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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition > Flashcards

Chapter 18: Attention and Higher Cognition Flashcards

1
Q

attention (selective attention)

A

the process of selecting or focusing on one or more stimuli for enhanced processing and analysis

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2
Q

is attention usually overt and covert

A

it is usually overt but can be covert

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3
Q

overt

A

directing senses and attention toward same target

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4
Q

covert

A

shifting focus of visual attention

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5
Q

example of covert

A

peripheral vision

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6
Q

vigilance

A

similar to attention: the global, nonselective level of alertness of the individual

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7
Q

cocktail party effect

A

selectively enhanced attention to filter out distractions
- this is why you can “tune out” irrelevant voices and focus on the most important ones
- requires the ability to focus on a single speech source

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8
Q

what happens when people are given headphones and asked to focus their attention to one ear or another, what do they report?

A

they can only accurately report what they were hearing in the attended ear

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9
Q

what can musicians focus their attention on?

A

certain notes and segregate them from multiple simultaneous sounds

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10
Q

inattentional blindness

A

failure to perceive nonattended stimuli that seem obvious and hard to miss

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11
Q

what do divided attention tasks demonstrate?

A

attention is limited and that it is difficult to attend to more than one thing at a time

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12
Q

selective attention acts like an _________

A

attentional spotlight

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13
Q

what do attentional spotlights do?

A

highlight stimuli for enhanced processing, protecting the brain from being overwhelmed by the world

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14
Q

early selection model

A

unattended information is filtered out right away

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15
Q

late selection model

A

information is filtered only after substantial unconscious processing

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16
Q

perceptual load

A

immediate processing challenge presented by a stimulus

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17
Q

we have enough attentional resources to either attend to _________

A

one complex task at a time or a few simple ones

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18
Q

voluntary attention

A

consciously controlled, top-down attention shifts that come from within according to interests and goals

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19
Q

symbolic cuing task

A

measures voluntary attention

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20
Q

longer reaction time = __________

A

more neural processing

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21
Q

what type of attention helps us perform better and faster?

A

voluntary, directed attention

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22
Q

can attention be involuntary?

A

yes

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23
Q

reflexive attention

A

exogenously controlled, bottom-up reorienting of attention toward the location of an unexpected stimulus

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24
Q

peripheral spatial cuing

A

task that measures reflexive attention

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25
Q

process of peripheral spatial cuing

A

visual stimulus is preceded by a simple sensory stimulus (not telling them what direction to look in) that reflexively captures attention (RT is measured)

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26
Q

what models reflexive attention?

A

flash of light

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27
Q

what interferes with processing of valid cues?

A

longer delays between cues and detecting target because of inhibition of return

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28
Q

do reflexive and voluntary attention work together?

A

yes, normally

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29
Q

what do effective cues for reflective attention involve?

A

multiple sensory modalities
example: a sound coming from a particular location can improve the visual processing of a stimulus that appears there

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30
Q

is reflexive attention fast or slow?

A

it is very fast but fades quickly unless the stimulus is important

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31
Q

is voluntary attention is slow?

A

yes but can be maintained longer

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32
Q

feature search

A

target pops out right away due to a single unique attribute

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33
Q

conjuction search

A

target is based on 2+ unique features

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34
Q

feature integration theory

A

assumes that conjuction searches use multiple cognitive features maps (one cognitive feature map for each unique attribute) that are coordinated by attentional shifts

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35
Q

what guides our scanning of the environment?

A

color and shape

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36
Q

binding problem

A

asks how we are able to know which features of a stimulus combine to define a single object

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37
Q

two methods for conjunction search

A
  1. searching for one attribute at a time
  2. searching for all attributes simultaneously
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38
Q

what type of process is searching for one attribute at a time?

A

bottom-up process

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39
Q

what type of process is searching for all attributes simultaneously?

A

top-down process

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40
Q

example of searching for attribute at a time?

A

scan first for green things and then for triangles

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41
Q

example of searching for all attributes simultaneously?

A

scan right away for green triangles

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42
Q

what does feature integration theory explain?

