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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Chapter 1 - Intro to pathophysiology > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 1 - Intro to pathophysiology Flashcards

1
Q

what is pathophysiology

A

the study of functional of physiologic changes in the body that result from disease processes

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2
Q

what is pathology

A

the labratory study of cell and tissue changes associated with disease

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3
Q

what is disease

A
  • deviation from the normal structure or function of any part/organ/system or state of wellness
  • definite pathological process with characteristic sets of signs and symptoms
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4
Q

what is homeostasis, when does disease develop, what happens under normal conditions and expand on normality

A
  • the maintence of a relatively stable internal environment regardless of external changes
  • disease develops when changes occur and homeostasis cannot be maintained
  • under normal conditions homeostasis is maintained daily (blood pressure, temp)
  • everyones normal is different, and small fluctuations occur daily
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5
Q

what does pathophysiology require the use of and what is pathophysiology based on

A
  • requires the use of anatomy and physiology
  • is based on a loss of or a change in normal structure or function
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6
Q

expand on the cause and effect relationship when it comes to pathophysiology and what is the primary focus of healthcare

A
  • the cause and effect relationship is defined by signs and symtoms and facilitates the study of a specific disease
  • prevention is the primary focus
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7
Q

what is the basis for preventative teaching and what does it allow for

A
  • the basis is a sound knowledge of pathophysiology
  • allows for an understanding of disease manifestations, potential complications and the development of appropriate treatments
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8
Q

what have new scientific developments led to and provide 2 examples

A
  • ethical, social and legal issues
  • genetic technology and artificial intelligence
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9
Q

what and what percentage is health research funded by

A
  • commercial sources
  • 8%
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10
Q

when are new therapies announces and what does it lead to

A
  • announced before clinical trials even start
  • leads to increased hope and demand for these therapies
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11
Q

how many stages are there in the research process

A

3

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12
Q

explain stage 1 of the research process. what is it reffered to as, what occurs and what does it require.

A
  • referred to as basic science
  • researchers work to identify a technology that will limit/prevent the disease process
  • requires the use of animals/cell cultures for testing
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13
Q

explain stage 2 of the research process

A
  • involves a small number of human subjects to determine if the therapy is safe for humans
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14
Q

explain stage 3 of the research process

A
  • only takes place if the results of stage 2 were positive (majority don’t make it this far)
  • patients with the disease/at risk for are enrolled in clinical trials (usually a double blind study)
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15
Q

what happens in stage 3 of the research process if the research results have merit

A
  • they are called evidence based research findings
  • research data is passed on regulatory bodies
  • therapy will be approved for use
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16
Q

what do evidence based research findings not take into consideration

A

cost, availability, social/cultural factors

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17
Q

expand on medical histories and what questions are asked

A
  • health professionals with contribute, complete or update a patients medical/health history
  • questions asked are current/prior illnesses, allergies, hospitilizations, treatments, prescriptions/supplements/therapy/drugs
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18
Q

expand on the importance of new developments and trends and how WHO is involved

A
  • it’s essential for health professionals to continually update their knowledge and check for new information
  • the WHO takes data and publishes it leading to new research efforts, tracking new/deadly diseases and signaling abour predisposing conditions/current treatments
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19
Q

what does pathophysiology focus on

A

focuses on the effects of abnormalities at the organ level, but cellular changes are integral to understanding the effects

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20
Q

what does a disease/abnormal condition involve

A
  • involves changes at the organ/system/cellular/microscopic level
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21
Q

what is a biopsy

A
  • examination of living tissue specimens
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22
Q

what is a autopsy

A

examination after death

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23
Q

what is a diagnosis

A
  • the identification of a specific disease through evaluation of signs/symptoms and labratory tests
  • more than 1 factor is usually required to vertify a diagnosis
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24
Q

what is etiology

A

concerns the causative factors in a particular disease

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25
Q

what are some etiologic agents

A

congenital defects
inheritied/genetic disorders
viruses/bacteria
immunologic dysfunction
metabolic derangement
degenerative changes
malignancy
burns, other trauma
environmental factors
nutritional deficiencies

