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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 16: Psychopathology > Flashcards

Chapter 16: Psychopathology Flashcards

1
Q

schizophrenia

A

characterized by negative symptoms (absent but should be present) such as emotional withdrawal and impoverished thought and positive symptoms (should not be present but are) such as hallucinations and delusions

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2
Q

is schizophrenia heritable?

A

yes, but multiple genes are involved

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3
Q

genes involved in schizophrenia

A

neuregulin 1
dysbindin
COMT
DISC1

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4
Q

neuregulin 1

A

regulates NMDA, GABA and ACh receptors

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5
Q

dysbindin

A

regulates synaptic plasticity

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6
Q

COMT

A

metabolizes dopamine

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7
Q

DISC1

A

regulates dendritic spines at glutamate synapses

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8
Q

concordance rate

A

likelihood if one person in a family has a condition, another member will too

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9
Q

concordance rate of schizophrenia

A

identical twins: 50%
fraternal twins: 17%

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10
Q

structural changes in brain in those with schizophrenia

A
  • larger cerebral ventricles
  • smaller hippocampus and amygdala
  • thicker corpus callosum
  • insufficient activity of frontal cortex
    -abnormal neuronal migration during adolescence
  • loss of cortical gray matter during adolescence
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11
Q

what happens to patients with larger ventricles?

A

poorer response to antipsychotics

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12
Q

what causes larger ventricles in rats?

A

mutated version of DISC1

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13
Q

why are the ventricles larger in those with schizophrenia?

A

the hippocampus and amygdala help form the walls of the lateral ventricles so the wasting of these regions can lead to ventricular enlargement

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14
Q

what produces psychosis similar to schizophrenia?

A

amphetamine

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15
Q

antipsychotic medications for schizophrenia

A

chlorpromazine: dopamine antagonist that blocks amphetamine
- first generation antipsychotic

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16
Q

typical antipsychotics

A

block D2 receptors

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17
Q

dopamine hypothesis

A

schizophrenia results from excessive levels of synaptic dopamine or excessive postsynaptic sensitivity to dopamine

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18
Q

what parkinson’s treatment can produce schizophrenia-like symptoms?

A

L-dopa

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19
Q

hypofrontality hypothesis

A

schizophrenia comes from insufficient activity in frontal cortex

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20
Q

what do antipsychotics increase?

A

activation of frontal cortex

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21
Q

glutamate hypothesis

A

schizophrenia results from insufficient glutamatergic neurotransmission

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22
Q

what NMDA receptor antagonist produces schizophrenia-like symptoms?

A

phencyclidine (PCP)

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23
Q

risk factors for schizophrenia

A

people born in a city
pregnant mother had flu in first trimester
mother and baby have incompatible blood types
birth complications leading to oxygen deficiency

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24
Q

depression

A

unhappy mood, loss of interest, energy and appetite, difficulty in concentration, and restless agitation

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25
Q

who is depression more common in?

A

women and highest rates around age 40

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26
Q

brain changes with depression

A
  1. increased blood flow to frontal cortex and amygdala
  2. decreased blood flow to areas involving attention and language
  3. right cortex is thinner
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27
Q

electroconvulsive shock therapy/ (ECT)

A

causes a seizure by passing an electrical current through the brain

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28
Q

what is the final go to treatment for resistant depression?

A

electroconvulsive shock therapy (ECT)

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29
Q

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

A

under investigation for depression treatment

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30
Q

MAO inhibitors

A

pharmaceutical treatment for depression that raises the levels of monoamines at the synapse because it stops MAO enzyme from inactivating monoamines

31
Q

monoamine oxidase (MAO)

A

enzyme that normally inactivates monamines: norepinephrine, dopamine and seratonin

32
Q

monoamine hypothesis

A

depression caused by decreased monoamines at the synapse

33
Q

tricyclics

A

blocks the reuptake of monoamines and allows them stay in the synapse longer&raquo_space; activating the synapse for longer

34
Q

SSRIS

A

antidepressants that block reuptake of serotonin at synapses

35
Q

other treatments for depression

A

vagal nerve stimulation
deep brain stimulation
cognitive behavioral therapy

36
Q

effectiveness of depression treatments

A
  1. CBT and SSRIS: most effective
  2. CBT alone: 2nd most effective
  3. SSRIs alone: least effective
37
Q

why are people with cushing’s disease prone to depression? and what does it suggest?

