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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress > Flashcards

Chapter 15: Emotions, Aggression, and Stress Flashcards

1
Q

four aspects of emotions

A

feelings, actions, physiological arousal, and motivation

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2
Q

feelings

A

private and subjective

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3
Q

actions

A

defending or laughing

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4
Q

physiological arousal

A

somatic or autonomic responses
- increased heart rate

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5
Q

motivation

A

programs to coordinate responses and solve problems

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6
Q

common sense view

A

autonomic responses
stimulus&raquo_space; perception/interpretation»>particular emotion experienced&raquo_space;> specific pattern of autonomic arousal

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7
Q

james lange theory

A

emotions we feel are caused by bodily changes
stimulus&raquo_space;> perception/interpretation&raquo_space;> specific pattern of autonomic arousal&raquo_space;> particular emotion experienced

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8
Q

problem with james lange theory

A

autonomic changes can be slow and are often the same across different emotions

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9
Q

cannon-bard theory

A

emotions precede physiological responses and also activates the sympathetic response
stimulus&raquo_space;> perception/interpretation/general autonomic arousal and particular emotion experienced

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10
Q

schachter and singer cognitive theory

A

physiological responses are interpreted in terms of the stimuli
stimulus&raquo_space;> perception/interpretation&raquo_space;> specific pattern of autonomic arousal&raquo_space;> cognitive appraisal of current context &raquo_space;> attribution of emotion responsible for arousal

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11
Q

experiment to prove schachter-singer theory

A

gave participants inject of epinephrine and put them in a room with happy or angry confederate&raquo_space; subject given epinephrine reported emotions similar to confederate that was present in room

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12
Q

polygraph

A

based on assumption that lying produces an emotional and physiological response

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13
Q

is a polygraph reliable?

A

no because anxiety produces similar responses

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14
Q

paralinguistic

A

accessory to communication
example: displaying more facial expression to stimuli when others are around

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15
Q

darwins theory on expressions and emotions

A

comes from common ancestor
- similar facial musculature and nerves in humans and nonhuman primates

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16
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

research field that asks how evolutionary selection pressures have shaped the behavior of humans and other animals

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17
Q

what things could have required emotional adaptation?

A

cooperating with a group, choosing a mate, and avoiding predators

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18
Q

what genes were passed onto next generation through evolution?

A

successful fear response (escaping or fighting off predator)

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19
Q

are emotions present at birth?

A

some are

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20
Q

at how many months are basic emotions present?

A

9 months

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21
Q

what happens between 18-24 months?

A

self-awareness develops, along with embarrassment, empathy, and envy

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22
Q

what develops by 2-3 years?

A

evaluative emotions like pride, guilt, regret and shame

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23
Q

individual response sterotypy

A

tendency of individuals to have same response patterns throughout their lives

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24
Q

example of individual response sterotypy

A

infants who are high reactives to stimuli, with exceptionally strong reactions, may later have increased phobias or fear responses

