Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Chapter 2 - Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 2 - Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 4 functions of water in the body

A
  • homeostasis
  • metabolic reactions
  • transportation system
  • facilitating movements of body parts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

expand on intracellular compartments (ICF)

A

its the fluid inside the cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

expand on the extracellular compartments (ECF)

A

Fluid outside the cells and contains the following
- intravascular fluid (IVF)
- interstitial fluid (ISF)
- cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- transcellular fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

expand on the equation for water in the body

A

the amount of water entering the body should equal the amount of water leaving the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is fluid intake

A

the ingestion of solid food or fluids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is fluid loss

A

urine, feces, perspiration, exhaled air

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

how is thirst is initiated

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do

A
  • controls amount of water leaving the body
  • Promotes reabsorbing water from the kidney tubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

how is the artial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and T-type natriuretic peptide synthesized and what does it do

A
  • synthesized by myocardial cells
  • regulates fluid, sodium and potassium levels
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

how does fluid circulate throughout the bodu

A

via filtration and osmosis
- dependent on membrane permeability

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

how does water move between compartments

A

hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is edema

A

excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartments of the

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what does edema cause and where does it appear

A
  • causes swelling, enlargement of tissue, impairment of tissue perfusion, trap drugs in ISF
  • appears throughout the body or localized
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the 4 causes of edema

A
  • increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • loss of plasma proteins
  • obstruction of lymphatic circulation
  • increased capillary permeability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

expand on how increased capillary hydrostatic pressure caused edema

A
  • caused by high blood pressure/volume
  • forces increased fluid from capillaries into tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

expand on how loss of plasma proteins causes edema

A
  • particularly albumin
  • results in decreased plasma osmotic pressure
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

expand on how obstruction of lymphatic circulation caused edema

A
  • because excessive fluid and protein is not returned to general circulation
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

expand on how increased capillary permeability caused edema

A
  • may result from inflammation/infection/toxins/burns
  • caused by histamines or other chemical mediators
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what are the effects of edema

A
  • swelling
  • skin pitting with pressure
  • increased in body weight
  • functional impairment
  • pain
  • impaired arterial circulation
  • dental complications
  • tissue breakdown
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what can insufficient body fluid be caused by

A
  • inadequate intake
  • excessive loss (accompanied by loss of electrolytes and proteins)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

what are the 5 causes of dehydration

A
  • vomitting/diarrhea
  • excessive sweating
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
  • insufficient water intake
  • use of concentrated formula in infants
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are the effects of dehydration

A
  • dry mouth
  • increased hematocrit
  • decreased skin elasticity
  • lower blood pressure, weak pulse, fatigue, mental function, confusion
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

what are 4 ways the body attempts to compensate for fluid loss

A
  • increasing thirst
  • increasing heart rate
  • constriction of blood vessels
  • producing less urine
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

