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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Chapter 6 - Infection > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 6 - Infection Flashcards

1
Q

what are microorganisms

A
  • small living forms
  • include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses
  • many can grow in artificial culture medium
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2
Q

expand on nonpathogenic microorganisms

A
  • usually do not cause disease unless conditions change
  • part of normal flora
  • often beneficial
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3
Q

what are pathogens

A

disease causing microbes

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4
Q

expand on bacteria

A
  • classfied as prokaryotes
  • no nuclear membrane or nucleus
  • function metabolically and reproduce
  • divide by binary fission
  • complex cell wall structure
  • do not require living tissues to survive
  • vary in size and shape
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5
Q

what are the 3 major groups of bacteria and expand on each

A
  • bacilli (rod shaped organisms)
  • spirochetes (include spiral forms and vibrio spp.)
  • cocci (spherical forms are fiplocco, streptococci and staphylococci)
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6
Q

expand on the rigid cell wall of bacteria

A
  • protects and provides a specific shapes
  • two types that differ in chemical composition (gram positive and gram negative)
  • useful in selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy
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7
Q

expand on the cell membrance of bacteria

A
  • located inside the bacterial cell wall
  • selectively permeable
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8
Q

expand on the external capsule/slime layer of bacteria

A
  • found in some
  • outside the cell wall
  • offers additional protection
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9
Q

expand on the flagellae of bacteria

A
  • one of more attached to cell wall
  • provide motility for some species
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10
Q

expand on the pili or fimbriae of bacteria

A
  • tiny hairlike structures found in some bacteria
  • assist in attachment to tissue
  • transfer to DNA to another bacterium
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11
Q

expand on the cell membrane of bacteria

A
  • inside the bacterial cell wall
  • selectively permeable
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12
Q

what does cytoplasm of bacteria contain?

A
  • chromosome (long strands of DNA)
  • ribosomes and RNA
  • plasmids (dna fragments)
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13
Q

what are the 3 toxins found in bacteria

A

exotoxins
endotoxins
enzymes

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14
Q

expand on exotoxins of bacteria

A
  • usually produced by gram positive bacteria
  • secreted by organism
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15
Q

expand on endotoxins of bacteria

A
  • present in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria
  • released on death of bacterium
  • vasoactive compounds that can cause septic shock
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16
Q

expand on the enzymes of bacteria

A
  • damage tissues and promote spread of infection
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17
Q

expand on spore formation

A
  • formed by several species
  • dormant-latent form of bacterium
  • can survice long periods of time in spore state
  • highly resistant to heat and disinfectants
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18
Q

what are viruses and what do they have

A
  • small obligate intercellular parasites
  • have a protein coat (comes in various shapes/sizes) or capsid
  • nucleic acis (dna or rna)
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19
Q

what are the 6 steps of an active viral infection

A
  • virus attaches to host cell
  • viral genetic material enters the cell
  • viral dna/rna takes control of the cell
  • uses hosts cell to synthesize viral proteins and nucleic acids
  • new viruses are assembled in cytoplasm
  • viruses released by lysis of host cell
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20
Q

expand on latent viral infections

A
  • virus enters cell as with active infection
  • viral proteins are produced and inserted into membrane of the host cell. this may stimulat an immune response and destruction of host cell
  • virus may reproduce actively if immune system is depressed (ex. herpes virus)
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21
Q

what does chlamydia, rickettsiae and mycoplasmas all have in common

A
  • obligate intercellular parasites
  • do not grow on artificial media
  • some similarities between both bacteria and viruses
  • lack some basic components
  • classified as bacteria
  • replicate by binary fission within host cell
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22
Q

expand on clamydia

A
  • common cause of sexually transmitted disease
  • can result in infertility
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23
Q

expand on rickettsiae

A
  • gram negative
  • transmitted by insect vectors (lice, ticks)
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24
Q