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26
Q

what does idiopathic mean

A

when the cause of disease is unknown

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27
Q

what does iatrogenic mean and give some examples

A
  • when a treament/procedure/error causes disease
  • bladder infection following catherization
  • bone marrow damage caused by a prescription drug
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28
Q

what are predisposing factors and give some examples

A
  • the tendencies that promote development of a disease
  • age, gender, inherited factors, occupational exposure, dietary practices
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29
Q

what does prophylaxis mean

A

a measure designed to preserve health and prevent the spread of disease

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30
Q

what does prevention mean

A
  • anything you do to try to stop disease from developing
  • closely linked to etiology and predisposing factors
  • vaccinations, lifestyle modifications
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31
Q

what is pathogenesis

A

the development of the disease or the sequence of events involved in the tissue changes related to the specific disease process

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32
Q

what does insidious mean

A

the gradual progression with vague/mild signs

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33
Q

what is an acute disease

A

short term illness that develops quickly with drastic signes
- fever, sharp pain

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34
Q

what is a chronic disease

A
  • milder condition that develops gradually but persists for a long time and usually causes perminant damage
  • usually has acute episodes
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35
Q

what does subclinical state mean

A

where pathologic changes occur but the patient exhibits no obvious manifestations

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36
Q

what is the latent “silent” stage

A
  • when no signs of disease are present
  • in infectious diseases this stage is called the incubation period (the time between exposure and the onset of symptoms)
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37
Q

what is the prodromal period

A
  • the time in early development of a disease when you are aware of changes in the body but the signs aren’t specific
  • labratory signs come back negative
38
Q

what are manifestations of a disease

A
  • the signs and symptoms of disease
39
Q

what are signs

A
  • objective indicators of disease
  • skin rash or fever
40
Q

what are symptoms

A
  • subjective feelings
  • pain and nausea
41
Q

what is a lesion

A

a specific change in the tissue

42
Q

what is a syndrome

A
  • collection of signs/symptoms
  • often affecting more then 1 organ
43
Q

what are diagnostic tests

A

labratory tests that assist in the diagnosis of a disease

44
Q

what is remission

A

a period or condition in which the manifestation of the disease subside, permanently or temporary

45
Q

what is exacerbation

A

worsening in the severity of the disease/signs/symptoms

46
Q

what is a percipitating factor

A

a condition that triggers an acute episode

47
Q

what is a complication

A

a new secondary problem that arises after the original disease begins

48
Q

what is therapy

A

treatment measure used to promote recovery or slow the progess of a disease

49
Q

what does sequelae mean

A

potential unwanted outcomes of the primary condition

50
Q

what does convalescence/rehabilitation mean

A

period of recovery and return to the normal healthy state

51
Q

what is a prognosis

A

the probability or likelihood for recovery or other outcomes

52
Q

what is morbidity

A
  • the disease rates within a group
  • used to indicate the functional impairment that certain conditions cause within a population
53
Q

what is mortality

A

the relative number of deaths resulting from a disease

54
Q

what is an autopsy/postmortem exam

A

exam performed by a pathologist after death to determine the cause of death, course of illness and effectiveness of treatment

55
Q

what is epidemiology

A

the science of tracking the pattern/occurence of disease

56
Q

expand on the 2 factors that the occurence of a disease is tracked by

A

1) incidence
- indicated the number of new cases in a gien population within a time period

2) prevalence
- the number of new+old+exsisting cases within a specific population and time period

57
Q

what is an epidemic

A

higher then expected numbers of disease in a given area

58
Q

what is a pandemic

A

higher number of cases of disease in many regions of the glove

59
Q

what are communicable diseases

A
  • infections that can spread from person to person
  • some must be reported to health authorities
60
Q

what are notifiable/reportable diseases

A
  • diseases that must be reported to health authorities
61
Q

expand on cell mechanisms

A

cells have mechanisms by which they can adapt their growth and differntiation to altered conditions in the body

62
Q

expand on tissue modification

A

tissues are frequently modifies as a response to hormonal stimulation or environmental stimuli

