Unit 1 - Chapter 20 - Neoplasms and Cancer Flashcards
1
Q
explain differentiation
A
each cell type differentiates and carries out particular functions
- the structure reflects on the function of the tissue
2
Q
what is mitosis
A
part of the cell cycle that requires genetic controls such as dna and rna
3
Q
how does a mutation occur
A
if dna in a parent cell is altered and passed on, offspring cells will carry the mutation
4
Q
what is apoptosis
A
programmed cell death that is controlled by genetic elements
5
Q
what is a neoplasm/tumor
A
a cellular growth that no longer responds to normal genetic controls
6
Q
what do neoplams/tumors do
A
- cells continue to reproduce even when there is no need for them to do so
- deprive other cells of nutrition
7
Q
what types of cells can neoplasms/tumors consist of
A
atypical and immature cells
8
Q
what do the characteristics of neoplasms/tumors depend on
A
- type of cell from which the tumor arises
- unique structure and growth pattern
9
Q
expand on the nomenclature of benign tumors
A
they have the tissue name and then the suffix -oma (adenoma)
10
Q
expand on the nomenclature of malignant tumors
A
have the tissue name and the suffix - carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)
11
Q
expand on the nomenclature of connective tissue tumors
A
usually called sarcomas
12
Q
what are the traits of benign tumors
A
- differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher rate
- encapsulated
- have tissue damage
13
Q
what are the traits of malignant tumors
A
- undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells
- rapid reproduction
- do not undergo apoptosis
- abnormal cell membranes
- altered surface antigens
- do not adhere to each other
- spread into surrounding tissue
- spread to distant sites
14
Q
what are some side effects that cancer causes
A
- compresses blood vessels
- tumor cells secrete enzymes or hormones
- inflammation and loss of normal cells
- angiogenesis
15
Q
what are the 8 warning signs of cancer
A
- unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere
- change in bowel/bladder habits
- a change in wart/mole
- sore that doesn’t heal
- unexplained weight loss
- anemia/low hemoglobin/fatigue
- persistant cough
- solid lump
16
Q
what are the 3 local effects of tumors
A
- pain
- obstruction
- tissue necrosis and ulceration
17
Q
expand on the pain that tumors can cause
A
- may be absent until very late stages
- occurs when tumor is well advanced
- severity depends on the type of tumor
18
Q
expand on the obstruction that a tumor can cause
A
- occurs when tumor compresses a duct or passageway
- restricted blood supply/lymphatic flow
- digestive tract
- bronchi airflow
19
Q
expand on the tissue necrosis and ulceration that tumors can cause
A
can lead to bleeding or infection around the tumor
20
Q
what are the 7 systemic effects of malignant tumors
A
- weight loss/cachexia
- anemia
- severe fatigue
- effusions
- infections
- bleeding
- paraneoplastic syndrome
21
Q
expand on the weight loss/cachexia systemic effect of malignant tumors
A
- Anorexia, fatigue, pain, stress
- Increased demands on the body from tumor cells
22
Q
expand on the anemia systemic effect of malignant tumors
A
- Caused by blood loss at tumor site
- Nutritional deficits may reduce hemoglobin synthesis
23
Q
expand on the severe fatigue systemic effect on malignant tumors
A
- Caused by inflammatory changes, cachexia, anemia
- Stress of treatment schedule
- Psychological factors
24
Q
expand on the effusions systemic effect on malignant tumors
A
- Inflammation causes fluid buildup in body cavities
25
expand on the infections systemic effect on malignant tumors
- Occur frequently as resistance declines
26
expand on the bleeding systemic effect of malignant tumors
- Tumor cells may erode the blood vessels
27
expand on the paraneoplastic syndrome systemic effects of malignant tumors
- Associated with certain tumor types
- Tumor cells release substances that affect
neurological function and may have hormonal effects.
