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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Unit 1 : Chapters 1 and 2 > Flashcards

Unit 1 : Chapters 1 and 2 Flashcards

1
Q

protein

A

strings of amino acids

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2
Q

genes

A

sections of DNA that code for protein

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3
Q

nucleotides

A

a collection of neurons within the central nervous system

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4
Q

4 types of nucleotides for DNA

A

guanine, cytosine, thymine, adenine
- thymine linked with adenine
- guanine linked with cytosine

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5
Q

4 types of nucleotides for RNA

A

guanine, cytosine, uracil, and adenine
- uracil linked with adenine
- guanine linked with cytosine

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6
Q

DNA and RNA

A

both consists of a long strand of chemicals called nucleotides

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7
Q

transcription

A

a single strand of DNA is copied into RNA

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8
Q

translation

A

mRNA -> protein
- each codon (trio of RNA nucleotides on mRNA copy) codes for on amino acids
- ribosomes read mRNA and spit out proteins based on reading of mRNA codons

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9
Q

southern blots

A

tissue type : ground up
Purpose : identify IF a particular gene (DNA) is present

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10
Q

northern blots

A

Tissue type : ground up
Purpose : identify IF and HOW MUCH of a particular mRNA is present

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11
Q

western blots

A

tissue type : ground up
purpose : identify IF and HOW MUCH of a particular PROTEIN is present

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12
Q

in situ hybridization (ISH)

A

tissue type : slices
purpose : identify WHERE a particular mRNA is present

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13
Q

immunochemistry

A

tissue type : sections
purpose : identify WHERE a particular PROTEIN is present

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14
Q

dendrites

A

one of the extensions of the cell body through which synaptic inputs are recieved

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15
Q

neurons

A

consist of dendrites, cell body, axon, and axon terminals

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16
Q

cell body

A

the region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of cell nucleus
-aka soma

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17
Q

axon

A

a single extension from the nerve cell that carries action potentials from the cell body to other neurons

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18
Q

axon terminals

A

the end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse on a neuron or other target cell

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19
Q

process of southern blot

A

take tissue, grind it up and then analyze it

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20
Q

process of northern blot

A

take tissue, grind it up, and then analyze it

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21
Q

process of in situ hybridization

A

take slice of tissue, expose tissue to complimentary string of RNA which is labeled with fluroscent dye to visualize the tissue

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22
Q

process of western blot

A

take tissue, grind it up, and run the ground up tissue through gel electrophoresis, then transfer proteins from gel to membrane (blotting)

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23
Q

process for immunocytochemistry

A

take tissue sections and expose sections to antibodies
-antibodies are labeled to enable visualization

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24
Q

gel electrophoresis

A

uses electric current to seperate proteins by size

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25
Q

glial cells

A

nonneural brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain

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26
Q

types of glial cells

A

astrocytes, microglia, schwann cells and oligodendrocytes

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27
Q

are neurons or glial cells larger?

A

neurons are larger and produce readily measured electrical signals and do most of the work in the brain

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28
Q

astrocytes

A

removes waste products and cause blood vessels to dilate to bring in more nutrients of times of increased brain activity

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29
Q

microglia

A

small cells that remove waste, viruses, fungi, and other microorganisms

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30
Q

oligodendrocytes

A

builds myelin sheaths around certain neurons in the brain and spinal cord (central nervous system)

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31
Q

schwann cells

A

builds mylein sheaths around certain neurons in the peripheral nervous system

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32
Q

axon collaterals

A

a branch of an axon from a single neuron

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33
Q

motor neurons

A

a nerve cell in the brain or spinal cord that transmits motor messages, stimulation a muscle or gland

34
Q

sensory neurons

A

a neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment such as light, odor, or touch

35
Q

differences between axons and dendrites

A
  • axons are one per neuron and dendrites are many per neuron
  • dendrites are shorter than axons
  • axons are present in the axon hillock
  • axons are same size, until start of terminal branching and dendrites are bigger close to cell body and then gets smaller
36
Q

interneurons

A

a neuron that receives input from and sends output to other neurons

37
Q

ganglion

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies in the peripheral nervous system

