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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Unit 1 : Chapters 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 : Chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

protein

A

strings of amino acids

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2
Q

genes

A

sections of DNA that code for protein

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3
Q

nucleotides

A

a collection of neurons within the central nervous system

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4
Q

4 types of nucleotides for DNA

A

guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine
- thymine linked with adenine
- guanine linked with cytosine

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5
Q

4 types of nucleotides for RNA

A

guanine, cytosine, uracil, and adenine
- uracil linked with adenine
- guanine linked with cytosine

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6
Q

DNA and RNA

A

both consists of a long strand of chemicals called nucleotides

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7
Q

transcription

A

a single strand of DNA is copied into RNA

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8
Q

translation

A

mRNA -> protein
- each codon (trio of RNA nucleotides on mRNA copy) codes for on amino acids
- ribosomes read mRNA and spit out proteins based on reading of mRNA codons

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9
Q

southern blots

A

tissue type : ground up
Purpose : identify IF a particular gene (DNA) is present

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10
Q

northern blots

A

Tissue type : ground up
Purpose : identify IF and HOW MUCH of a particular mRNA is present

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11
Q

western blots

A

tissue type : ground up
purpose : identify IF and HOW MUCH of a particular PROTEIN is present

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12
Q

in situ hybridization (ISH)

A

tissue type : slices
purpose : identify WHERE a particular mRNA is present

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13
Q

immunochemistry

A

tissue type : sections
purpose : identify WHERE a particular PROTEIN is present

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14
Q

dendrites

A

one of the extensions of the cell body through which synaptic inputs are recieved

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15
Q

neurons

A

consist of dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals

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16
Q

cell body

A

the region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of cell nucleus
-aka soma

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17
Q

axon

A

a single extension from the nerve cell that carries action potentials from the cell body to other neurons

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18
Q

axon terminals

A

the end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target cell

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19
Q

process of southern blot

A

take tissue, grind it up and then analyze it

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20
Q

process of northern blot

A

take tissue, grind it up, and then analyze it

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21
Q

process of in situ hybridization

A

take slice of tissue, expose tissue to complimentary string of RNA which is labeled with fluroscent dye to visualize the tissue

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22
Q

process of western blot

A

take tissue, grind it up, and run the ground up tissue through gel electrophoresis, then transfer proteins from gel to membrane (blotting)

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23
Q

process for immunocytochemistry

A

take tissue sections and expose sections to antibodies
-antibodies are labeled to enable visualization

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24
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

uses electric current to seperate proteins by size

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25
glial cells
nonneural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain
26
types of glial cells
astrocytes, microglia, schwann cells and oligodendrocytes
27
are neurons or glial cells larger?
neurons are larger and produce readily measured electrical signals and do most of the work in the brain
28
astrocytes
removes waste products and cause blood vessels to dilate to bring in more nutrients of times of increased brain activity
29
microglia
small cells that remove waste, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms
30
oligodendrocytes
builds myelin sheaths around certain neurons in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)
31
schwann cells
builds mylein sheaths around certain neurons in the peripheral nervous system
32
axon collaterals
a branch of an axon from a single neuron
33
motor neurons
a nerve cell in the brain or spinal cord that transmits motor messages, stimulation a muscle or gland
34
sensory neurons
a neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment such as light, odor, or touch
35
differences between axons and dendrites
- axons are one per neuron and dendrites are many per neuron - dendrites are shorter than axons - axons are present in the axon hillock - axons are same size, until start of terminal branching and dendrites are bigger close to cell body and then gets smaller
36
interneurons
a neuron that receives input from and sends output to other neurons
37
ganglion
collection of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system
38
nucleus
collection of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system
39
tract
bundle of axons in the central nervous system
40
nerve
bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system
41
gray matter
tissue comprised of cell bodies and dendrites
42
white matter
tissue comprised of axons - it is white because of the myelin sheath
43
afferent
axons ARRIVING into a structure
44
efferent
axons EXITING a structure
45
contralateral
opposite side of body
46
ipsilateral
same side of the body
47
projections
axons going to another structure
48
golgi stain
a cell stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dense, dark product
49
nissl stain
a cell stain that reveals all cell bodies by staining RNA
50
tracing pathways
uses anterograde or retrograde tracers or labels - cells in one structure send axons to other structures to determine how one structure is connected to another
51
anterograde tracers
taken up by body cells and transported to axon terminals - can see where cells send their afferents
52
retrograde tracers
taken up by axon terminals and transported back to cell bodies - can see where efferents to a structure come from
53
5 cranial nerves, number, sensory function and motor function
Olfactory - number 1 - sensory function: smell - no motor function Optic - number 2 - sensory function : vision - no motor function Facial - number 8 - sensory function : tongue, soft palate - motor function : facial muscles, salivary glands, and tear glands Glossopharyngeal - number 9 - sensory function : taste, and other mouth sensations - motor function : throat muscles Vagus - number 10 - sensory function : information from internal organs motor function : internal organs
54
rostral
in brain - front of brain in body - upward in spine
55
caudal
in brain - back of brain in body - downward in spine
56
dorsal
in brain - top of brain in body - back of body
57
ventral
in brain - bottom of brain in body - front of body
58
superior
higher
59
inferior
lower
60
anterior
front
61
posterior
back
62
what parts are in the central nervous system?
oligodendrocytes, nucleus and tracts
63
what parts are in the peripheral nervous system?
schwann cells, ganglion and nerves
64
CT Scan
resolution: great image resolution process: x-rays moving around head to build image - whole brain scan but does not show brain activity
65
MRI
resolution: great image resolution (better than CT) process: magnets alter protons' orientation in cells, produce radio waves that differ depending on tissue density - whole brain scan but does not show brain activity
66
DTI
resolution: good image resolution process: uses MRI signals that reflects the diffusion of water molecules - good for visualizing pathways - whole brain scan but does not show brain activity
67
PET Scans
resolution: good image resolution process: radioactive chemicals (glucose) injected into blood, which is taken up by neurons in more active brain regions - whole brain scan that measures activity
68
fMRI
resolution: lower image resolution than fMRI, good temporal resolution process: measures changes in oxygenated blood (active regions demand more oxygen in blood) using BOLD signal - whole brain scan that measures activity
69
Optical Imaging
resolution: decent image resolution, good temporal resolution process: use near-infrared light to image only cortex - reveals activity and blood flow
70
TMS
resolution: N/A process: alters activity by providing magnetic currents at specific region of cortex
71
MEG
resolution: VERY good temporal, good image combined with MRI process: measures local magnetic fields given off by cortex to create image of activity
72
What does the forebrain consist of?
Cerebral Hemispheres - cortex - basal ganglia -limbic system Diencephalon -thalamus -hypothalamus
73
What does the hindbrain consist of?
Metencephalon - cerebellum -pons Myelencephalon (medulla)
74
what does the central nervous system consist of?
Forebrain - the anterior division of the brain Midbrain - middle division of the brain Hindbrain - posterior division of the brain Spinal Cord - connects lower back to brain and carries nerve signals to help you sensations and move your body
75
What does the peripheral nervous system?
somatic nerves and autonomic ganglia and nerves
76
what does the somatic nerves consist of?
cranial nerves and spinal nerves
77
what does the autonomic ganglia and nerves consist of?
-sympathetic division -parasympathetic division -enteric nervous system
78
what are the four lobes of the brain?
frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal
79
what is the glymphatic system?
brain's version of lymphatic system involving glial cells
80
meniges
three protective sheets of tissue that surround brain and spinal cord - dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater -arachnoid contains cerebrospinal fluid
81
synapse
gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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