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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > unit 2 :( > Flashcards

unit 2 :( Flashcards

i hate this unit

1
Q

homology

A

suggests relationships/similarities among species that evolved from a shared ancestor

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2
Q

homoplasy

A

similar features that evolved seperately

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3
Q

darwin’s 4 observations

A
  1. reproduction increases population unless limits factor it
  2. individuals in a species are not identical
  3. some variation among individuals is inherited
  4. not all offspring survive to reproduce
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4
Q

basic similarities across vertebrate nervous systems

A
  1. development from hollow dorsal neural tube
  2. bilateral symmetry
  3. segmentation
  4. hierarchial control
  5. seperate systems
  6. functional specialization
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5
Q

social brain hypothesis for cortex size

A

larger cortex necessary for handling complex social relationships

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6
Q

what did darwin do?

A

natural selection

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7
Q

what did mendel do?

A

created laws of inheritance

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8
Q

what did de vries do?

A

mutations occur in genes, which induces changes in organism’s characteristics

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9
Q

6 stages of development in neural system

A
  1. neurogenesis
  2. cell migration
  3. differentiation
  4. synaptogenesis
  5. neural cell death
  6. synapse rearrangement
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10
Q

neurogenesis

A

cells from inner neural tube divide and the type of cell is determined by intrinsic and extrinsic

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11
Q

intristic

A

genetic

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12
Q

extrinsic

A

cell-cell interactions

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13
Q

are vertebrates focused on intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

more focused on extrinsic and they are both with most of the neurons they will ever have

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14
Q

are invertebrates more focused on intrinsic or extrinsic?

A

intrinsic

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15
Q

cell migration

A

depends on CAMS

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16
Q

when does cell migration happen in primates?

A

done by birth

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17
Q

when does cell migration happen in rodents?

A

still some cell migration after birth

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18
Q

differentiation

A

genes determine cell fate and nearby cells can also induce fate

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19
Q

what happens to undifferentiated cells?

A

they can be placed into a new environment and develop (stem cells)

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20
Q

synaptogenesis

A

growth of axons and dendrites, which have growth cones at ends

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21
Q

what is axon growth guided by?

A

chemoattractants and chemorepellants

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22
Q

neuronal cell death

A

apoptosis

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23
Q

what keeps cells alive?

A

cell-cell interactions

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24
Q

synapse rearrangement

A

synapses are retracted and added

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25
Q

apoptosis process

A
  1. influx of Ca2+ ions from outside the cell and release of Ca2+ ions from internal stores, raising intracellular Ca2+ levels
  2. increased Ca2+ causes mitochondria to release Diablo protein into cell
  3. diablo binds to proteins that stop apoptosis, so they can no longer block caspases
  4. cascade of capsases destroy proteins and DNA
  5. Bel-2 proteins can stop apoptosis by preventing release of Diablo
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26
Q
A
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27
Q

can glial cells be made after birth?

A

yes because myelination mostly happens after birth

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28
Q

epigentics

A

regulation of gene expression

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29
Q

methylation

A

gene expression reduced for DNA with an extra methyl group

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30
Q

alzheimers process

A
  1. Amyloid precursor protein releases the beta-amyloid extracellularly is removed.
  2. Beta-amyloid forms clumps (plaques). Plaques accumulate on axons and dendrites = impaired function
  3. The plaques also accumulate inside the cell which form neurofibrillary tangles.
  4. Basal forebrain neurons cease the production of acetylcholine-> dementia
    Apoptosis -> loss of basal forebrain produced acetylcholine -> dementia
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31
Q

labeled lines

A

brain recognizes different senses due to action potentials traveling along separate nerve tracts

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32
Q

tonic receptors

A

no decline in AP frequency

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33
Q

phasic receptors

A

decrease AP frequency

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34
Q

what does S1 do?

A

receive touch information from opposite side of body

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35
Q

what does S2 do?

A

map both sides of body

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36
Q

pacinian corpuscle

A
  • detects vibration
  • fast adapting
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37
Q

meissner’s corpuscle

A

-light touch
- fast adapting

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38
Q

merkel’s disc

A

-fine touch
- slow adapting

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39
Q

ruffinis ending

A
  • stretch
  • slow ending
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40
Q

what does the dorsal column system of spinal cord do?

A

delivers touch info to the brain

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41
Q

what does the ventral column of the spinal cord do?

A

motor

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42
Q

TRPV1

A

responds to painful heat, including capsaicin

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43
Q

is TRPV1 a C fiber or a-delta fiber?

A

C fiber

44
Q

CMR1

A

responds to menthol and to cool temps

45
Q

is CMR1 a C fiber or a-delta fiber?

A

C fiber

46
Q

C fibes

A

thin, unmyelinated axons that conduct slowly and produce lasting pain

47
Q

TRP2

A

responds to even higher temps, not capsaicin

48
Q

are TRP2 a C fiber or a-delta fiber?

A

A-delta fiber

49
Q

A-delta fiber

A

thick, myelinated axons that conduct quickly

50
Q

what brain structure is involved in pain perception?