A

why bottom-up processes are faster

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43
Q

temporal resolution

A

tracking fast-changing activity over time

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44
Q

spatial resolution

A

detailed struture of the brain

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45
Q

is there a balance between temporal resolution and spatial resolution?

A

yes

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46
Q

what type of resolution do electrophysiological approaches have?

A

great temporal, not as great spatial

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47
Q

MRI

A

great spatial resolution, not good temporal

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48
Q

ERP

A

used often in studies of attention

49
Q

N1 effect

A

ERP signal is larger in negative amplitude immediately after presentation for attended stimuli than for unattended stimuli

50
Q

P3 effect

A

ERPs show a large increase in voltage later after stimulus presentation

51
Q

what is N1 the result of?

A

selective attention acting on neural mechanisms to enhance information processing

52
Q

what is P3 effect associated with?

A

late attentional selection, and may be an electrophysiological marker of consciousness

53
Q

what components in ERP are for auditory stimuli?

A

N1 and P3

54
Q

where is ERP data collected from for visual stimuli?

A

occipital cortex

55
Q

P1 effect

A

large increase in voltage immediately after stimulus presentation for attended stimuli

56
Q

people with better visual processing are attracted to ____

A

gaming

57
Q

what can video games improve?

A

multitasking and attentional abilities in older adults

58
Q

V1 has a ___________

A

retinotopic map

59
Q

what are the 3 main ways that attention can alter the function of individual neurons?

A
  1. enhance or suppress responses
  2. sharper tuning of cortical neurons
  3. induce a shift in tuning of the cell
60
Q

enhance or suppress responses

A

increase or decrease firing rate of cell

61
Q

sharper tuning of cortical neurons

A

causing cell to focus more keenly on specific stimuli

62
Q

induce a shift in tuning of the cell

A

changes in the cell’s “preferred” stimulus

63
Q

subcortical structures that guide shifts in attention

A
  1. superior colliculus
  2. pulvinar
64
Q

what does the superior collicus do?

A

implicated in eye movement toward objects of attention

65
Q

what happens to person with unilateral superior colliculus damage?

A

showed impaired inhibition of return on side with damage, and monkeys with inactivation of superior colliculus are unable to use selective attention cues

66
Q

pulvinar

A

posterior thalamus structure that is involved in visual processing, shifting of attention, and attentional filtering

67
Q

what does pulvinar inactivation in monkeys cause?

A

difficulty orienting covert direction toward visual targets

68
Q

cortical systems involved in generating and directing attention in monkeys

A

lateral intraparietal area

69
Q

cortical regions involved in generating and directing attention in humans

A
  1. intraparietal sulcus
  2. frontal eye field
  3. temporoparietal junction
70
Q

what do the lateral intrapartietal area and intraparietal sulcus do?

A

1.involved in top down control of attention (voluntary)
2. neurons fire when attention is directed toward particular locations
3. encode a priority map that steers direction

71
Q

frontal eye field

A

establishes gaze in accordance with cognitive goals, rather than eye catching stimuli

72
Q

temporoparetial junction

A
  1. involved in bottom-up shifts to a new location, especially unexpected stimuli
  2. shows strong right-hemisphere lateralization
73
Q

what stream does voluntary control depend on?

A

dorsal stream from the frontal cortex to intraparietal sulcus

74
Q

what does the dorsal stream do?

A

attentional enhancement of visual processing and coordination with subcortical system that steers attention

75
Q

what stream does reflexive attention depend on?

A

ventral stream from visual cortex to TPJ

76
Q

what does the ventral stream do?

A

scans the environment for new and noticeable stimuli that grab attention

77
Q

hemispatial neglect

A

unable to pay attention to left side of the body or stimuli presented on that side
- even have difficulty with “left side” of time in a timeline (past events)

78
Q

what brain structure is damaged with hemispatial neglect?

A

damage to right inferior parietal cortex

79
Q

features assocaited with hemispatial neglect

A

extinction and anosognosia

80
Q

extinction

A

inability to recognize when stimuli are presented to both sides simultaneously

81
Q

anosognsosia

A

denial of illness such that patients do not recognize signs of unilateral neglect

82
Q

balint’s syndrome

A

comes from bilateral lesions of posterior parietal and lateral occipital cortices

83
Q

3 main symptoms of balints syndrome

A
  1. oculomotor apraxia
  2. optic ataxia
  3. simultagnosia
84
Q

oculomotor apraxia

A

difficulty voluntarily steering gaze

85
Q

optic ataxia

A

difficulty with hand movements using visual guidance

86
Q

simultagnosia

A

restriction of attention so that processing is limited to one visual object at a time

87
Q

ADHD

A

difficulty directing sustained attention to a task or activity, along with more impulsivity and hyperactivity

88
Q

controversies with ADHD diagnosis

A
  1. more boys are diagnosed
  2. differences across the US, might come from cultural differences
89
Q

brain differences in ADHD

A

smaller overall brain volumes, mainly in cerebellum and frontal lobe

90
Q

what does ADHD treatment enhance?

A

frontal lobe activity

91
Q

hypothesis of ADHD suggests that the deficit comes from _______

A

dopaminergic and noradrenergic neurotransmission

92
Q

default mode network

A

circuit of brain regions

93
Q

when is default mode network active?

A

when the brain is introspective and reflective

94
Q

when is default mode network inactive?

A

attention is directed to external events

95
Q

what is the default mode network made up of?

A

parts of frontal, temporal and parietal lobes

96
Q

what does an fMRI study?

A

mapping cortical areas inactive during states of diminished consciousness appear to be similar to regions implicated in attention (frontoparietal)

97
Q

what claustrum involved in?

A

generating the experience of being concious

98
Q

difference between vegatative states and minimally conscious states?

A

people in vegetative states will show no sniffing response to odors, while people in minimally conscious states can

99
Q

cognitively impenetrable

A

unconcious

100
Q

free will

A

subjective experience of consciousness is related to feelings of agency

101
Q

neural substrate for feeling of having free will

A

conscious manipulations of intentions activate pre-SMA, frontal lobe, parietal lobe, and prefrontal cortex

102
Q

executive function

A

high-level control cognitive processes that control and organize lower-level cognitive functions in line with our thoughts and feelings

103
Q

what is necessary for executive function?

A

frontal lobe, specifically anterior forebrain (prefrontal cortex)

104
Q

supervisory system

A

governs the creation of plans for future action

105
Q

what does executive function consist of?

A

task switching, updating of cognitive plans, and inhibition of unwanted responses

106
Q

what did phineas gage suffer from?

A

major prefrontal cortex via an iron rod impaling his brain

107
Q

what was the result of phineas gage?

A

he underwent major personality changes and difficulty concentrating

108
Q

what is the prefrontal cortex further divided into?

A

dorsolateral and orbitofrontal

109
Q

dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dIPFC)

A

associated with executive function

110
Q

lesions in dIPFC

A

causes struggling with task switching and they may continue a behavior beyond reasonable degree in different tasks

111
Q

orbitofrontal prefrontal cortex

A

associated with goal-directed behaviors, especially anticipating the values of different choices

112
Q

frontal cortex is important for ______

A

sifting alternatives, evaluating risks and reward, and guiding decisions

113
Q

neuroeconomics

A

study of brain systems active during economic decision making
- consists of valuation and choice system

114
Q

valuation system

A

ranks different choices on the basis of their worth and potential reward

115
Q

what brain structures does the valuation system rely on?

A

orbitofrontal cortex, ventromedial PFC, and dopaminergic reward system

116
Q

example of valuation system

A

optogenetically activating D2 receptor cells in nucleus accumbens can turn a risk-preferring rat into a risk-averse rat

117
Q

choice system

A

considers alternatives and makes the conscious decision

118
Q

what brain structures does the choice system rely on?

A

dIPFC, dorsal anterior cingulate, and parietal lobe

119
Q

example of choice system

A

making wrong, costly decisions increases activation of amygdala and PFC

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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