting membrane potential

A
  1. Na-K pump pumps 3 sodium ions out of the cell and 2 potassium ions into the cell which requires considerable energy
  2. potassium ions go down into the concentration gradient through ion channels and out of the cell because there is too much potassium which leaves the inside of the cell more negative than the outside
  3. sodium can not reenter the cell because the sodium gates are closed, therefore the outside of cell becomes positive which creates electrostatic force
  4. the concentration gradient pushing K out and and the electrostatic force pulling K back inside of the cell creates a balance
  5. Resting potential is the equilibrium of potassium
    - key driver for cell resting potential
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24
Q

are potassium channels selectively permeable?

A

yes, they are open and selectively permeable

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25
Q

can proteins easily leave the cell?

A

no

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26
Q

does the Na-K pump require a lot of energy?

A

yes, and it is responsible for maintaining the cell’s membrane potential

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27
Q

are neurons polarized?

A

yes, because there is potential across the cell membrane.
- specifically it has negative resting membrane potential (-65mV) because of the seperation of ions across the cell membrane which is caused by the Na-K pump

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28
Q

hyperpolarize

A

more negative (less than -65mV)

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29
Q

depolarize

A

more positive (greater than -65mV)

30
Q

at resting potential, what are K+ ions doing?

A

they are at equilibrium across the membrane

31
Q

Action Potentials process

A
  1. input from the presynaptic neuron causes the neuron to depolarize
  2. when the neuron reaches the threshold (about -40mV), the voltage gated Na+ channels open and Na+ rushes into the cell, causing it to rapidly depolarize
  3. Na+ channels close and voltage gated K+ channels open, K+ rushes out of the cell causing it to rapidly repolarize and causing afterpotential (hyperpolarization)
  4. cell returns to resting potential
32
Q

absolute refractory periods

A

no amount of stimulation can induce another action potential
- because voltage gated Na+ channels are inactivated

33
Q

relative refractory periods

A

only a strong stimulation can produce another action potential
- because the flow of K+ ions have temporarily hyperpolarized the neuron

34
Q

3 states of sodium channels

A
  1. channels are closed but ready to open
  2. open
  3. inactivated
35
Q

All or None Property of Action Potentials

A

neuron either fires/strikes causing an action potential or it doesn’t
-there is no half action potential

36
Q

action potentials

A

electrical message a neuron sends along its axon to the presynaptic axon terminals
- flowing of ions across the membrane (first sodium, then potassium)

37
Q

what potentials decay and which do not?

A

action potentials do not decay, they regenerate and graded potentials do decay over time and distance

38
Q

how does an action potential regenerate?

A

sodium channels keep opening as the action potential spreads along the axon
- after the action potential passes, the sodium channels inactivate and the action potentials spread in one direction towards the axon terminals

39
Q

what is conduction velocity affected by?

A

diameter of axon and myelination
- larger diameters = faster conduction
-myelination produces saltatory conduction, which is faster

40
Q

saltatory conduction

A

action potentials jump from one node of Ranvier to the next node
-faster because myelin insulates axon and reduces decay depolarization of cell and passive spread of depolarization is faster than waiting for sodium channels to open

41
Q

what are the two types of graded potentials?

A

EPSPs and IPSPs

42
Q

graded potentials

A

-spread passively meaning the neuron is not regenerating the potential
- passive spread of electrical current
- decays over time and distance

43
Q

postsynaptic potential types

A
  1. graded potentials
  2. local potentials
44
Q

local potentials

A

change in the membrane potential is local to the synapse and can only spread passively from there

45
Q

EPSP

A

synaptic potential that INCREASES the chance that a future action potential will occur in a postsynaptic neuron
- causes depolarization

46
Q

IPSP

A

synaptic potential that DECREASES the chance that a future action potential will occur in a post synaptic neuron
- causes hyperpolarization

47
Q

how do neurons communicate with each other?

A
  1. through electrical synapses
  2. synapses where neurotransmitters are released onto postsynaptic cells
48
Q

what do neurotransmitters briefly alter?

A

resting potential of postsynaptic cells which creates postsynaptic potentials (aka graded potentials)

49
Q

what determines excitation or inhibition?

A

neurotransmitter plus its receptor
- some neurotransmitters can cause excitation or inhibition depending on which receptor is present

50
Q

what determines where a cell fires?

A

whether the membrane potential reaches threshold at the axon hillock
- this happens from the summation of excitatory and inhibitory inputs

51
Q

process of graded potential

A

when all the EPSPs and IPSPs reach axon hillock, an action potential will occur if the threshold is reached
- the longer the distance the synapse is from the axon, the smaller the EPSP/IPSP will be when it arrives at the axon hillock

52
Q

spatial summation

A

MULTIPLE presynaptic cells fire SIMULTANEEOUSLY

52
Q

Neurotransmitter Release Process

A
  1. depolarization of presynaptic terminal -> Ca2+ flows into cell through voltage gated calcium channels
  2. synaptic vesicles fuse with membrane and release neurotransmitters into synapse
  3. neurotransmitter binds to receptors on postsynaptic membrane, which triggers EPSP and IPSP
52
Q

temporal summation

A

SINGLE presynaptic cell rapidly fires multiple signals in quick succession

53
Q

Two Methods for Neurotransmitter Removal

A

degradation and reuptake

54
Q

exogenous substance

A

results in no synaptic signaling

55
Q

tetradoxin toxin

A

blocks voltage gated sodium channels which results in no action potentials

56
Q

how are neurons identified?

A

by their neurotransmitter because most neurons use one major neurotransmitter at their synapse

57
Q

what causes EPSPS?

A

due to the opening of SODIUM channels
- these channels are ligand gated

58
Q

what causes IPSPs?

A

due to the opening of CHLORIDE channels
- these channels are ligand gated

59
Q

Ionotropic Receptors

A

FAST ion channels that are typically responsible for EPSPs and IPSPs, typically sodium (EPSP) and chloride (IPSP) channels

60
Q

Metabotropic Receptors

A

SLOW GPCRs (active G proteins) that increases concentration of second messenger, which then communicates to areas within cell through various ways

61
Q

Second Messengers

A

communicates to areas within the cell
- may open or close ion channels, alter production of activating proteins or active chromosomes

62
Q
A
63
Q

GPCRs (G protein coupled receptors)

A

activate intracellular signaling mechanisms through second messengers

64
Q

agonists

A

increases activation of receptors

65
Q

antagonists

A

blocks activation of receptors

66
Q

EEG

A

process - electrodes on scalp (use a “cap”) to record electrical activity
purpose - measures brain potentials on a large level
-good temporal resolution, poor spatial resolution

67
Q

ERP

A

process - electrodes on scalp (use a “cap”) to record electrical activity
purpose - measures brain potentials but time-locked to a particular stimulus
- better temporal resolution than EEG

68
Q

optogentics

A

process- inject a virus into brain that contains an opsin (inhibitory or excitatory) which can then be manipulated by light in non human animals
purpose- can manipulate regions and pathways during behavior of interest

69
Q

what makes a neurotransmitter?

A
  1. exists in presynaptic axon terminals
  2. presynaptic cell contains enzymes for synthesis
  3. released when action potentials reach terminals
  4. has specific receptors that recognize it on postsynaptic membrane
  5. experimental application produces changes in postsynaptic cels
  6. blocking release prevents presynaptic cell from affecting postsynaptic cell

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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