63
Q

what are 3 reasons disease might develop

A
  • cell structure changes
  • function changes
  • homeostasis cannot be maintained
64
Q

what changed can damage/destroy cells

A
  • changes in metabolic processes
  • reduced levels of atp
  • altered ph in the cells
  • damage to cell membrane/receptors
65
Q

what is atrophy and what can cause it

A
  • a decrease in cell size, resulting in reduced tissue mass
  • causes include reduced use of tissue. insufficient nutrition, decreased neurologic/hormonal stimulation and aging
66
Q

what is hypertrophy and what can cause it

A
  • increase in cell size, resulting in enlarged tissue mass
  • causes include additional work by the tissue, excessive hormonal stimulation
67
Q

what is hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells, resulting in an enlarged tissue mass

68
Q

what is metaplasia, what can cause it and what type of mechanism can it be

A
  • when 1 mature cell is replaced by a different mature cell type
  • can be caused by a vitamin a deficiency
  • can be an adaptive mechanism that provides a more resistant tissue
69
Q

what is dysplasia

A
  • tissue where the cells vary in size and shape
  • the rate of mitosis is increased because of large nuclei
  • can be caused by chronic irritation infection or a precancerous change
70
Q

what is anaplasia

A
  • cells that are undifferentiated with variable nuclear/cell structures + numerous mitotic figures
  • seen in most cancerous (malignant) tumors
71
Q

what is neoplasia

A

means new growth

72
Q

what is apoptosis and what occurs

A
  • programmed death
  • happens when cell development is abnormal, cell numbers are excessive or cells are injured/aged
  • cells self destruct, digest themselves, disinegrate, and get engulfed by phagocytes
73
Q

what is necrosis

A
  • the death of 1+ cells or a portion of tissue/organ as a result of irreversible damage (not programmed death)
74
Q

what are some examples of the irreversible damage that necrosis causes

A
  • ischemia (decreased oxygen blood supply to tissue/organs)
  • physical agents (excessive heat/cold)
  • mechanical damage (pressure/tearing of tissue)
  • chemical toxins
  • bacteria
  • nutritional deficits
  • imbalances of fluids/electrolytes
75
Q

what is hypoxia

A

decreased oxygen in the tissue

76
Q

what is anaerobic metabolism

A

decreased PH in the cell

77
Q

what is exogenous

A

chemicals from the environment

78
Q

what is endogenous

A

chemicals from the inside of the body

79
Q

what are microorganisms

A
  • living organisms too small too be seen by the eye
  • can induce a type of cell death called pyroptosis
80
Q

what is pyroptosis

A
  • results in the lysis (dissolution of the cell) releasing destructive lysosomal enzymes into the tissue which causes inflammation
81
Q

explain stage 1/2 of cell damage

A
  • alteration in metabolic reaction which leads to a loss of function of the cell
  • the amount of damage increases, detectable morphologic changes occr ur in the nucleus/cell
82
Q

explain stage 2/2 of cell damage

A
  • the cell dies and the cell undergoes lysis (dissolution), releasing destructive lysoma enzymes into the tissues which causes inflammation
83
Q

what is necrosis

A

when a group of cells die and cause further damage because of cellular disintegration

84
Q

what is liquefication necrosis

A

when dead cells liquefy under the influence of cell enzymes

85
Q

what is coagulative necrosis

A

when cell proteins are altered/denatured and the cells retain some form for a time after death

86
Q

what is fat necrosis

A
  • when fatty tissue is broken down into fatty acids in the prescence of infection/enzymes
  • may cause inflammation
87
Q

what is caseous necrosis

A

form of coagulation necrosis in which a thick, yellow, cheesy substamce forms

88
Q

what is infraction

A

area of dead cells resulting from lack of oxygen

89
Q

what is gangrene

A
  • area of necrotic tissue (usually because of lack/loss of bloody supply) that is followed by an invasion of bacteria
  • can present itself as wet or dry
90
Q

what is gasgangrene

A

caused by buildup of gases within tissue and further reduces blood supply

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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