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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Chapter 2 - Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 2 - Fluid, Electrolyte and Acid-Base Imbalances Flashcards

1
Q

what is the 4 functions of water in the body

A
  • homeostasis
  • metabolic reactions
  • transportation system
  • facilitating movements of body parts
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2
Q

expand on intracellular compartments (ICF)

A

its the fluid inside the cells

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3
Q

expand on the extracellular compartments (ECF)

A

Fluid outside the cells and contains the following
- intravascular fluid (IVF)
- interstitial fluid (ISF)
- cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
- transcellular fluids

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4
Q

expand on the equation for water in the body

A

the amount of water entering the body should equal the amount of water leaving the body

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5
Q

what is fluid intake

A

the ingestion of solid food or fluids

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6
Q

what is fluid loss

A

urine, feces, perspiration, exhaled air

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7
Q

how is thirst is initiated

A

osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus

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8
Q

what does the antidiuretic hormone (ADH) do

A
  • controls amount of water leaving the body
  • Promotes reabsorbing water from the kidney tubules
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9
Q

how is the artial natriuretic peptide (ANP) and T-type natriuretic peptide synthesized and what does it do

A
  • synthesized by myocardial cells
  • regulates fluid, sodium and potassium levels
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10
Q

how does fluid circulate throughout the bodu

A

via filtration and osmosis
- dependent on membrane permeability

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11
Q

how does water move between compartments

A

hydrostatic pressure
osmotic pressure

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12
Q

what is edema

A

excessive amount of fluid in the interstitial compartments of the

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13
Q

what does edema cause and where does it appear

A
  • causes swelling, enlargement of tissue, impairment of tissue perfusion, trap drugs in ISF
  • appears throughout the body or localized
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14
Q

what are the 4 causes of edema

A
  • increased capillary hydrostatic pressure
  • loss of plasma proteins
  • obstruction of lymphatic circulation
  • increased capillary permeability
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15
Q

expand on how increased capillary hydrostatic pressure caused edema

A
  • caused by high blood pressure/volume
  • forces increased fluid from capillaries into tissue
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16
Q

expand on how loss of plasma proteins causes edema

A
  • particularly albumin
  • results in decreased plasma osmotic pressure
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17
Q

expand on how obstruction of lymphatic circulation caused edema

A
  • because excessive fluid and protein is not returned to general circulation
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18
Q

expand on how increased capillary permeability caused edema

A
  • may result from inflammation/infection/toxins/burns
  • caused by histamines or other chemical mediators
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19
Q

what are the effects of edema

A
  • swelling
  • skin pitting with pressure
  • increased in body weight
  • functional impairment
  • pain
  • impaired arterial circulation
  • dental complications
  • tissue breakdown
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20
Q

what can insufficient body fluid be caused by

A
  • inadequate intake
  • excessive loss (accompanied by loss of electrolytes and proteins)
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21
Q

what are the 5 causes of dehydration

A
  • vomitting/diarrhea
  • excessive sweating
  • diabetic ketoacidosis
  • insufficient water intake
  • use of concentrated formula in infants
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22
Q

what are the effects of dehydration

A
  • dry mouth
  • increased hematocrit
  • decreased skin elasticity
  • lower blood pressure, weak pulse, fatigue, mental function, confusion
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23
Q

what are 4 ways the body attempts to compensate for fluid loss

A
  • increasing thirst
  • increasing heart rate
  • constriction of blood vessels
  • producing less urine
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24
Q

explain third-spacing of fluid and what does it cause

A
  • fluid shifts out of the blood into a body cavity or tissue and can no longer reenter vascular compartment
  • causes high osmotic pressure of ISF and increased capillary permeability
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25
Q

expand on sodium

A
  • primary cation in ECF
  • diffuses between vascular and interstitial fluids
  • tranports into and out of cells by sodium-potassium pump
  • actively secreted into mucus
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26
Q

what are the causes of hyponatremia (too little sodium)

A
  • losses from excessive sweating, vomiting, diarrhea
  • use of certain diuretic drugs combined with low salt diet
  • hormonal imbalances
  • excessive water intake
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27
Q

what are the effects of hyponatremia (too little sodium)

A
  • low sodium levels
  • decreased osmotic pressure in ECF compartments
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28
Q

what causes hypernatremia (too much sodium)

A
  • imbalance in sodium and water
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29
Q

what are the effects of hypernatremia (too much sodium)

A
  • weakness, agitation
  • dry mucous membranes
  • edema
  • increased thirst
  • increased blood pressure
30
Q

expand on potassium

A
  • Major intracellular cation
  • Serum levels are low, with a narrow range.
  • Ingested in foods
  • Excreted primarily in urine
  • Insulin promotes movement of potassium into cells.
31
Q

what does your serum K+ level have to be if you have hypokalemia (too little potassium)

A

Under 3.5 mEq/L

32
Q

what are the causes of hypokalemia (too little potassium)

A
  • excessive losses caused by diarrhea
  • diuresis associated with some diuretic drugs
  • excessive aldosterone or glucocorticoids
  • decreased dietary intake
  • treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis with insulin
33
Q

what are the effects of hypokalemia (too little potassium)

A
  • cardiac dysrhythmias
  • interference with neuromuscular function
  • pins and needles
  • decreased digestive tract motility
  • shallow respirations
  • failure to concentrate urine
34
Q

what does your serum K+ level need to be to have hyperkalemia (too much potassium)

A

over 5 mEq/L

35
Q

what are the causes of hyperkalemia (too much potassium)

