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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Chapter 6 - Infection > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 6 - Infection Flashcards

1
Q

what are microorganisms

A
  • small living forms
  • include bacteria, fungi, protozoa, viruses
  • many can grow in artificial culture medium
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2
Q

expand on nonpathogenic microorganisms

A
  • usually do not cause disease unless conditions change
  • part of normal flora
  • often beneficial
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3
Q

what are pathogens

A

disease causing microbes

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4
Q

expand on bacteria

A
  • classfied as prokaryotes
  • no nuclear membrane or nucleus
  • function metabolically and reproduce
  • divide by binary fission
  • complex cell wall structure
  • do not require living tissues to survive
  • vary in size and shape
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5
Q

what are the 3 major groups of bacteria and expand on each

A
  • bacilli (rod shaped organisms)
  • spirochetes (include spiral forms and vibrio spp.)
  • cocci (spherical forms are fiplocco, streptococci and staphylococci)
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6
Q

expand on the rigid cell wall of bacteria

A
  • protects and provides a specific shapes
  • two types that differ in chemical composition (gram positive and gram negative)
  • useful in selecting appropriate antimicrobial therapy
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7
Q

expand on the cell membrance of bacteria

A
  • located inside the bacterial cell wall
  • selectively permeable
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8
Q

expand on the external capsule/slime layer of bacteria

A
  • found in some
  • outside the cell wall
  • offers additional protection
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9
Q

expand on the flagellae of bacteria

A
  • one of more attached to cell wall
  • provide motility for some species
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10
Q

expand on the pili or fimbriae of bacteria

A
  • tiny hairlike structures found in some bacteria
  • assist in attachment to tissue
  • transfer to DNA to another bacterium
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11
Q

expand on the cell membrane of bacteria

A
  • inside the bacterial cell wall
  • selectively permeable
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12
Q

what does cytoplasm of bacteria contain?

A
  • chromosome (long strands of DNA)
  • ribosomes and RNA
  • plasmids (dna fragments)
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13
Q

what are the 3 toxins found in bacteria

A

exotoxins
endotoxins
enzymes

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14
Q

expand on exotoxins of bacteria

A
  • usually produced by gram positive bacteria
  • secreted by organism
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15
Q

expand on endotoxins of bacteria

A
  • present in the cell wall of gram negative bacteria
  • released on death of bacterium
  • vasoactive compounds that can cause septic shock
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16
Q

expand on the enzymes of bacteria

A
  • damage tissues and promote spread of infection
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17
Q

expand on spore formation

A
  • formed by several species
  • dormant-latent form of bacterium
  • can survice long periods of time in spore state
  • highly resistant to heat and disinfectants
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18
Q

what are viruses and what do they have

A
  • small obligate intercellular parasites
  • have a protein coat (comes in various shapes/sizes) or capsid
  • nucleic acis (dna or rna)
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19
Q

what are the 6 steps of an active viral infection

A
  • virus attaches to host cell
  • viral genetic material enters the cell
  • viral dna/rna takes control of the cell
  • uses hosts cell to synthesize viral proteins and nucleic acids
  • new viruses are assembled in cytoplasm
  • viruses released by lysis of host cell
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20
Q

expand on latent viral infections

A
  • virus enters cell as with active infection
  • viral proteins are produced and inserted into membrane of the host cell. this may stimulat an immune response and destruction of host cell
  • virus may reproduce actively if immune system is depressed (ex. herpes virus)
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21
Q

what does chlamydia, rickettsiae and mycoplasmas all have in common

A
  • obligate intercellular parasites
  • do not grow on artificial media
  • some similarities between both bacteria and viruses
  • lack some basic components
  • classified as bacteria
  • replicate by binary fission within host cell
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22
Q

expand on clamydia

A
  • common cause of sexually transmitted disease
  • can result in infertility
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23
Q

expand on rickettsiae

A
  • gram negative
  • transmitted by insect vectors (lice, ticks)
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24
Q

expand on mycoplasmas

A
  • lack cell walls
  • cause of atypical type pneumonia
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25
Q

expand on fungi

A
  • eukaryotic organisms (contain nucleus)
  • found throughout environment (animals, plants, humans, food)
  • fungal of mycotic infection
  • only a few are pathogenic
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26
Q

what are some examples of fungal diseases

A
  • histoplasma, tinea pedis (athlete’s foot), candida, pneumoxytis jirovecii
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27
Q

what can the fungal disease histoplasma cause

A

can cause neurologic disease and can be transmitted to embryo or fetus if mother is infected