expand on mycoplasmas

A
  • lack cell walls
  • cause of atypical type pneumonia
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25
expand on fungi
- eukaryotic organisms (contain nucleus) - found throughout environment (animals, plants, humans, food) - fungal of mycotic infection - only a few are pathogenic
26
what are some examples of fungal diseases
- histoplasma, tinea pedis (athlete's foot), candida, pneumoxytis jirovecii
27
what can the fungal disease histoplasma cause
can cause neurologic disease and can be transmitted to embryo or fetus if mother is infected
28
expand on the fungal disease candida
- usually harmless but opportunistic - causative agent of thrush and vaginitis
29
expand on the fungal disease pneumocystis jirovecii
- opportunistic organism causing pneumonia - has some characteristics of fungi and some of protozoa
30
expand on protozoa
- eukaryotic forms - unicellular, lack cell wall - live independently or are obligate parasites - pathogens are usually parasites - examples of protozoal disease are trichomoniasis, malaria and amebic dysentery
31
expand on helminths (flatworms or roundworms)
- not microorganisms - parasites - up to 1m in length - 2 stage life cycle (ovum, larva, adult) - enter through skin or by ingestion - most common in children
32
how do pinworms enter the human body
inhaled in dust in fecally contaminated areas
33
how do hookworms enter the human body
larvae enter skin from fecally contaminated soil in tropical areas
34
how to tapeworks enter the human body
transmitted by larvae in undercooked pork
35
how do ascaris/giant rounworms enter the human body
ingested with food that has been grown in feces contaminated soil or prepared with hands that have been in feces contaminated soil
36
what are prions, how are they transmitted, what do they cause and what are some examples of this disease
- protein like agents that change the shape of proteins within host cells - transmitted by contaminated tissue (ingested meat, infected blood/organ donors) - causes degenerative diseases of the nervous system - human prion diseases are creutzfeldt-jakob disease
37
what is resident flora and where is it found
- areas of the body that have a resident population of mixed microorganisms termed normal flora - skin, nasal cavity, mouth, gut, vagina, urethra
38
what does sporadic mean in terms of infection
in a single individual
39
what does endemic mean in terms of infection
continuous transmission within a population
40
what does epidemic mean in terms of infection
higher than normal transmissions or spread to new geographical areas
41
what does pandemic mean in terms of infection
transmission has occured on most continents
42
what is a reservoir when it comes to transmission of infectious agents
- source of infection - person with active infection - person who is asymptomatic - or environment source such as contaminated soil
43
what is a carrier in terms of transmission of infectious agents
- a person may never develop the disease but still is a carrier - a person with subclinical signs of the disease
44
what is the agents in terms of links in the infection chain
the microbe causing the infection
45
what is the portal of exit in terms of links in the infection chain
whereby the agent leaves the reservoir
46
what is the mode of transmission when it comes to links in the infection chain
method whereby the agent reached a new susceptible host (air, water, direct contact, food)
47
what is the portal of entry when it comes to the links in the infection chain
access to new host
48
what is the susceptible host when it comes the the links in the infection chain
susceptibility will depend on health status, immunity, age, nutrition
49
expand on the direct contact mode of transmission
- no intermediary - touching infectious lesion, sexual activity - contact with infected blood or bodily secretions
50
expand on the indirect contact mode of transmission
- involved intermediate object of organism - contaminated hand or food - formite is an inanimate object
51
expand on the droplet transmission mode of transmission
repiratory or salivary secretions are expelled from infected individual
52
expand on the aerosol transmission mode of transmission
- involved small particles from the respiratory tract - suspended in air and can travel father than droplets
53
expand on vector-borne mode of transmission
insect or animal in an intermediate host
54
what percentage of nosocomial infections happen in a hospital and what do they aquire them there
- 10 t o15% - many microbes present - patients with undiagnosed infectious diseases - shared environment - treatment that may cause weakened immune system
55
what are factors that decrease host resistance
- age - pregnancy - genetic susceptibility - ummunodeficiency - malnutrition - chronic disease - severe physical or emotional stress - inflammation or trauma - impaired inflammatory responses
56
what is pathogenicity
capability of a microbe to cause disease
57
what is virulence
- degree of pathogenicity - invasive qualities - toxins - ability to avoid host defenses
58
why are newly emerging disease an issue
- different strains - spread beyond normal endemic areas
59
what are superinfections an issue
they are multidrug resistant forms of exsisting diseases
60
expand on the standard precautions that infection control requires
used in all settings with all clients when body fluids may be exchanged
61
expand on the specific precautions required in infection control
in clients diagnosed with a particular infections - these are used in addition to standard precautions
62
how can you break the infection cycle
- locate and remove or isolate the reservoir of infection - identify and restrict access to contaminated food or water - reduce contact between infected persons and the remainder of the population - block portals of exit and entry - remove or block modes of transmission - resuce host susceptibility by immunizations, adequate nutrition and access to healthcare
63
what are some additional techniques to reduce transmission
- adequate cleaning of surrounding and clothing - sterilization - disinfectants - antiseptics
64
expand on the incubation period of infection
- time between entry of organism into the body and appearance of clinical signs of disease - varies considerably with different organisms
65
expand on the prodromal period of infection
- fatigue, loss of appetite, headache - feeling of coming down with something - more evident in some infections than others
66
expand on the acute period of infection
infectious disease develops fully
67
how can you disinfect against disease
- clean equipement and then sterilize it with chemicals or heat - use of chemicals (antiseptics on skin/tissue and disinfectants on surfaces)
68
what are some examples of patterns of infections
- local infections - focal infections - systemic infections - mixed infections - primary infections - secondary infections
69
what are the local signs of inflammation
pain, swelling, redness and warmth
70
what are the systemic signs of inflammation
- fever, fatigue, weakness, headache, nausea
71
what are the methods to diagnose an infection
- culture and staining techniques - blood tests - immunological testing of body fluids
72
what are antibiotics
- drugs derived from organisms - can also be made synthetically
73
what are the 3 types of antimicrobials
antibacterial antiviral antifungal
74
what do bactericidal drugs do
destroy bacteria
75
what do bacteriostatic drugs do
inhibit reproduction of bacteria
76
what are broad spectrum and narrow spectrum drugs used against
gram postive and gram negative organisms
77
whats the difference between first and second generation drugs
- first generation if the original drug class - second generation is a later version
78
what are the 5 different modes of actions for antibiotics
- interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis - increase permeability of bacterial cell membrance - interfere with protein synthesis - interfere with synthesis of essential metabolites - inhibit synthesis of nucleic acids
79
what are the 3 modes of action of antivirals
- blocking entry into host cell - inhibiting gene expression - inhibiting assembly of the virus
80
expand on antifungal agents
- may interfer with mitosis in fungi - may increase fungal membrance permeability - most antifungal agents administered topically to skin or mucous membrances - fungi are eukaryotic cells and antifunal agents are therefore often toxic to animal and human cells
81
expand on antiprotozoal agents
- similar characterisitics to antifungal agents - protozoans are eukaryotic cells so could damage normal body cells - many pathogenic protozoa have several stages in their life cycles

Pathophysiology (11 decks)

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