A
  • renal failure
  • deficit of aldosterone
  • potassium-sparing diuretics
  • leakage or intracellular potassium into extracellular fluids
  • displacement of potassium from cells by prolonged or severe acidosis
36
Q

what are the effects of hyperkalemia (too much potassium)

A
  • cardiac dysrhythmias (cardiac arrest)
  • muscle weakness (paralysis)
  • fatigue, nausea, pins and needles
37
Q

expand on calcium

A
  • stored in bones
  • excreted in urine and feces
  • balance controlled by parathyroid hormone and calcitonin
  • vitamin D promoted calcium absorption from intestine
38
Q

what are the functions of calcium

A
  • Provides structural strength for bones and teeth.
    -Maintenance of the stability of nerve membranes
  • Required for muscle contractions
  • Necessary for many metabolic processes and
    enzyme reactions.
  • Essential for blood clotting.
39
Q

what are the causes of hypocalcemia (too little calcium)

A
  • hypoparathyroidism
  • malabsorption syndrome
  • deficient serum albumin
  • increased serum pH level
  • renal failure
40
Q

what are the effects of hypocalcemia (too little calcium)

A
  • increased permeability and excitability of nerve membranes (twitching and spasms)
  • weak heart contractions
41
Q

what are the causes of hypercalcemia (too much calcium)

A
  • uncontrolled release of calcium ions from bones
  • hyperparathyroidism
  • demineralization caused by immobility
  • increased calcium intake
  • milk-alkali syndrome
42
Q

what are the effects of hypercalcemia (too much calcium)

A
  • depressed neuromuscular activity
  • interferes with ADH function
  • increased strength in cardiac contractions
43
Q

what causes hypomagnesemia (too little magnesium)

A
  • malabsorption
  • malnutrition
  • use of diuretics
  • hypothyroidism
44
Q

what causes hypermagnesemia (too much magnesium)

A

renal failure

45
Q

what are the effects of hypermagnesemia (too much magnesium)

A
  • depressed neuromuscular function
  • decreased reflexes
46
Q

expand on the importance of phosphate

A
  • used in bone and tooth mineralization
  • important in metabolism
  • integral part of cell membrane
  • reciprocal relationship with serum calcium
47
Q

what causes hypophosphatemia (too little phosphate)

A

malabsorptionw

48
Q

what are the effects of hypophosphatemia (too little phosphate)

A

diarrhea
excessive antacids

49
Q

what is hyperphosphatemia caused by (too much phosphate)

A

renal failure

50
Q

what is hypochloremia (too little chloride) associated with

A

alkalosis

51
Q

what are the effects of hypochloremia (too little chloride)

A

vomiting
- in the early stages you lose hydrochloric acid

52
Q

what causes hyperchloremia (too much chloride)

A

excessive sodium chloride intake

53
Q

expand on the control of serum pH

A
  • buffer pairs in the blood respond to pH changes immediately
  • respiratory system can alter carbonic acid levels to change pH
  • kidneys can modify the excretion rate of acids and absorption of bicarbonate ions to regulate pH
54
Q

expand on the sodium-bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system

A
  • major ECF buffer
  • controlled by the respiratory system and kidneys
55
Q

what are the 3 other buffering systems

A
  • phosphate
  • hemoglobin
  • protein
56
Q

what happens in respiratory acidosis

A

increase in carbon dioxide levels

57
Q

what happens in metabolic acidosis

A

decrease in bicarbonate ions

58
Q

what happens in respiratory alkalosis

A

decrease in carbon dioxide levels

59
Q

what happens in metabolic alkalosis

A

loss of hydrogen ions through kidneys/GI tract

60
Q

expand on the compensation mechanism for pH imbalance

A
  • short term the compensation is limited
  • does not remove the cause of imbalance
  • compensation occurs to balance the relative proportion of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions in circulation
61
Q

when does decompensation occur and what does it require

A

occurs when
- causative problem becomes more severe
- compensation mechanism are exceeded or fail
- required intervention to maintain homeostasis as it’s life threatening

62
Q

what happens in acidosis

A
  • excess hydrogen ions
  • decrease in serum pH
63
Q

what happens in alkalosis

A
  • deficit of hydrogen ions
  • increase in serum pH
64
Q

what are acute problems that result as a result of respiratory acidosis

A
  • pneumonia
  • airway obstruction
  • chest injuries
  • depression if the respiratory control center by drugs
65
Q

what is chronic respiratory acidosis common with

A

chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

66
Q

why would decompensated respiratory acidosis develop

A
  • if impairment becomes severe of if compensation mechanisms fail
67
Q

what are the effects of metabolic acidosis

A
  • excessive loss of bicarbonate ions to buffer hydrogen
  • increased use of serum bicarbonate
  • renal disease or failure
  • decompensated metabolic acidosis
68
Q

what are the effects of acidosis

A
  • impaired nervous system function (headache, lethargy, weakness, confusion)
  • compensation (deep rapid breathing, low pH urine)
69
Q

what is respiratory alkalosis caused by and what does it result in

A

-caused by anxiety, fever, asprin overdose, head injury, brain tumor
- results in hyperventilation

70
Q

what causes metabolic alkalosis and what does it result in

A
  • results in increase in serum bicarbonate ion
    0 caused by loss of hyrdocholoric acid and excessive ingestion of antacids
71
Q

what are the effects of alkalosis

A

irratibility of the nervous system
- restlessness
- twitching
- tingling and numbness
- seizures
- coma

72
Q

what are 4 ways you treat imbalances

A
  • treat the underlying cause
  • include fluid/electrolyte replacement of removal
  • add bicarbonate to the blood to reverse acidosis
  • modify diet to maintain better electrolyte balance

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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