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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress Flashcards

1
Q

four aspects of emotions

A

feelings, actions, physiological arousal, and motivation

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2
Q

feelings

A

private and subjective

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3
Q

actions

A

defending or laughing

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4
Q

physiological arousal

A

somatic or autonomic responses
- increased heart rate

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5
Q

motivation

A

programs to coordinate responses and solve problems

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6
Q

common sense view

A

autonomic responses
stimulus&raquo_space; perception/interpretation»>particular emotion experienced&raquo_space;> specific pattern of autonomic arousal

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7
Q

james lange theory

A

emotions we feel are caused by bodily changes
stimulus&raquo_space;> perception/interpretation&raquo_space;> specific pattern of autonomic arousal&raquo_space;> particular emotion experienced

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8
Q

problem with james lange theory

A

autonomic changes can be slow and are often the same across different emotions

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9
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

emotions precede physiological responses and also activates the sympathetic response
stimulus&raquo_space;> perception/interpretation/general autonomic arousal and particular emotion experienced

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10
Q

schachter and singer cognitive theory

A

physiological responses are interpreted in terms of the stimuli
stimulus&raquo_space;> perception/interpretation&raquo_space;> specific pattern of autonomic arousal&raquo_space;> cognitive appraisal of current context &raquo_space;> attribution of emotion responsible for arousal

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11
Q

experiment to prove schachter-singer theory

A

gave participants inject of epinephrine and put them in a room with happy or angry confederate&raquo_space; subject given epinephrine reported emotions similar to confederate that was present in room

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12
Q

polygraph

A

based on assumption that lying produces an emotional and physiological response

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13
Q

is a polygraph reliable?

A

no because anxiety produces similar responses

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14
Q

paralinguistic

A

accessory to communication
example: displaying more facial expression to stimuli when others are around

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15
Q

darwins theory on expressions and emotions

A

comes from common ancestor
- similar facial musculature and nerves in humans and nonhuman primates

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16
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

research field that asks how evolutionary selection pressures have shaped the behavior of humans and other animals

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17
Q

what things could have required emotional adaptation?

A

cooperating with a group, choosing a mate, and avoiding predators

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18
Q

what genes were passed onto next generation through evolution?

A

successful fear response (escaping or fighting off predator)

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19
Q

are emotions present at birth?

A

some are

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20
Q

at how many months are basic emotions present?

A

9 months

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21
Q

what happens between 18-24 months?

A

self-awareness develops, along with embarrassment, empathy, and envy

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22
Q

what develops by 2-3 years?

A

evaluative emotions like pride, guilt, regret and shame

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23
Q

individual response sterotypy

A

tendency of individuals to have same response patterns throughout their lives

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24
Q

example of individual response sterotypy

A

infants who are high reactives to stimuli, with exceptionally strong reactions, may later have increased phobias or fear responses

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25
Q

brain self-stimulation

A

refers to animals working to provide electrical stimulation to particular brain sites, also possible in humans

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26
Q

medial forebrain bundle

A

tract that rises from midbrain through the hypothalamus and it contains many sites for self-stimulation

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27
Q

what is an important target involved in the dopaminergic circuit?

A

nucleus accumbens

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28
Q

what can effect emotions?

A

brain lesions

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29
Q

decorticate rage

A

sudden intense rage in dogs with their cortex removed
- suggests cortex inhibits rage

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30
Q

papez circuit

A

developed to explain emotions

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31
Q

limbic system

A

widespread group of brain nuclei that supply each other to form a network and these nuclei are implicated in emotions

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32
Q

kluver-bucy syndrome

A

emotion changes such as reduction of fear and anxiety, after bilateral amygdala damage in monkeys

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33
Q

amygdala

A

located in temporal lobe is a key structure in the mediation of fear

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34
Q

classical conditioning

A

a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with shock, causing the individual to act fearful in response to stimulus
- the first stimulus by itself can produce fear-associated behaviors; freezing and autonomic changes

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35
Q

central nucleus

A

transmits information to brainstem center and produces autonomic changes indicative of fear and it evokes three types of emotional responses

36
Q

three types of emotional responses

A

central gray pathway, lateral hypothalamus pathway, and bed nucleus of stria terminalis pathway

37
Q

central gray pathway

A

emotional responses

38
Q

lateral hypothalamus pathway

A

autonomic pathway

39
Q

bed nucleus of stria terminalis pathway

A

hormonal responses

40
Q

disgust

A

activates the insula and putamen

41
Q

laughter

A

activates prefrontal cortex which relieves depressed moods

42
Q

right hemisphere

A

better at discerning other people’s emotions

43
Q

what is controlled by right hemisphere?