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28
Q

expand on the fungal disease candida

A
  • usually harmless but opportunistic
  • causative agent of thrush and vaginitis
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29
Q

expand on the fungal disease pneumocystis jirovecii

A
  • opportunistic organism causing pneumonia
  • has some characteristics of fungi and some of protozoa
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30
Q

expand on protozoa

A
  • eukaryotic forms
  • unicellular, lack cell wall
  • live independently or are obligate parasites
  • pathogens are usually parasites
  • examples of protozoal disease are trichomoniasis, malaria and amebic dysentery
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31
Q

expand on helminths (flatworms or roundworms)

A
  • not microorganisms
  • parasites
  • up to 1m in length
  • 2 stage life cycle (ovum, larva, adult)
  • enter through skin or by ingestion
  • most common in children
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32
Q

how do pinworms enter the human body

A

inhaled in dust in fecally contaminated areas

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33
Q

how do hookworms enter the human body

A

larvae enter skin from fecally contaminated soil in tropical areas

34
Q

how to tapeworks enter the human body

A

transmitted by larvae in undercooked pork

35
Q

how do ascaris/giant rounworms enter the human body

A

ingested with food that has been grown in feces contaminated soil or prepared with hands that have been in feces contaminated soil

36
Q

what are prions, how are they transmitted, what do they cause and what are some examples of this disease

A
  • protein like agents that change the shape of proteins within host cells
  • transmitted by contaminated tissue (ingested meat, infected blood/organ donors)
  • causes degenerative diseases of the nervous system
  • human prion diseases are creutzfeldt-jakob disease
37
Q

what is resident flora and where is it found

A
  • areas of the body that have a resident population of mixed microorganisms termed normal flora
  • skin, nasal cavity, mouth, gut, vagina, urethra
38
Q

what does sporadic mean in terms of infection

A

in a single individual

39
Q

what does endemic mean in terms of infection

A

continuous transmission within a population

40
Q

what does epidemic mean in terms of infection

A

higher than normal transmissions or spread to new geographical areas

41
Q

what does pandemic mean in terms of infection

A

transmission has occured on most continents

42
Q

what is a reservoir when it comes to transmission of infectious agents

A
  • source of infection
  • person with active infection
  • person who is asymptomatic
  • or environment source such as contaminated soil
43
Q

what is a carrier in terms of transmission of infectious agents

A
  • a person may never develop the disease but still is a carrier
  • a person with subclinical signs of the disease
44
Q

what is the agents in terms of links in the infection chain

A

the microbe causing the infection

45
Q

what is the portal of exit in terms of links in the infection chain

A

whereby the agent leaves the reservoir

46
Q

what is the mode of transmission when it comes to links in the infection chain

A

method whereby the agent reached a new susceptible host (air, water, direct contact, food)

47
Q

what is the portal of entry when it comes to the links in the infection chain

A

access to new host

48
Q

what is the susceptible host when it comes the the links in the infection chain

A

susceptibility will depend on health status, immunity, age, nutrition

49
Q

expand on the direct contact mode of transmission

A
  • no intermediary
  • touching infectious lesion, sexual activity
  • contact with infected blood or bodily secretions
50
Q

expand on the indirect contact mode of transmission

A
  • involved intermediate object of organism
  • contaminated hand or food
  • formite is an inanimate object
51
Q

expand on the droplet transmission mode of transmission

A

repiratory or salivary secretions are expelled from infected individual

52
Q

expand on the aerosol transmission mode of transmission

A
  • involved small particles from the respiratory tract
  • suspended in air and can travel father than droplets
53
Q

expand on vector-borne mode of transmission

A

insect or animal in an intermediate host

54
Q

what percentage of nosocomial infections happen in a hospital and what do they aquire them there