A

periaqueductal grey

51
Q

what pathway doesn’t pass through the thalamus?

A

olfactory

51
Q
A
52
Q

where do the pathways terminate?

A

cingulate cortex

53
Q

what type of pain modulation system do we have?

A

descending

54
Q

steps of auditory transduction

A
  1. outer ear (pinna) amplifies sound
  2. sound waves arrive at tympanic membrane (eardrum)
  3. movement of tympanic membrane results in movement of inner ear ossicles (malleus, incus, stapes)
  4. movement of stapes at oval window establishes pressure waves in perilymph (fluid in cochlea)
  5. basilar membrane separates perilymph in coclea, organ of corti (contains hair cells) found on basilar membrane
  6. when perilymph/basilar membrane vibrates, hair cells bend and produce signals that are send to CNS
55
Q

what does the actual transducing?

A

hair cells

56
Q

inner hair cells

A

responsible for perception of sound

57
Q

outer hair cells

A

fine tune organ of corti in response to messages from brain

58
Q

hair cells have little hairs on them called ______

A

stereocilia

59
Q

stereocilia

A

move back and forth in response to movement of the basilar membrane

60
Q

what happens when tip links move back and forth?

A

ion channels open, leading to depolarization

61
Q

place theory

A

pitch is identified based on the specific place on the basilar membrane where sound waves stimulate the most activity

62
Q

volley theory

A

pitch is encoded by firing frequency of neurons

63
Q

volley theory is more correct with ______

A

lower frequencies

64
Q

intensity differences

A

relies on lateral superior olive
- receives loudness

65
Q

latency differences

A

relies on medial superior olive
- time

66
Q

conduction deafness

A

problem in outer or middle ear prevents transmission of vibrations

67
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

auditory nerve is unable to conduct signals

68
Q

central deafness

A

issue with CNS

69
Q

utricle and saccule

A

detect linear forces (horizontal and vertical)

70
Q

semicircular canal

A

detecting rotational forces

71
Q

salty

A

sodium transported across cell membrane causing depolarization

72
Q

sour

A

depends on acidity (H ions) causes depolarization

73
Q

sweet

A

detected by two members of T1R receptor family (GCPR)

74
Q

bitter

A

toxic substances and T2R receptors

75
Q

umami

A

one kind of receptor responds to glutamate, another to amino acids

76
Q

photoreceptors

A

rods and cones

77
Q

rods

A

dim light

78
Q

cones

A

bright light (color, near fovea)

79
Q

bipolar cells

A

on center and off center

80
Q

amacrine and horizontal cells

A

lateral inhibition enables us to see borders clearly

81
Q

ganglion cells

A

only one that fires AP and on-center/off-center

82
Q

if light hits on center…

A

cell is activated

83
Q

if light hits off center…

A

inhibits NT release

84
Q

pathway of vision to brain

A

retinal ganglion cells»LGN of thalamus» V1

85
Q

which layer receives monocular LGN input?

A

layer 4

86
Q

feedback control

A

starts with disturbance in periphery, sends signal BACK to CNS

87
Q

feedforward

A

more proactive, CNS uses information in advance to correct muscle contraction before disturbance occurs

88
Q

what makes muscles contract?

A

myosin and actin

89
Q

fast twitch fibers

A

react quickly but tire quickly (from large motoneurons)

90
Q

slow twitch fibers

A

slower response but tire less quickly (from small motorneurons)

91
Q

supplementary motor area

A

for voluntary movement

92
Q

premotor cortex

A

crucial for movements guided by external stimuli

93
Q

extrapyramidal system

A

cerebellum and basal ganglia
- modulate activity rather than having direct control over movements

94
Q

basal ganglia

A

determine amplitude and direction of movement

95
Q

basal ganglia

A

guides movement by inhibiting neurons

96
Q

parkinsons

A

death of substantia nigra dopamine

97
Q

huntingtons

A

caused by single dominant HTT gene, which produces huntingtin - due to trinucleotide repeats

98
Q

what hormones does the posterior pituitary release?

A

oxytocin and vasopressin

99
Q

oxytocin

A

involved in reproductive and parenting behavior, and milk-letdown reflex

100
Q

vasopressin

A

increases blood pressure and inhibits urine formation

101
Q

6 tropic hormones that anterior pituitary releases

A
  1. adrenocorticiotropic hormone
  2. thyroid-stimulating hormone
  3. follicle-stimulating hormone
  4. lutenizing hormone
  5. Prolactin
  6. Growth Hormone
102
Q

lutenizing hormone

A

stimulates follicles to form corpora lutea or promotes testosterone release

103
Q

adrenal glands

A

consists of adrenal cortex and adrenal medulla

104
Q

what do adrenal glands release?

A

amine hormones (epinephrine and norephinephrine) and steroid hormones (glucocorticoids and mineralcorticoids)

105
Q

pineal gland

A

secretes melatonin

106
Q
A

Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience (10 decks)

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