Unit 2 - Chapter 9 - Musculoskeletal System Disorders Flashcards
what are the 4 different types of bones
long bones
short bones
flat bones
irregular bones
what does bone tissue consist of
- matrix
- mature bone cells (osteocytes)
- bone producing cells (osteoblasts)
- bone reabsorbing cells (osteoclasts)
what are the 2 types of bone structure and expand on both
compact - outer covering of bone
cancellous (spongy) - interior of bone
what is the periosteum
connective tissue covering over the bone
what is the endosteum
osteoblast-rich lining of medullary cavity
what are the 4 functions of skeletal muscle
- facilitate body movement
- maintain body position
- stabilize joints
- produce heat
what are some characteristics of skeletal muscle
- usually under voluntary control
- bundles of protein fibers covered by connective tissue
- well supplied with nerves and blood vessels
- stimulation occurs at myoneural junction
- myoglobin stores oxygen in fibers
- glucogen stored for energy
- attachechements - directly to periosteum or by tendon
- cells do not undergo mitosis after birth
what are the 3 types of connective tissue coverings of skeletal muscle
epimysium
perimysium
endomysium
where does the epimysium surround
the entire muscle
what does the perimysium surround
muscle fascicles
what does the endomysium surrond
individual muscle fibers
expand on the motor unit
motor neuron in the spinal cord and all muscle fibers innervated by the neurons
expand on the neuromuscular junction
synapse between the motor neuron nerve fiber and muscle fiber
what is the step by step process of neuromuscular transmission and muscle contraction
- arrival of the action potential
- depolarization of the presynaptic terminal
- calcium influx
- exocytosis of the neurotransmitter
- diffusion of neurotransmitter to postsynaptic receptors
- generation of muscle action potential
- release of calcium from sarcoplasmic reticulum
- power stroke (contraction of muscle fiber)
expand on joints
- connection between bones
- accomplished by tendons and ligaments
- little blood supply (healing is slow and difficult)
what are the 3 different types of joints and expand on each of them
- synarthroses, immovable joints
- amphiarthroses, slightly movable
- diarthroses, freely moveable
what is articular cartilage in the synovial joint
coverring over ends of bones
what isthe synovial membrane in the synovial joint
- produces synovial fluid that fills space between ends of bones
what is articular capsule in the synovial joint
consists of synovial membrane, a fibrous capsule
what are ligaments in the synovial joint
reinforce capsule, links bones, supports joint
what is the menisci in the synovial joint
lateral pads in some joints to stabilize
what is bursae in the synovial joint
fluid filled sacs to add extra cushion
what tests would you do for suspected bone disorders
radiography and bone scan
what tests would you do for suspected muscular disorders
electromyography (EMG) and biopsy