A

high levels of glucocorticoids (cortisol: main stress hormone)
it suggests depression may involve issues with HPA axis that releases cortisol

38
Q

dexamethasone

A

synthetic glucocorticoid that normally suppresses cortisol release by providing negative feedback to the hypothalamus

39
Q

dexamethasone suppression test

A

shows excess cortisol release which can be seen in suicide victims and depressed patients

40
Q

what individuals can dexamethasone suppress cortisol in?

A

can suppress cortisol release in normal people but not in depressed people which suggests issues in HPA axis

41
Q

postpartum depression

A

immediately after childbirth, points to hormonal contributions in women

42
Q

how is sleep affected by depression?

A

time in slow wave sleep is reduced and enter REM sleep quickly

43
Q

seasonal affective disorder

A

type of depression brought on by shorter days of winter

44
Q

learned helplessness

A

animal exposed to repetitive stressful stimulus caused the animal to eventually stop attempting to escape the stimulus
- linked to decrease in serotonin function

45
Q

bipolar disorder

A

periods of depression alternating with expansive mood, or mania

46
Q

what is rapid cycling for bipolar disorder?

A

four or more cycles in one year

47
Q

true or false: some individuals may cycle several times in one day

A

true

48
Q

what disorder does bipolar disorder have more in common with?

A

schizophrenia

49
Q

structural changes in bipolar disorder

A

enlarged ventricles
decreased gray matter

50
Q

cyclothymia

A

milder form of bipolar disorder with cycles between mild depression and increased energy

51
Q

lithium for bipolar disorder treatment

A

mood-stabalizing drug that interacts with circadian rhythm and has a very narrow therapeutic window

52
Q

what does lithium do?

A

decrease manic episodes which can cause the desire to stop taking medication

53
Q

anxiety

A

includes generalized anxiety disorder and panic disorder

54
Q

generalized anxiety disorder

A

persistant, excessive anxiety experienced for months

55
Q

panic disorder

A

recurrent transient attacks of fearfulness

56
Q

characteristics of panic disorder

A

heart palpitations, rapid breathing, shortness of breath, blurred vision, dizziness and racing thoughts

57
Q

structural brain changes for anxiety

A

temporal lobe volumes are reduced or abnormal
lower activity in amygdala

58
Q

what percent of temporal lobe has lesions in a patient with anxiety?

A

40%

59
Q

benzodiazepines

A

bind to GABA receptors as noncompetitive agonists and makes the membrane more permeable to chloride ions

60
Q

are SSRIs effective for anxiety?

A

they can be

61
Q

phobic disorders

A

irrational fears that become centered on a specific object, activity, or situation that a person feels compelled to avoid

62
Q

post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)

A

induced by highly stressful, traumatic event

63
Q

structural changes with PTSD

A

lower volume of right hippocampus
learn to avoid stimuli associated with trauma (involves amygdala and brainstem)
failure to forget: hippocampus and prefrontal cortex show weak suppression of amygdala

64
Q

obsessive compulsive disorder

A

affected person engages in recurring, repetitive acts that are carried without rhyme, reason, or ability to stop

65
Q

when does OCD begin?

A

begins in childhood but peak ages are young adulthood to middle age

66
Q

what does OCD occur along with?

A

depression or tourettes

67
Q

brain structures affected by OCD

A

orbitofrontal cortex and cingulate cortex (both part of prefrontal cortex)
caudate nuclei (part of striatum)

68
Q

what does evidence show for OCD?

A

dysregulated circuit from prefrontal cortex to striatum to thalamus back to cortex

69
Q

treatment for OCD

A

cognitive behavioral therapy and prozac

70
Q

prozac

A

inhibit reuptake of serotonin at synapse thereby increase serotonin available in synapse

71
Q

trephination

A

drill holes in skull
- during roman times

72
Q

lobotomy

A

disconnect parts of frontal lobes
- causes personality changes

73
Q

cingulotomy

A

lesion pathways in cingulate cortex
- treats depression and OCD

74
Q

deep brain stimulation

A

remove portions of epileptic brains thought to cause seizures

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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