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Intro to Behavioral Neuroscience > Chapter 19: Language and Lateralization > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Language and Lateralization Flashcards

1
Q

lateralization

A

one hemisphere being more specialized in one domain compared to other hemisphere

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2
Q

what is the most well-known lateralization of function?

A

langauge

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3
Q

what do split-brain individuals prove?

A

the two hemispheres are not identical in terms of language functioning and they are lateralized

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4
Q

what type of people were tested for split-brain experiments?

A

those with corpus callosum cut out

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5
Q

what was the split-brain experiment?

A

words or pictures projected to the left visual field activate the right visual cortex

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6
Q

control participant of split-brain experiment

A

at the optic chiasm, half of the fibers from each eye cross over, so the left hemisphere sees the right visual field, vice versa

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7
Q

why can the split-brain participant not verbally respond to a stimuli from left visual field?

A

the stimuli can reach the right-hemisphere via the subcortical visual pathways but the severed corpus callosum prevents the right-hemisphere visual areas from communicating with the language areas of the left hemisphere

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8
Q

why can the split-brain participant verbally respond to stimuli appearing in the right visual field?

A

interhemispheric transfer is not require

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9
Q

if you ask the split brain participant to pick out something with their left hand and ask why they picked that picture, what happens?

A

they will confabulate (make something up) because the left hemisphere is trying to explain the behavior after the fact

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10
Q

can the right hemisphere recognize the object the participant picked up with their left hand?

A

yes and they can investigate by having left hand feel for correct matching object

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11
Q

which hemisphere is stronger in language?

A

left

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12
Q

right hemisphere

A

can recognize simple words and participates in the emotional content of verbal material
- specialized for spatial information, facial perception and attention

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13
Q

callosal agenesis

A

individuals lacking a corpus callosum but are not present as split-brain individuals

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14
Q

what occurs in callosal agenesis individuals?

A

the developing nervous system compensates for the loss of the main connections between the hemispheres, perhaps through other inter-hemispheric connections

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15
Q

dichotic presentation

A

present two sounds to the two areas at the same time

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16
Q

through dichotic presentation, which ear has an advantage?

A

right ear

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17
Q

why does the right ear have an advantage?

A

the right ear connects with the left auditory cortex better and since the left hemisphere processes language, anything presented to the right ear has an advantage

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18
Q

what hemisphere processes sound?

A

the sound reaches both sides but is processed by the opposite hemisphere
example: sound from left ear is processed by right hemisphere

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19
Q

how is verbal information presented to the left ear processed?

A

by the right auditory cortex and transmitted to speech systems in the left hemisphere and then participant repeats the word

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20
Q

how is verbal information presented to the right ear processed?

A

by the left auditory cortex and then passed directly to speech systems within the same hemisphere

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21
Q

what happens when conflicting information goes to both ears?

A

the information to the right ear reaches left hemisphere’s speech system first and the subject only repeats right-ear information

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22
Q

tachistoscope test

A

presents images in one visual field but too briefly for the eyes to move and center the image on the fovea

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23
Q

what is the result of the tachistoscope test?

A

left visual field information only processed by right visual cortex and vice-versa

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24
Q

what does the tachistoscope test confirm?

A

left hemisphere is better at recognizing verbal stimuli and right hemisphere is better with faces or shapes (nonverbal stimuli)

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25
Q

when does asymmetric gene expression begin?

A

as early as 12-14 weeks after gestation

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26
Q

when do primates show greater left hemisphere activation?

A

when listening to other primates

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27
Q

what do non-primates and non-mammals show preference for?

A

limbs on one side over the other

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28
Q

planum temporale

A

region in temporal lobes

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29
Q

what hemisphere is the planum temporale bigger in?

A

left hemisphere

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30
Q

what type of individual shows a more distinct difference in planum temporale?

A

musicians

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31
Q

what hemisphere plays a larger role in people who are right handed?

A

left hemisphere

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32
Q

wada test

A

allow the study of each hemisphere in isolation

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33
Q

what is the wada test used to understand?

A

facial recognition

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34
Q

what is the process of the wada test?

A

anesthetic is injected into the carotid artery through a catheter and temporarily shuts down the cerebral hemisphere on the same side, thereby revealing the functions performed by that hemisphere

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35
Q

if the right hemisphere is dominant for language, who does it occur in?

A

left handed people

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36
Q

what is the right hemisphere better for?

A

better at processing spatial stimuli including shapes, faces, rotation of objects, etc

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37
Q

prosopagnosia

A

face blindness

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38
Q

can people with prosopagnosia recognize their own face?

A

no

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39
Q

what hemisphere is damaged in those with prosopagnosia?

A

right hemisphere because there are impairments in facial recognition

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40
Q

what is prosopagnosia associated with?

A

agnosia

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41
Q

agnosia

A

inability to identify items, frequently individuals with large categories

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42
Q

fusiform system

A

may contain subregions important for identifying individuals with large categories in general (faces or cars)

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43
Q

complete prosopagnosia

A

caused by bilateral damage

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44
Q

complete prosopagnosia can be ____

A

acquired or congenital

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45
Q

are communication and language are not the same thing?