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25
brain self-stimulation
refers to animals working to provide electrical stimulation to particular brain sites, also possible in humans
26
medial forebrain bundle
tract that rises from midbrain through the hypothalamus and it contains many sites for self-stimulation
27
what is an important target involved in the dopaminergic circuit?
nucleus accumbens
28
what can effect emotions?
brain lesions
29
decorticate rage
sudden intense rage in dogs with their cortex removed - suggests cortex inhibits rage
30
papez circuit
developed to explain emotions
31
limbic system
widespread group of brain nuclei that supply each other to form a network and these nuclei are implicated in emotions
32
kluver-bucy syndrome
emotion changes such as reduction of fear and anxiety, after bilateral amygdala damage in monkeys
33
amygdala
located in temporal lobe is a key structure in the mediation of fear
34
classical conditioning
a previously neutral stimulus is repeatedly paired with shock, causing the individual to act fearful in response to stimulus - the first stimulus by itself can produce fear-associated behaviors; freezing and autonomic changes
35
central nucleus
transmits information to brainstem center and produces autonomic changes indicative of fear and it evokes three types of emotional responses
36
three types of emotional responses
central gray pathway, lateral hypothalamus pathway, and bed nucleus of stria terminalis pathway
37
central gray pathway
emotional responses
38
lateral hypothalamus pathway
autonomic pathway
39
bed nucleus of stria terminalis pathway
hormonal responses
40
disgust
activates the insula and putamen
41
laughter
activates prefrontal cortex which relieves depressed moods
42
right hemisphere
better at discerning other people's emotions
43
what is controlled by right hemisphere?
left side of the face and is more expressive than right side
44
what ear projects more strongly to right hemisphere?
left ear
45
how does the right hemispehre react?
more quickly and accurately
46
what is the right hemisphere dominant in?
expressing emotions
47
what is the right hemisphere good at discriminating?
facial expressions in others and identifying emotional tone
48
patients with damage to right hemisphere are ____
very cheerful
49
damage to left hemisphere produce ______
depressive symptoms
50
what is the left hemisphere better at?
interpreting the meaning of a message
51
what ear projects strongly to left hemisphere?
right ear
52
what type of emotions bilaterally increase activity in some areas and decrease in others?
love and envy
53
what brain structures does love increase activity in?
insule and anterior cingulate
54
what brain structures does love decrease activity in?
posterior cingulate, amygdala, and prefrontal cortex
55
what other emotions show several brain regions involved?
sadness, happiness, anger and fear
56
aggression
physical aggression and violence between individuals is the primary focus
57
intermale aggression
seen between males of same species - common in vertebrate world
58
what does testosterone promote?
aggression, but correlation in humans is less clear
59
what can affect testosterone levels?
experience and dominance
60
examples of testosterone and dominance
males show increase in testosterone when watching their sports teams win but decrease if their team loses
61
what is the correlation between serotonin and aggression?
negativve
62
what type of individuals are low serotonin levels found in?
alcohol-induced violence, excessive military violence and children with poor impulse control
63
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH)
key role in triggering aggression on/off - plays role in both sexes
64
emotional dyscontrol syndrome
refers to temporal lobe disorders that may underlie human violence
65
temporal lobe structures
amygdala, hippocampus, etc
66
psychopaths
people incapable of experiencing remorse
67
what brain structure do psychopaths have less activity and what is it important for?
prefrontal cortex, which is important for controlling impulsive behavior
68
stress
includes stress stimuli, processing and stress responses
69
what does stress refer to?
process in which body tries to restore homeostasis
70
during acute stress, what brain structure is activated?
hypothalamus activates sympathetic nervous system to cause fight or flight response
71
what else does the hypothalamus activate?
adrenal medulla which releases epinephrine and norepinephrine
72
hypothalamus also stimulates ____
anterior pituitary gland to release a hormone that drives adrenal cortex, to release adrenal steroid hormones such as cortisol
73
most stressors are ___
psychosocial nature - such as taking an exam or crowding
74
stress immunization
idea that mild stress early in life makes it easier to handle stress later in life
75
psychosomatic medicine
emphasizes role of psychological factors in disease
76
how does brain affect immune system?
through autonomic nerves and monitors immune reactions
77
what does the immune system act as?
sensory receptor system, informing the brain
78
what other system does the brain and immune system interact with?
endocrine system
79
health psychology
studies psychological influences on health
80
psychoneuroimmunology
studies that interactions of the immune and nervous systems
81
what can suppress the immune system?
hormones released during stress
82
what systems have reciprocal relationships?
nervous, endocrine and immune systems
83
psychological stress
depression or grief, decreases immune function
84
what are behavioral patterns, type A and type D, marked by excessive drive, impatience and hostility, associated with?
heart disease
85
stress responses
beneficial in short run because they allow bodies to restore homeostasis and remove threat to homeostasis

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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