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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 12: Sex and Behavior > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Sex and Behavior Flashcards

1
Q

sexual behavior

A

neural circuitry of the brain that regulates reproductive behavior

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2
Q

what guides reproductive behavior in many species?

A

pheromones

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3
Q

reproductive behavior stages

A
  1. sexual attraction
  2. appetite behavior
  3. copulation
  4. postcopulatory behavior
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4
Q

sexual attraction

A

brings males and females together

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5
Q

sexual attraction can be synchronized with…

A
  • physiological readiness to reproduce, indicated by odors reflecting estrogen levels in females
  • learned associations, such as appearances
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6
Q

appetite behavior

A

establish, maintain, or promote sexual interaction

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7
Q

appetite behavior is _____

A

proceptive
- behavioral cue that a female displays to initiate or maintain sexual interaction with a male

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8
Q

copulation

A

one or more intromissions in which a male penis is inserted with the female vagina

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9
Q

what occurs after copulation?

A

male ejaculates sperm bearing semen into female

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10
Q

what happens after first copulatory phase?

A

refractory phase: cannot have another orgasm
- lengthens with age

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11
Q

coolidge effect

A

faster resumption of mating behavior, with a different partner

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12
Q

what is estrus? and who shows it?

A

females who are willing to copulate are in estrus
estrus: sexually receptive

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13
Q

postcopulatory behavior

A

the activity that occurs immediately after copulation between two animals

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14
Q

copulatory lock

A

penis swells temporarily and cannot be withdrawn from female

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15
Q

what does postcopulatory behaviors include?

A

parental behaviors to nurture offspring
- varies among species

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16
Q

internal fertilization

A

fusion of gametes to produce a zygote inside the body
gametes: sperm in male and ova in females

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17
Q

external fertilization

A

occurs outside body
- fishes and frogs release gametes into water

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18
Q

ovulation

A

releasing eggs

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19
Q

estrus

A

female displays proceptive behavior and adopts a posture called lordosis

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20
Q

lordosis

A

allows intromission

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21
Q

pair bonds

A

strong social relationship formed between two animals of the same species who live together before and after copulation

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22
Q

sex steroids

A

important for mating behaviors

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23
Q

castrated

A

testosterone is no longer produced, causes losing interest in mating

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24
Q

activational effect

A

hormones briefly activate behavior
- can restore behavior

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25
Q

which estrogens are important for female proceptive behavior in rats?

A

estrogens produced in the beginning of the ovulatory cycle

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26
Q

progesterone

A

more increases in proceptive behavior and make females receptive

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27
Q

what do females without ovaries respond to?

A

combination of estrogen and progesterone treatments to make her proceptive and receptive

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28
Q

what brain structure is crucial for lordosis response through steroid actions?

A

ventromedial hypothalamus

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29
Q

what does the VMH do in the ovulatory cycle?

A

sends axons to periaqueductal gray in the midbrain&raquo_space;> medullary reticular formation» spinal cord&raquo_space; reticulospinal tract

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30
Q

what does estrogen cause?

A

increase in dendritic trees of neurons in VMH and production of progesterone receptors, which contributes to lordosis through protein production

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31
Q

what brain structure coordinates male copulatory behavior?

A

medial preoptic area (mPOA)

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32
Q

what does the mPOA do in the reproductive cycle?

A

sends axons to ventral midbrain&raquo_space;> basal ganglia&raquo_space; brainstem nuclei&raquo_space;> spinal cord

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33
Q

what does the paragigantocellular nucleus do for the male reproductive behavior?

A

inhibits erection response, then the mPOA signals counteract the inhibition

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34
Q

vomeronasal organ

A

detects pheromones that activate male arousal

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35
Q

where does the VMO send axons?

A

medial amygdala and turn to the mPOA

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36
Q

4 phases of response in human sexual behavior

A
  1. excitement
  2. plateau
  3. orgasm
  4. resolution
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37
Q

excitement

A

phallus becomes erect and there in increased blood flow to the vagina, leading to lubrication of fluids

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38
Q

orgasm

A

activation of variety of brain structures

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39
Q

what brain structures activate during an orgasm?

A

amygdala, cingulate cortex, nucleus accumbens, hippocampus

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40
Q

what are the activation of hypothalamic areas responsible for?

A

release of oxytocin, which occurs after an orgasm

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41
Q

sexual response in women

A

more selective in choosing someone for potential romance

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42
Q

sexual response in males

A

have absolute refractory phase following an orgasm
have stronger sex drives

43
Q

sexual response in paralyzed women

A

can still have orgasms because the vagal nerve detects stimulation which leads to same activation of brain structures

44
Q

example of pheromones affecting human reproductive behavior

A

menstrual cycles of women living together can synchronize

45
Q

Major Histocompability Complex

A

group of immune-related genes with many alleles

46
Q

women’s preferences in MHC

A

prefer the smell of men with MHCs not too similar or dissimilar to their own

47
Q

precocial

A

animals that are born in a relatively developed state and are able to survive with little maternal care

48
Q

what are precocial animals born with?

A

well developed sensory and motor systems
example: horses

49
Q

altricial

A

animals born in an undeveloped state and depend on maternal care
example: humans

50
Q

who is involved in caring for their young in altricial animals?