A

no, but language is a kind of communication

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46
Q

can apes and chimps learn language?

A

no, they cannot even within a training environment

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47
Q

birdsong

A

used as an analog to human language
- males produce a song as part of social and reproductive behavior

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48
Q

3 steps of vocal behavior of animals

A
  1. exposure to song via tutor (father) becomes stored model
  2. trial and error: male practices song to match model
  3. fixing or crystalization of song into permanent form
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49
Q

lesions of direct pathway ___________

A

disrupt song performance at any time

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50
Q

lesions of indirect pathways _____

A

disrupt song acquistion

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51
Q

lesions in adulthood _____

A

do not disrupt performance`

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52
Q

phonemes

A

basic speech sounds that are blended together into morphemes

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53
Q

morphemes

A

basic units of “meaning”

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54
Q

semantics

A

words with meaning, could be combination of morphemes

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55
Q

syntax

A

words are strung together in a meaningful way following grammatical rules

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56
Q

what is our speech affected by?

A

pragmatics and prosody

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57
Q

pragmatics

A

the context in which a speech sound is uttered

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58
Q

prosody

A

emotional tone and emphasis that we add to the things we say

59
Q

human brain is adapted for ____

A

language

60
Q

when do humans learn language the best?

A

early in life

61
Q

how was language evolved with?

A

hand and face gestures

62
Q

people born blind use ____

A

hand gestures

63
Q

deaf people who sign use ______

A

same parts of brain as spoken language

64
Q

deaf children without access to sign language, ______

A

develop their own

65
Q

anterior frontal region of the left hemisphere

A

Broca’s area

66
Q

area of temporoparietal cortex is called ____

A

Wernicke’s area

67
Q

lesions in the Broca’s area interfere with ______

A

speech production

68
Q

injury to Wernicke’s area interferes with _____

A

language comprehension

69
Q

injury to the supramarginal gyrus interferes with _____

A

repetition of heard speech

70
Q

what hemisphere is the Broca’s area, Wernicke’s area, and supramarginal gyrus in?

A

left hemisphere

71
Q

aphasia

A

language impairment

72
Q

what is aphasia accompianed with?

A

agraphia

73
Q

agraphia

A

inability to write

74
Q

alexia

A

reading impairment

75
Q

non-fluent aphasia (Broca’s aphasia)

A

language impairment characterized by speech production but not with language comprehension

76
Q

where brain structure is damaged with non-fluent aphasia?

A

broca’s area

77
Q

what are some characteristics of non-fluent aphasia?

A

have difficulty producing speech, talking only in a labored and hesitant manner but automatic is preserved

78
Q

fluent aphasia (Wernicke’s aphasia)

A

language impairment characterized by fluent, meaningless speech and little language comprehension

79
Q

what brain structure is damaged with fluent aphasia?

A

Wernicke’s area

80
Q

what do people with fluent aphasia often have?

A

anomia

81
Q

anomia

A

difficulty naming objects/people

82
Q

characteristics of fluent aphasia

A

difficulty repeating words and understanding language but can interpret facial experessions

83
Q

global aphasia

A

total loss of ability to understand language or to speak, read, or write

84
Q

what does global aphasia result from?

A

large left hemisphere lesions

85
Q

Wernicke’Geschwind Model (connectionist model of aphasia)

A

argues that language deficits due to brain damage result from disconnection between brain regions that form a language network

86
Q

what is the problem with the Wernicke-Geschwind Model?

A

does not work well for explaining language

87
Q

differences between Broca’s area and Wernicke’s are ____

A

not clear

88
Q

what do images and electrophysiological recording studies show?

A

large variations in regions responsible for different aspects of language

89
Q

when speaking a heard word, where is the information about the sound analyzed?

A

by the primary auditory cortex and transmitted to Wernicke’s area

90
Q

when speaking a heard word, what does Wernicke’s analyze?

A

the sound information to determine the word that was said

91
Q

when speaking a heard word, where does the connectionist model say it is transmitted through?

A

arcuate fasciculus

92
Q

how does broca’s area play a part in speaking a heard word?

A

it forms a motor plan to repeat the word and sends that information to motor cortex

93
Q

when speaking a heard word, what does the motor cortex do?

A

it implements the plan manipulating the larynx and related structures to say the word

94
Q

what do lesions of the arcuate fasciculus disrupt?

A

the transfer from Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area, so the person has difficulty repeating spoke words (conduction aphasia) but can still retain comprehension of spoken language because they have an intact Wernicke’s area and can speak spontaneously because of intact Broca’s area

95
Q

when speaking a written word, what brain structure analyzes the information and where does it get transmitted to?

A

visual cortex analyzes the image and transmits information about the image to the angular gyrus

96
Q

when speaking a written word, what does the angular gyrus do?