38
Q

nucleus

A

collection of neuronal cell bodies in the central nervous system

39
Q

tract

A

bundle of axons in the central nervous system

40
Q

nerve

A

bundle of axons in the peripheral nervous system

41
Q

gray matter

A

tissue comprised of cell bodies and dendrites

42
Q

white matter

A

tissue comprised of axons
- it is white because of the myelin sheath

43
Q

afferent

A

axons ARRIVING into a structure

44
Q

efferent

A

axons EXITING a structure

45
Q

contralateral

A

opposite side of body

46
Q

ipsilateral

A

same side of the body

47
Q

projections

A

axons going to another structure

48
Q

golgi stain

A

a cell stain that fills a small proportion of neurons with a dense, dark product

49
Q

nissl stain

A

a cell stain that reveals all cell bodies by staining RNA

50
Q

tracing pathways

A

uses anterograde or retrograde tracers or labels
- cells in one structure send axons to other structures to determine how one structure is connected to another

51
Q

anterograde tracers

A

taken up by body cells and transported to axon terminals
- can see where cells send their afferents

52
Q

retrograde tracers

A

taken up by axon terminals and transported back to cell bodies
- can see where efferents to a structure come from

53
Q

5 cranial nerves, number, sensory function and motor function

A

Olfactory
- number 1
- sensory function: smell
- no motor function
Optic
- number 2
- sensory function : vision
- no motor function
Facial
- number 8
- sensory function : tongue, soft palate
- motor function : facial muscles, salivary glands, and tear glands
Glossopharyngeal
- number 9
- sensory function : taste, and other mouth sensations
- motor function : throat muscles
Vagus
- number 10
- sensory function : information from internal organs
motor function : internal organs

54
Q

rostral

A

in brain - front of brain
in body - upward in spine

55
Q

caudal

A

in brain - back of brain
in body - downward in spine

56
Q

dorsal

A

in brain - top of brain
in body - back of body

57
Q

ventral

A

in brain - bottom of brain
in body - front of body

58
Q

superior

A

higher

59
Q

inferior

A

lower

60
Q

anterior

A

front

61
Q

posterior

A

back

62
Q

what parts are in the central nervous system?

A

oligodendrocytes, nucleus and tracts

63
Q

what parts are in the peripheral nervous system?

A

schwann cells, ganglion and nerves

64
Q

CT Scan

A

resolution: great image resolution
process: x-rays moving around head to build image
- whole brain scan but does not show brain activity

65
Q

MRI

A

resolution: great image resolution (better than CT)
process: magnets alter protons’ orientation in cells, produce radio waves that differ depending on tissue density
- whole brain scan but does not show brain activity

66
Q

DTI

A

resolution: good image resolution
process: uses MRI signals that reflects the diffusion of water molecules - good for visualizing pathways
- whole brain scan but does not show brain activity

67
Q

PET Scans

A

resolution: good image resolution
process: radioactive chemicals (glucose) injected into blood, which is taken up by neurons in more active brain regions
- whole brain scan that measures activity

68
Q

fMRI

A

resolution: lower image resolution than fMRI, good temporal resolution
process: measures changes in oxygenated blood (active regions demand more oxygen in blood) using BOLD signal
- whole brain scan that measures activity

69
Q

Optical Imaging

A

resolution: decent image resolution, good temporal resolution
process: use near-infrared light to image only cortex - reveals activity and blood flow

70
Q

TMS

A

resolution: N/A
process: alters activity by providing magnetic currents at specific region of cortex

71
Q

MEG

A

resolution: VERY good temporal, good image combined with MRI
process: measures local magnetic fields given off by cortex to create image of activity

72
Q

What does the forebrain consist of?

A

Cerebral Hemispheres
- cortex
- basal ganglia
-limbic system
Diencephalon
-thalamus
-hypothalamus

73
Q

What does the hindbrain consist of?

A

Metencephalon
- cerebellum
-pons
Myelencephalon (medulla)

74
Q

what does the central nervous system consist of?

A

Forebrain - the anterior division of the brain
Midbrain - middle division of the brain
Hindbrain - posterior division of the brain
Spinal Cord - connects lower back to brain and carries nerve signals to help you sensations and move your body

75
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system?

A

somatic nerves and autonomic ganglia and nerves

76
Q

what does the somatic nerves consist of?

A

cranial nerves and spinal nerves

77
Q

what does the autonomic ganglia and nerves consist of?

A

-sympathetic division
-parasympathetic division
-enteric nervous system

78
Q

what are the four lobes of the brain?

A

frontal, parietal, occipital and temporal

79
Q

what is the glymphatic system?

A

brain’s version of lymphatic system involving glial cells

80
Q

meniges

A

three protective sheets of tissue that surround brain and spinal cord
- dura mater, arachnoid, and pia mater
-arachnoid contains cerebrospinal fluid

81
Q

synapse

A

gap at the end of a neuron that allows a signal to pass from one neuron to the next

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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