A
  • 10 t o15%
  • many microbes present
  • patients with undiagnosed infectious diseases
  • shared environment
  • treatment that may cause weakened immune system
55
Q

what are factors that decrease host resistance

A
  • age
  • pregnancy
  • genetic susceptibility
  • ummunodeficiency
  • malnutrition
  • chronic disease
  • severe physical or emotional stress
  • inflammation or trauma
  • impaired inflammatory responses
56
Q

what is pathogenicity

A

capability of a microbe to cause disease

57
Q

what is virulence

A
  • degree of pathogenicity
  • invasive qualities
  • toxins
  • ability to avoid host defenses
58
Q

why are newly emerging disease an issue

A
  • different strains
  • spread beyond normal endemic areas
59
Q

what are superinfections an issue

A

they are multidrug resistant forms of exsisting diseases

60
Q

expand on the standard precautions that infection control requires

A

used in all settings with all clients when body fluids may be exchanged

61
Q

expand on the specific precautions required in infection control

A

in clients diagnosed with a particular infections - these are used in addition to standard precautions

62
Q

how can you break the infection cycle

A
  • locate and remove or isolate the reservoir of infection
  • identify and restrict access to contaminated food or water
  • reduce contact between infected persons and the remainder of the population
  • block portals of exit and entry
  • remove or block modes of transmission
  • resuce host susceptibility by immunizations, adequate nutrition and access to healthcare
63
Q

what are some additional techniques to reduce transmission

A
  • adequate cleaning of surrounding and clothing
  • sterilization
  • disinfectants
  • antiseptics
64
Q

expand on the incubation period of infection

A
  • time between entry of organism into the body and appearance of clinical signs of disease
  • varies considerably with different organisms
65
Q

expand on the prodromal period of infection

A
  • fatigue, loss of appetite, headache
  • feeling of coming down with something
  • more evident in some infections than others
66
Q

expand on the acute period of infection

A

infectious disease develops fully

67
Q

how can you disinfect against disease

A
  • clean equipement and then sterilize it with chemicals or heat
  • use of chemicals (antiseptics on skin/tissue and disinfectants on surfaces)
68
Q

what are some examples of patterns of infections

A
  • local infections
  • focal infections
  • systemic infections
  • mixed infections
  • primary infections
  • secondary infections
69
Q

what are the local signs of inflammation

A

pain, swelling, redness and warmth

70
Q

what are the systemic signs of inflammation

A
  • fever, fatigue, weakness, headache, nausea
71
Q

what are the methods to diagnose an infection

A
  • culture and staining techniques
  • blood tests
  • immunological testing of body fluids
72
Q

what are antibiotics

A
  • drugs derived from organisms
  • can also be made synthetically
73
Q

what are the 3 types of antimicrobials

A

antibacterial
antiviral
antifungal

74
Q

what do bactericidal drugs do

A

destroy bacteria

75
Q

what do bacteriostatic drugs do

A

inhibit reproduction of bacteria

76
Q

what are broad spectrum and narrow spectrum drugs used against

A

gram postive and gram negative organisms

77
Q

whats the difference between first and second generation drugs

A
  • first generation if the original drug class
  • second generation is a later version
78
Q

what are the 5 different modes of actions for antibiotics

A
  • interfere with bacterial cell wall synthesis
  • increase permeability of bacterial cell membrance
  • interfere with protein synthesis
  • interfere with synthesis of essential metabolites
  • inhibit synthesis of nucleic acids
79
Q

what are the 3 modes of action of antivirals

A
  • blocking entry into host cell
  • inhibiting gene expression
  • inhibiting assembly of the virus
80
Q

expand on antifungal agents

A
  • may interfer with mitosis in fungi
  • may increase fungal membrance permeability
  • most antifungal agents administered topically to skin or mucous membrances
  • fungi are eukaryotic cells and antifunal agents are therefore often toxic to animal and human cells
81
Q

expand on antiprotozoal agents

A
  • similar characterisitics to antifungal agents
  • protozoans are eukaryotic cells so could damage normal body cells
  • many pathogenic protozoa have several stages in their life cycles

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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