A

left side of the face and is more expressive than right side

44
Q

what ear projects more strongly to right hemisphere?

A

left ear

45
Q

how does the right hemispehre react?

A

more quickly and accurately

46
Q

what is the right hemisphere dominant in?

A

expressing emotions

47
Q

what is the right hemisphere good at discriminating?

A

facial expressions in others and identifying emotional tone

48
Q

patients with damage to right hemisphere are ____

A

very cheerful

49
Q

damage to left hemisphere produce ______

A

depressive symptoms

50
Q

what is the left hemisphere better at?

A

interpreting the meaning of a message

51
Q

what ear projects strongly to left hemisphere?

A

right ear

52
Q

what type of emotions bilaterally increase activity in some areas and decrease in others?

A

love and envy

53
Q

what brain structures does love increase activity in?

A

insule and anterior cingulate

54
Q

what brain structures does love decrease activity in?

A

posterior cingulate, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex

55
Q

what other emotions show several brain regions involved?

A

sadness, happiness, anger and fear

56
Q

aggression

A

physical aggression and violence between individuals is the primary focus

57
Q

intermale aggression

A

seen between males of same species
- common in vertebrate world

58
Q

what does testosterone promote?

A

aggression, but correlation in humans is less clear

59
Q

what can affect testosterone levels?

A

experience and dominance

60
Q

examples of testosterone and dominance

A

males show increase in testosterone when watching their sports teams win but decrease if their team loses

61
Q

what is the correlation between serotonin and aggression?

A

negativve

62
Q

what type of individuals are low serotonin levels found in?

A

alcohol-induced violence, excessive military violence and children with poor impulse control

63
Q

ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)

A

key role in triggering aggression on/off
- plays role in both sexes

64
Q

emotional dyscontrol syndrome

A

refers to temporal lobe disorders that may underlie human violence

65
Q

temporal lobe structures

A

amygdala, hippocampus, etc

66
Q

psychopaths

A

people incapable of experiencing remorse

67
Q

what brain structure do psychopaths have less activity and what is it important for?

A

prefrontal cortex, which is important for controlling impulsive behavior

68
Q

stress

A

includes stress stimuli, processing and stress responses

69
Q

what does stress refer to?

A

process in which body tries to restore homeostasis

70
Q

during acute stress, what brain structure is activated?

A

hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system to cause fight or flight response

71
Q

what else does the hypothalamus activate?

A

adrenal medulla which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine

72
Q

hypothalamus also stimulates ____

A

anterior pituitary gland to release a hormone that drives adrenal cortex, to release adrenal steroid hormones such as cortisol

73
Q

most stressors are ___

A

psychosocial nature
- such as taking an exam or crowding

74
Q

stress immunization

A

idea that mild stress early in life makes it easier to handle stress later in life

75
Q

psychosomatic medicine

A

emphasizes role of psychological factors in disease

76
Q

how does brain affect immune system?

A

through autonomic nerves and monitors immune reactions

77
Q

what does the immune system act as?

A

sensory receptor system, informing the brain

78
Q

what other system does the brain and immune system interact with?

A

endocrine system

79
Q

health psychology

A

studies psychological influences on health

80
Q

psychoneuroimmunology

A

studies that interactions of the immune and nervous systems

81
Q

what can suppress the immune system?

A

hormones released during stress

82
Q

what systems have reciprocal relationships?

A

nervous, endocrine and immune systems

83
Q

psychological stress

A

depression or grief, decreases immune function

84
Q

what are behavioral patterns, type A and type D, marked by excessive drive, impatience and hostility, associated with?

A

heart disease

85
Q

stress responses

A

beneficial in short run because they allow bodies to restore homeostasis and remove threat to homeostasis

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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