A

males and females

51
Q

rat mother behaviors

A
  1. nest building
  2. crouching over pups
  3. retrieving pups
  4. nursing
52
Q

what prepares rat mothers for maternal behavior?

A

during pregnancy, exposure to hormones prepares her brain to display these behaviors immediately after giving birth

53
Q

parabiotic

A

surgical preparation that joins two animals to share a single blood supply

54
Q

example of parabiotic

A

nonpregnant female exposed to circulating hormones of a pregnant rat with display the same maternal behaviors

55
Q

what brain structure is involved in maternal behaviors?

A

mPOA and periaqaeductal gray

56
Q

sexual differentiation

A

physical process by which individuals develop male or females’ body and behavior

57
Q

sexual determination

A

genetic development even that decides if a fetus will be male or female

58
Q

when does sexual determination begin?

A

in utero and continues into adulthood

59
Q

what is the sex determining cell that carries either X or Y?

A

sperm

60
Q

what always contains an X chromosome?

A

ovum

61
Q

genes for male and female

A

XX = female
XY = male

62
Q

indifferent gonads

A

undifferentiated gonads of the early vertebrate fetus, which develop into testes or ovaries in the first month

63
Q

SRY gene

A

sex determining region on the Y chromosome, responsible for tests
- leads to domino effect in development of sex

64
Q

what happens with an SRY gene on the Y chromosome?

A

an ovary forms

65
Q

which gonad produces several hormones and which produces little hormone?

A

testes produce several hormone
ovaries produce little hormones

66
Q

what directs sexual differentiation?

A

hormones secreted by gonads, mainly testes

67
Q

exposure of testicular hormones

A

when exposed to testicular hormones, many tissues of the body begin developing masculine characters
- if cells are not exposed to testicular hormones, they develop feminine characters

68
Q

what does differential exposure lead to?

A

differential exposure to sex steroids leads to differences in gene expression throughout body

69
Q

what type of tissues do embryos have?

A

embryos have early tissues for both male and female structures

70
Q

wolffian duct

A

duct system in the embryo that develops into male structures and mullerian duct shrinks

71
Q

male structures

A

epididymis, vas deferens, seminal vesicles

72
Q

mullerian ducts

A

duct system in the embryo that develops into female structures and part of the wolffian duct remains

73
Q

female structures

A

fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina

74
Q

what hormones from testes make the system masculine?

A

testosterone: promotes development of wolffian system
anti-mullerian hormone (AMH): induces reversal of the mullerian system

75
Q

5a-reductase

A

enzyme that converts testosterone into more powerful dihydrotestosterone
- found in genital skin

76
Q

dihydrotestosterone

A

potent androgen necessary to form genitalia

77
Q

what happens without local DHT production?

A

genitalia becomes partially masculinized

78
Q

what happens without any testosterone?

A

genitals become labia and clitoris

79
Q

turner’s syndrome

A

person only has one sex chromosome, a single X

80
Q

what does a person with turners syndrome develop as?

A

female, without the SRY gene
has recognizable ovaries but underdeveloped and no masculinizing effects take place

81
Q

congenital adrenal hyperplasia

A

result of female exposure to androgens before birth

82
Q

how does CAH occur?

A

adrenal glads fail to produce corticosteroids and produce androgens&raquo_space;> leads to intersex appearance

83
Q

cloacal extrophy

A

genetic males born with testes but no penises

84
Q

androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS)

A

occurs in XY people whose androgen receptors do not produce testosterone

85
Q

what occurs in people with AIS?

A

testes produce testosterone and AMH but no androgen receptors prevents the development of male features

86
Q

what external genitalia do those with AIS have?

A

female genitals and develop as women

87
Q

organizational effect

A

permanent alteration of nervous system, causing permanent change in behavior, resulting from action of a steroid hormone early in development

88
Q

steroids

A

have organizational effect only when present during a sensitive period in early development

89
Q

sensitive period

A

period during development in which an organism can be permanently altered by particular experience or treatment

90
Q

sensitive period times

A

neonatal period and puberty

91
Q

organizational hypothesis

A

explains sexual differentiation

92
Q

aromatization hypothesis

A

says that testosterone enters the brain and is converted into estrogens

93
Q

aromatization

A

enzyme aromatase converts testosterone to estradiol

94
Q

A-fetoprotein

A

binds estrogen keeping it in the blood stream and prevents it from entering brain
- prevents aromatization and masculinization
- does not bind testosterone

95
Q

sexual dimorphism

A

refers to sex differences in behavior or in structure

96
Q

preoptic area

A

nucleus in POA is larger in male rats than female rats

97
Q

what makes the POA in male rats larger?

A

testicular androgens

98
Q

what does genital licking do for rats?

A

for males: greater licking masculinizes the developing system and important for SNB cell survival
for females: greater licking creates more attentive mothers in the future

99
Q

what happens during puberty for males?

A

testosterone leads to development of small penis and body becomes masculinized
- become sexually interested in women and start behaving as men

100
Q

guevedoces

A

boys who are raised as girls, but grow penis and then behave as men in adulthood

101
Q

two classes of influence on sexual orientation

A

society’s instruction on how should behave when grown up
biological factor

102
Q

biological factor

A

varying levels of fetal androgens directs whether developing brains are attracted to females or males in adulthood

103
Q

what is the conclusion on sexual orientation?

A

sexual orientation in both sexes is determined early in life

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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