28
expand on routine screening for cancer
- essential for early detection
- done following treatment to detect any further tumors
29
expand on self examination for cancer
can help with early detection if done consistently
- breast, testicular, skin
30
expand on blood tests for cancer
- measure blood cell levels during treatment
- may detect tumor markers
31
what are other diagnostic tests for cancer
- radiographic
- ultrasound
- mri
- ct
- histological
- cytological
32
what is genomic tumor assessment
identifies genetic mutation that are independant of heredity but occur with the disease itself
33
expand on invasion when it comes to the spread of malignant tumors
- local spread
- tumor cells grow into adjacent tissues
- example is uterine carcinoma invades the vagina
34
expand on metastasis in terms of spreading of malignant tumors
- spread to distant sites
- via blood or lymph or other body fluids
- example is carcinoma of the colon spreads to the liver
35
expand on staging cancer
- essential to standardize comparative studies of treatments and outcomes
- used to estimate prognosis
- tmn system is used
36
what does tmn stand for when it comes staging cancer
t - size of primary tumor
n - involvment of regional lymoh nodes
m - metastasis of tumor
37
what is carcinogenesis
- process where cells are transformed into cancer cells
- process varies in time
- cancer is thought to be a multifactorial disease because of environmental effects, change in gene expression and infection
38
what are the 2 stages in carcinogenesis
- initiating factors
- exposure to promoters
39
expand on the initiating factors stage in carcinogenesis
- procarcinogens cause the first irreversible change in cellular dna
- do not create an active neoplasm
40
expand on the exposure to promoters stage in carcinogenesis
- includes hormones and environmental chemicals
- cause further changes in dna
- less differntiation and increased rate of mitosis/lack of apoptosis
- dysplasis/anaplasia may be evident
- process leads to tumor development
41
what are the 5 risk factors of cancer
- genetic factors (oncogenes that regulate all growth)
- viruses (oncoviruses alter hosts cells dna)
- radiation (uv rays, x-rays)
- chemicals (asbestos, chemotherapy agents)
- biological factors (age, diet, hormones)
42
what are 4 ways you can reduce the risk of cancer
- limited exposure from sun/tanning booths
- regular med/dental exams
- self examination
- diet (reduced fat, increased fiber, 5-10 servings of fruit/veg)
43
expand on immunity and cancer risk
- cell mediated immunity recognizes some tumor cells and destroys them
- immunization for cervical cancer and hepatitis is recommended to reduce cancer risk from infection
44
how do you treat cancer
- surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation
45
expand on surgery when it comes to cancer treatment
- removes tumor and surrounding tissue
- may be done with laparoscope and small incisions
- removal od adequate surrounding tissue may result in changes in function
46
what is radiofrequency ablation
alternative surgery for small single tumors in solid or fluid-filled organs, but not the lungs
47
expand on radiation therapy when it comes to cancer treatment
- may be used alone or in combination with other therapies
- causes mutations or alterations in target DNA
- most effective in rapidly dividing cells
- some types of cancers are radioresistant
- may be used as adjuvant therapy priot to surjery to shrink tumor
48
what are the 3 methods of administration when it comes to radiation therapy
- external sources (cobalt machine)
- internal insertion of radioactive material at the tumor site
- instill radiosotope in a solution into a body cavity
49
what are the 4 adverse effects of radiation
- bone marrow depression
- epithelial cell damage
- infertility
- nonspecific fatigue and lethargy
50
what are the 3 results of bone marrow depression as an adverse effect of radiation
- decreased leukocyte (increeased risk of infection)
- decreased erthocytes (fatigue, tissue breakdown)
- decreased platelets (excessive bleeding)
51
expand on chemotherapy as a cancer treatment
- antineoplastic stug
- can be used alone or in combination
- usually a combo of 2 to 4 drugs (classifications are antimitotics, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, antibiotics)
- drugs interfere with protein synthesis and/or DNA replication
52
what are the 4 adverse effects of chemotherapy
- bone marrow depression
- nausea
- epithelial damage
- damage to specific areas
53
what are blocking agents
act to block receptors for growth promoters on cancer cells
54
what are biological response modifiers (BRM's)
augment the natural immune response
55
what are angiogenesis inhibitors
inhibit the stimulus for growth of blood vessels
56
what are analegesics
- prescribed to alleviate pain
- may be used in high dosages
57
what is gene therapy
experimental cancer treatment designed to
- replace mutated genes with a healthy copy of the gene
- inactiviate a mutated gene
- introduce a new gene
58
what are cancer patients often, in regards to nutrition
malnourished
59
what are the contributing factors to cancer patients being malnourished
- change in taste sensation
- anorexia
- vomiting/diarrhea from treatments
- sore mouth or loss of teeth
- pain and fatigue
- malabsorption
60
what are other complementary therapies advised for cancer patients
- massage
- meditation
- counseling
- excercise
- therapeutic touch
61
what is a cancer-free state considered as
5 years of survival without recurrentce
62
what are some cancers like childhood leukemia considered as cured
when they are 10 years cancer free
63
expand on the malignant tumor - skin cancer
- visible, easily diagnosed and treated
- excellent prognosis, with exception of malignant melanoma
64
expand on the malignant tumor - ovarian cancer
- poor prognosis because of the hidden nature
- high mortlaity rates
65
expand on the malignant tumor - brain tumors
- both benign and malignant tumors are life threatning because of compression of brain tissue
- primary tumor is usually fatal, thus means no metastasis