explain third-spacing of fluid and what does it cause

A
  • fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue and can no longer reenter vascular compartment
  • causes high osmotic pressure of ISF and increased capillary permeability
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
expand on sodium
- primary cation in ECF - diffuses between vascular and interstitial fluids - tranports into and out of cells by sodium-potassium pump - actively secreted into mucus
26
what are the causes of hyponatremia (too little sodium)
- losses from excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea - use of certain diuretic drugs combined with low salt diet - hormonal imbalances - excessive water intake
27
what are the effects of hyponatremia (too little sodium)
- low sodium levels - decreased osmotic pressure in ECF compartments
28
what causes hypernatremia (too much sodium)
- imbalance in sodium and water
29
what are the effects of hypernatremia (too much sodium)
- weakness, agitation - dry mucous membranes - edema - increased thirst - increased blood pressure
30
expand on potassium
- Major intracellular cation - Serum levels are low, with a narrow range. - Ingested in foods - Excreted primarily in urine - Insulin promotes movement of potassium into cells.
31
what does your serum K+ level have to be if you have hypokalemia (too little potassium)
Under 3.5 mEq/L
32
what are the causes of hypokalemia (too little potassium)
- excessive losses caused by diarrhea - diuresis associated with some diuretic drugs - excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids - decreased dietary intake - treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin
33
what are the effects of hypokalemia (too little potassium)
- cardiac dysrhythmias - interference with neuromuscular function - pins and needles - decreased digestive tract motility - shallow respirations - failure to concentrate urine
34
what does your serum K+ level need to be to have hyperkalemia (too much potassium)
over 5 mEq/L
35
what are the causes of hyperkalemia (too much potassium)
- renal failure - deficit of aldosterone - potassium-sparing diuretics - leakage or intracellular potassium into extracellular fluids - displacement of potassium from cells by prolonged or severe acidosis
36
what are the effects of hyperkalemia (too much potassium)
- cardiac dysrhythmias (cardiac arrest) - muscle weakness (paralysis) - fatigue, nausea, pins and needles
37
expand on calcium
- stored in bones - excreted in urine and feces - balance controlled by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin - vitamin D promoted calcium absorption from intestine
38
what are the functions of calcium
- Provides structural strength for bones and teeth. -Maintenance of the stability of nerve membranes - Required for muscle contractions - Necessary for many metabolic processes and enzyme reactions. - Essential for blood clotting.
39
what are the causes of hypocalcemia (too little calcium)
- hypoparathyroidism - malabsorption syndrome - deficient serum albumin - increased serum pH level - renal failure
40
what are the effects of hypocalcemia (too little calcium)
- increased permeability and excitability of nerve membranes (twitching and spasms) - weak heart contractions
41
what are the causes of hypercalcemia (too much calcium)
- uncontrolled release of calcium ions from bones - hyperparathyroidism - demineralization caused by immobility - increased calcium intake - milk-alkali syndrome
42
what are the effects of hypercalcemia (too much calcium)
- depressed neuromuscular activity - interferes with ADH function - increased strength in cardiac contractions
43
what causes hypomagnesemia (too little magnesium)
- malabsorption - malnutrition - use of diuretics - hypothyroidism
44
what causes hypermagnesemia (too much magnesium)
renal failure
45
what are the effects of hypermagnesemia (too much magnesium)
- depressed neuromuscular function - decreased reflexes
46
expand on the importance of phosphate
- used in bone and tooth mineralization - important in metabolism - integral part of cell membrane - reciprocal relationship with serum calcium
47
what causes hypophosphatemia (too little phosphate)
malabsorptionw
48
what are the effects of hypophosphatemia (too little phosphate)
diarrhea excessive antacids
49
what is hyperphosphatemia caused by (too much phosphate)
renal failure
50
what is hypochloremia (too little chloride) associated with
alkalosis
51
what are the effects of hypochloremia (too little chloride)
vomiting - in the early stages you lose hydrochloric acid
52
what causes hyperchloremia (too much chloride)
excessive sodium chloride intake
53
expand on the control of serum pH
- buffer pairs in the blood respond to pH changes immediately - respiratory system can alter carbonic acid levels to change pH - kidneys can modify the excretion rate of acids and absorption of bicarbonate ions to regulate pH
54
expand on the sodium-bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system
- major ECF buffer - controlled by the respiratory system and kidneys
55
what are the 3 other buffering systems
- phosphate - hemoglobin - protein
56
what happens in respiratory acidosis
increase in carbon dioxide levels
57
what happens in metabolic acidosis
decrease in bicarbonate ions
58
what happens in respiratory alkalosis
decrease in carbon dioxide levels
59
what happens in metabolic alkalosis
loss of hydrogen ions through kidneys/GI tract
60
expand on the compensation mechanism for pH imbalance
- short term the compensation is limited - does not remove the cause of imbalance - compensation occurs to balance the relative proportion of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in circulation
61
when does decompensation occur and what does it require
occurs when - causative problem becomes more severe - compensation mechanism are exceeded or fail - required intervention to maintain homeostasis as it's life threatening
62
what happens in acidosis
- excess hydrogen ions - decrease in serum pH
63
what happens in alkalosis
- deficit of hydrogen ions - increase in serum pH
64
what are acute problems that result as a result of respiratory acidosis
- pneumonia - airway obstruction - chest injuries - depression if the respiratory control center by drugs
65
what is chronic respiratory acidosis common with
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
66
why would decompensated respiratory acidosis develop
- if impairment becomes severe of if compensation mechanisms fail
67
what are the effects of metabolic acidosis
- excessive loss of bicarbonate ions to buffer hydrogen - increased use of serum bicarbonate - renal disease or failure - decompensated metabolic acidosis
68
what are the effects of acidosis
- impaired nervous system function (headache, lethargy, weakness, confusion) - compensation (deep rapid breathing, low pH urine)
69
what is respiratory alkalosis caused by and what does it result in
-caused by anxiety, fever, asprin overdose, head injury, brain tumor - results in hyperventilation
70
what causes metabolic alkalosis and what does it result in
- results in increase in serum bicarbonate ion 0 caused by loss of hyrdocholoric acid and excessive ingestion of antacids
71
what are the effects of alkalosis
irratibility of the nervous system - restlessness - twitching - tingling and numbness - seizures - coma
72
what are 4 ways you treat imbalances
- treat the underlying cause - include fluid/electrolyte replacement of removal - add bicarbonate to the blood to reverse acidosis - modify diet to maintain better electrolyte balance

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions