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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Chapter 20 - Neoplasms and Cancer > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 20 - Neoplasms and Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

explain differentiation

A

each cell type differentiates and carries out particular functions
- the structure reflects on the function of the tissue

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2
Q

what is mitosis

A

part of the cell cycle that requires genetic controls such as dna and rna

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3
Q

how does a mutation occur

A

if dna in a parent cell is altered and passed on, offspring cells will carry the mutation

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4
Q

what is apoptosis

A

programmed cell death that is controlled by genetic elements

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5
Q

what is a neoplasm/tumor

A

a cellular growth that no longer responds to normal genetic controls

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6
Q

what do neoplams/tumors do

A
  • cells continue to reproduce even when there is no need for them to do so
  • deprive other cells of nutrition
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7
Q

what types of cells can neoplasms/tumors consist of

A

atypical and immature cells

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8
Q

what do the characteristics of neoplasms/tumors depend on

A
  • type of cell from which the tumor arises
  • unique structure and growth pattern
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9
Q

expand on the nomenclature of benign tumors

A

they have the tissue name and then the suffix -oma (adenoma)

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10
Q

expand on the nomenclature of malignant tumors

A

have the tissue name and the suffix - carcinoma (adenocarcinoma)

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11
Q

expand on the nomenclature of connective tissue tumors

A

usually called sarcomas

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12
Q

what are the traits of benign tumors

A
  • differentiated cells that reproduce at a higher rate
  • encapsulated
  • have tissue damage
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13
Q

what are the traits of malignant tumors

A
  • undifferentiated, nonfunctional cells
  • rapid reproduction
  • do not undergo apoptosis
  • abnormal cell membranes
  • altered surface antigens
  • do not adhere to each other
  • spread into surrounding tissue
  • spread to distant sites
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14
Q

what are some side effects that cancer causes

A
  • compresses blood vessels
  • tumor cells secrete enzymes or hormones
  • inflammation and loss of normal cells
  • angiogenesis
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15
Q

what are the 8 warning signs of cancer

A
  • unusual bleeding or discharge anywhere
  • change in bowel/bladder habits
  • a change in wart/mole
  • sore that doesn’t heal
  • unexplained weight loss
  • anemia/low hemoglobin/fatigue
  • persistant cough
  • solid lump
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16
Q

what are the 3 local effects of tumors

A
  • pain
  • obstruction
  • tissue necrosis and ulceration
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17
Q

expand on the pain that tumors can cause

A
  • may be absent until very late stages
  • occurs when tumor is well advanced
  • severity depends on the type of tumor
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18
Q

expand on the obstruction that a tumor can cause

A
  • occurs when tumor compresses a duct or passageway
  • restricted blood supply/lymphatic flow
  • digestive tract
  • bronchi airflow
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19
Q

expand on the tissue necrosis and ulceration that tumors can cause

A

can lead to bleeding or infection around the tumor

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20
Q

what are the 7 systemic effects of malignant tumors

A
  • weight loss/cachexia
  • anemia
  • severe fatigue
  • effusions
  • infections
  • bleeding
  • paraneoplastic syndrome
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21
Q

expand on the weight loss/cachexia systemic effect of malignant tumors

A
  • Anorexia, fatigue, pain, stress
  • Increased demands on the body from tumor cells
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22
Q

expand on the anemia systemic effect of malignant tumors

A
  • Caused by blood loss at tumor site
  • Nutritional deficits may reduce hemoglobin synthesis
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23
Q

expand on the severe fatigue systemic effect on malignant tumors

A
  • Caused by inflammatory changes, cachexia, anemia
  • Stress of treatment schedule
  • Psychological factors
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24
Q

expand on the effusions systemic effect on malignant tumors

A
  • Inflammation causes fluid buildup in body cavities
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25
Q

expand on the infections systemic effect on malignant tumors

A
  • Occur frequently as resistance declines
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26
Q

expand on the bleeding systemic effect of malignant tumors

A
  • Tumor cells may erode the blood vessels
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27
Q

expand on the paraneoplastic syndrome systemic effects of malignant tumors

A
  • Associated with certain tumor types
  • Tumor cells release substances that affect
    neurological function and may have hormonal effects.
28
Q

expand on routine screening for cancer

A
  • essential for early detection
  • done following treatment to detect any further tumors
29
Q

expand on self examination for cancer

A

can help with early detection if done consistently
- breast, testicular, skin

30
Q

expand on blood tests for cancer

A
  • measure blood cell levels during treatment
  • may detect tumor markers
31
Q

what are other diagnostic tests for cancer

A
  • radiographic
  • ultrasound
  • mri
  • ct
  • histological
  • cytological
32
Q

what is genomic tumor assessment

A

identifies genetic mutation that are independant of heredity but occur with the disease itself

33
Q

expand on invasion when it comes to the spread of malignant tumors

A
  • local spread
  • tumor cells grow into adjacent tissues
  • example is uterine carcinoma invades the vagina
34
Q

expand on metastasis in terms of spreading of malignant tumors

A
  • spread to distant sites
  • via blood or lymph or other body fluids
  • example is carcinoma of the colon spreads to the liver
35
Q

expand on staging cancer

A
  • essential to standardize comparative studies of treatments and outcomes
  • used to estimate prognosis
  • tmn system is used
36
Q

what does tmn stand for when it comes staging cancer

A

t - size of primary tumor
n - involvment of regional lymoh nodes
m - metastasis of tumor

37
Q

what is carcinogenesis

A
  • process where cells are transformed into cancer cells
  • process varies in time
  • cancer is thought to be a multifactorial disease because of environmental effects, change in gene expression and infection
38
Q

what are the 2 stages in carcinogenesis

A
  • initiating factors
  • exposure to promoters
39
Q

expand on the initiating factors stage in carcinogenesis

A
  • procarcinogens cause the first irreversible change in cellular dna
  • do not create an active neoplasm
40
Q

expand on the exposure to promoters stage in carcinogenesis

A
  • includes hormones and environmental chemicals
  • cause further changes in dna
  • less differntiation and increased rate of mitosis/lack of apoptosis
  • dysplasis/anaplasia may be evident
  • process leads to tumor development
41
Q

what are the 5 risk factors of cancer

A
  • genetic factors (oncogenes that regulate all growth)
  • viruses (oncoviruses alter hosts cells dna)
  • radiation (uv rays, x-rays)
  • chemicals (asbestos, chemotherapy agents)
  • biological factors (age, diet, hormones)
42
Q

what are 4 ways you can reduce the risk of cancer

A
  • limited exposure from sun/tanning booths
  • regular med/dental exams
  • self examination
  • diet (reduced fat, increased fiber, 5-10 servings of fruit/veg)
43
Q

expand on immunity and cancer risk

A
  • cell mediated immunity recognizes some tumor cells and destroys them
  • immunization for cervical cancer and hepatitis is recommended to reduce cancer risk from infection
44
Q

how do you treat cancer

A
  • surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, radiation
45
Q

expand on surgery when it comes to cancer treatment

A
  • removes tumor and surrounding tissue
  • may be done with laparoscope and small incisions
  • removal od adequate surrounding tissue may result in changes in function
46
Q

what is radiofrequency ablation

A

alternative surgery for small single tumors in solid or fluid-filled organs, but not the lungs

47
Q

expand on radiation therapy when it comes to cancer treatment

A
  • may be used alone or in combination with other therapies
  • causes mutations or alterations in target DNA
  • most effective in rapidly dividing cells
  • some types of cancers are radioresistant
  • may be used as adjuvant therapy priot to surjery to shrink tumor
48
Q

what are the 3 methods of administration when it comes to radiation therapy

A
  • external sources (cobalt machine)
  • internal insertion of radioactive material at the tumor site
  • instill radiosotope in a solution into a body cavity
49
Q

what are the 4 adverse effects of radiation

A
  • bone marrow depression
  • epithelial cell damage
  • infertility
  • nonspecific fatigue and lethargy
50
Q

what are the 3 results of bone marrow depression as an adverse effect of radiation

A
  • decreased leukocyte (increeased risk of infection)
  • decreased erthocytes (fatigue, tissue breakdown)
  • decreased platelets (excessive bleeding)
51
Q

expand on chemotherapy as a cancer treatment

A
  • antineoplastic stug
  • can be used alone or in combination
  • usually a combo of 2 to 4 drugs (classifications are antimitotics, antimetabolites, alkylating agents, antibiotics)
  • drugs interfere with protein synthesis and/or DNA replication
52
Q

what are the 4 adverse effects of chemotherapy

A
  • bone marrow depression
  • nausea
  • epithelial damage
  • damage to specific areas
53
Q

what are blocking agents

A

act to block receptors for growth promoters on cancer cells

54
Q

what are biological response modifiers (BRM’s)

A

augment the natural immune response

55
Q

what are angiogenesis inhibitors

A

inhibit the stimulus for growth of blood vessels

56
Q

what are analegesics

A
  • prescribed to alleviate pain
  • may be used in high dosages
57
Q

what is gene therapy

A

experimental cancer treatment designed to
- replace mutated genes with a healthy copy of the gene
- inactiviate a mutated gene
- introduce a new gene

58
Q

what are cancer patients often, in regards to nutrition

A

malnourished

59
Q

what are the contributing factors to cancer patients being malnourished

A
  • change in taste sensation
  • anorexia
  • vomiting/diarrhea from treatments
  • sore mouth or loss of teeth
  • pain and fatigue
  • malabsorption
60
Q

what are other complementary therapies advised for cancer patients

A
  • massage
  • meditation
  • counseling
  • excercise
  • therapeutic touch
61
Q

what is a cancer-free state considered as

A

5 years of survival without recurrentce

62
Q

what are some cancers like childhood leukemia considered as cured

A

when they are 10 years cancer free

63
Q

expand on the malignant tumor - skin cancer

A
  • visible, easily diagnosed and treated
  • excellent prognosis, with exception of malignant melanoma
64
Q

expand on the malignant tumor - ovarian cancer

A
  • poor prognosis because of the hidden nature
  • high mortlaity rates
65
Q

expand on the malignant tumor - brain tumors

A
  • both benign and malignant tumors are life threatning because of compression of brain tissue
  • primary tumor is usually fatal, thus means no metastasis

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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