A

decodes the image information to recognize the word and associate this visual form with the spoken form in Wernicke’s area

97
Q

when speaking a written word, how is the information about the word transmitted and where does it get transmitted to?

A

via the arcuate fasciculus to the Broca’s area

98
Q

when speaking a written word, what does the Broca’s area do?

A

formulates a motor plan to say the appropriate word and transmits the plan to motor cortex for implementation

99
Q

when speaking a written word, what does the motor cortex do?

A

implements the plan, manipulating the larynx and related structures to say the word

100
Q

a lesion of the angular gyrus disrupts ______

A

the flow of information from visual cortex, so the person has difficulty saying words they have seen but not words they have heard

101
Q

arcuate fasciculus

A

white matter tract that connects Wernicke’s area to Broca’s area

102
Q

damage to arcuate fasciculus can produce ______

A

conduction aphasia

103
Q

conduction aphasia

A

impairment in the repetition of words and sentences but you still have fluent speech and comprehension

104
Q

motor theory of language

A

theory proposing the left hemisphere language zones are motor control systems that are concerned with precise production and perception of complex movements that go into speech

105
Q

anterior region

A

programs simple phonemes of speech (production)

106
Q

posterior region

A

string sounds into long sequences of movement (reception)

107
Q

speech sounds are just ______

A

auditory representations of complex facial movements and gestures, but we perceive those sounds with the same brain regions we use to make the movements

108
Q

when bilingual individuals had their brain sites stimulated, what happens

A

different subregions, in one region affecting speech, interfere with either one language or the other
- they were not both affected in the same subregion

109
Q

TMS

A

can be used to identify regions involved in speech

110
Q

what does speech perception activate?

A

specific regions that TMS shows to be involved with speech production

111
Q

what does speech production involve?

A

hand areas of motor cortex

112
Q

what does TMS stimulation affect when applied to anterior regions of Broca’s area?

A

semantic processing (meaning)

113
Q

what does TMS stimulation affect when applied to posterior regions of Broca’s area?

A

phonological processing (sound patterns)

114
Q

PET scans

A

during different language tasks reveals overlapping yet distinct systems involved in language

115
Q

passive viewing of words activates ______

A

posterior area within the left hemisphere

116
Q

passive hearing of word activates ________

A

temporal lobes

117
Q

repeating words orally activates _______

A

motor cortex of both sides, supplementary motor cortex, and a portion of cerebellum and insular cortex

118
Q

what brain structure has little activity when repeating words?

A

broca’s area

119
Q

when partcipants are asked to generate a verb to the supplied noun, what happens?

A

language related regions in left hemisphere, including Broca’s area are activated

120
Q

silbo gomero

A

whistling language used in the Canary Islands

121
Q

what does the fMRI reveal about the Silbo language?

A

it is processed in the same regions as spoken language in silbo users

122
Q

what happens in non-silbo users?

A

the whistling is processed in other regions because they do recognize it as a language

123
Q

sign language

A

uses the same parts of the brain as verbal language

124
Q

williams syndrome

A

deletion of about 28 genes and involves increased fluency and mild cognitive disability

125
Q

stuttering

A

disordered articulated of speech sounds and involuntary repetition of words and phrases

126
Q

is stuttering genetic?

A

it can be partially heritable

127
Q

our brain evolved to support _____

A

language

128
Q

reading is a ______

A

recent development

129
Q

dyslexia

A

difficulty reading but not related to intelligence

130
Q

acquired dyslexia

A

typically occurs due to lesions of some kind

131
Q

developmental dyslexia

A

brain abnormalities present from birth

132
Q

how many % of children does developmental dyslexia occur in?

A

5%

133
Q

what kinds of children is developmental dyslexia common in?

A

boys and left handed people

134
Q

deep dyslexia

A

type of acquired dyslexia in which the person reads a word as another word with a similar meaning

135
Q

characteristics of deep dyslexia

A

have trouble reading nonsense words, often grasp whole words without letter details

136
Q

surface dyslexia

A

type of acquired dyslexia in which the person seems to attend only the fine details of readig

137
Q

characteristics of surface dyslexia

A

can read nonsense words because they know letter to sound rules
- but can have trouble recognizing words when letter-to-sound rules are irregular
- does not occur in perfectly phonetic languages

138
Q

what appears in people with dyslexia?

A

microscopic anomalies called ectopias, dysplasia, and micropolygria in their left hemisphere

139
Q

developmental dyslexia involves deficits in _____

A

phonological processing and recognizing phonemes

140
Q

what brain structure activation is affected in individuals with dyslexia?

A

they have smaller activation of posterior regions (Wernicke’s area and angular gyrus) and increased activation of anterior regions

141
Q

what dysfunction is associated with alphabetical letters?

A

left temporoparietal cortex

142
Q

what dysfunction is associated with logographic symbols?

A

left medial frontal cortex

143
Q

can the brain recover from injuries producing aphasia?

A

yes, because the brain is shapable based on experience

144
Q

can children who receive left hemispherectomies recover?

A

yes, they can still develop language function and overcome some paralysis of opposite side of body

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