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Pathophysiology > Unit 1 - Chapter 8 - Skin Disorders > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Chapter 8 - Skin Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 5 functions of the skin

A
  • protection against foreign materials
  • prevention against excess fluid loss
  • controlling body temperature
  • sensing
  • synthesizing vitamin d
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2
Q

what are the 5 skin layers from innermost to outermost

A
  • stratum basale
  • stratum spinosum
  • startum granulosum
  • startum lucidum
  • stratum corneum
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3
Q

expand on the stratum basale skin layer (innermost layer)

A
  • squamous epithelial cells form by mitosis
  • one of each pair moves up
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4
Q

expand on the stratum spinosum skin layer

A
  • composed of irregular shaped cells
  • have cells called desmosomes that are rich in rna thar help produce keratin
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5
Q

expand on the stratum granulosum skin layer

A
  • layer where keratin forms
    -cells are called keratinocyes and they start to die and break down
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6
Q

expand on the stratum lucidum skin layer

A
  • composed of dead keratinocyetes that are flattened
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7
Q

expand on the stratum corneum skin layer

A
  • composed of flat dead cells
  • filled with keratin
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8
Q

what is the process of keratin being formed that eventually ends up on the skin called

A

keratinization

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9
Q

what is melanin

A

a pigment that decides skin colorw

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10
Q

what do dark skinned people rarely develop and why

A

skin cancer because of their levels of high melanin

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11
Q

what is albinism

A

recessive congenitial disorder in which the body lacks production of melanin

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12
Q

what is vitiligo

A

small areas of hypopigmentation

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13
Q

what is melasma/chloasma

A

patches of darkers skin on the face that may develop during pregnancy

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14
Q

whats another term for accessory organs

A

appendages

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15
Q

what are the 2 different types of sweat glands

A

eccrine and apocrine

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16
Q

expand on eccrine sweat glands

A
  • located all over the body
  • secrete sweat through pores onto the skin in response to increased heat or stress
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17
Q

expand on apocrine sweat glands

A
  • located in the armpit, scalp, facce and genitals
  • these ducts open in hair follicules
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18
Q

what is below the dermis and what does it consist of

A
  • subcutaneous tissue or hypodermis
  • connective tissue, fat cells, macrophagues, fibroblasts, blood vessels, nerves
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19
Q

what is a macule

A

small flat circumscribed lesion of a different color than the normal skin

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20
Q

what is a papule

A

small, firm, elevated lesion

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21
Q

what is a nodule

A

palpable, elevated lesion

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22
Q

what is a pustule

A

elevated lesion containing pus

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23
Q

what is a vesicle

A

elevated, thin walled lesion containing clear fluid (blister)

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24
Q

what is a plaque

A

large, slightly elevated lesion with flat surface and scale

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25
Q

what is a crust

A

dry rough surface with dried fluid or blood

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26
Q

what is a lichenification

A

a thick, dry, rough surface

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27
Q

what is a keloid

A

raised, irregular, and increasing mass of collagen resulting from excessive scar tissue formation

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28
Q

what is a fissure

A

small, deep, linear crack or tear in the skin

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29
Q

what is a ulcer

A

cavity with loss of tissue from the epidermis and dermis, often bleeding

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30
Q

what is an erosion

A

shallow, moist cavity in the epidermis

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31
Q

what is a comedone

A

mass of sebum, keratin and debris blocking the opening of a hair folicule

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32
Q

what can contact dermatitis be caused by

A

exposure to a substance like metals, cosmetics, soaps, chemicals and plants

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33
Q

what are signs and symptoms of contact dermatitis

A

itching, redness, swelling, hives

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34
Q

what is the treatment for contact dermatitis

A

removal of irritant and a topical solution

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35
Q

what causes hives (urticaria)

A

a hypersensitivity reaction to ingested substances like shellfish or nuts

36
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of hives

A
  • eruptions of raised lesions
  • itchiness
37
Q

what is the treatment for hives

A

antihistamines

38
Q

what is the cause of eczema (atopic dermatitis)

A

exposure to allergens

39
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of eczema

A
  • itchiness
  • res lesions with crusts
  • dry scaly skin
  • thick skin patches
40
Q

what is the treatment for eczema

A
  • elimation of allergens
  • topical glucocorticoids
  • antihistamines
41
Q

what causes psoriasis

A

abnormal activiation of T cells and an associated increased in cytokines in affected tissues

42
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of psoriasis

A
  • red patches of skin with silver scales
  • dry cracked skin that may bleed
  • itching, burning, soreness
  • swollen, painfull, stiff joints
43
Q

what is the treatment for psoriasis

A
  • topical therapy
  • phototherapy
  • oral/injected medications
44
Q

what is the cause of pemphigus

A

when autoantibodies disrupt the cohesion between the spidermal cells, causing blistersto form

45
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of pemphigus

A
  • blisters on mouth, skin
  • painful blisters
  • breathing difficulty
46
Q

what is the treatment for pemphigus

A

glucocoticoids and immunosuppressants

47
Q

what is the cause if scleroderma

A
  • cause is unknown but increased collagen is observed in all cases
48
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of scleroderma

A
  • hard, shiny, tight, immovable areas of skin
  • narrow, shortened fingertips
  • tight face, so unable to do facial expressions
49
Q

what is the treatment fot scleroderma

A
  • antiinflammatory drugs
  • immunosupressive therapies
50
Q

what is the cause of dupuytrens contracture

A
  • unknown
  • thickening of skin on palms occurs
51
Q

what is the treatment for dupuytrens contracture

A
  • stretching
  • steroid/enzyme injections
  • radiation therapy
  • surgery
52
Q

what is the cause of cellulitis

A
  • appears after an injury, a boil or an ulcer
53
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of cellulitis

A
  • reddness
  • swelling
  • pain
54
Q

what is the treatment for cellulitis

A

antibiotics

55
Q

what is the cause of furuncles

A

the bacteria s. aureus

56
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of furuncles

A
  • firm red lesion
  • painful nodule
  • abscess
57
Q

what is the treatment for furuncles

A
  • warm compress
  • tylenol or advilw
58
Q

what is the cause of impetigo

A

the bacteria s. aureus

59
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of impetigo

A
  • red vesicles
  • crusty masses
  • itching
60
Q

what is the treatment for impetigo

A
  • topical antibiotics
61
Q

what is the cause of acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

a strain of sterptococcus

62
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of acute necrotizing fasciitis

A
  • infections
  • gangrene
  • fever
  • organ failure
  • mental confusion
63
Q

what is the treatment for acute necrotizing fasciitis

A

antimicrobial therapy
fluid replacement
excision of infected tissues

64
Q

what is the cause of leprosy

A

the bacteria mycobacterium leprae

65
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of leprosy

A
  • lesions and macules
  • loss of feeling
66
Q

what is the treatment for leprosy

A

antibiotics

67
Q

what is the cause of herpes

A
  • activation of the virus (as it can be latient for a long time)
  • direct contact with fluid from the lesion
68
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of herpes

A
  • burning/tingling
  • vesicles that rupture and form a crust
69
Q

what is the treatment for herpes

A

antiviral drugs

70
Q

what is the cause of verrucae (warts)

A

human papillomaviruses (hpv)

71
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of verrucae (warts)

A
  • papile
  • painful when pressure is applied
72
Q

what is the treatment of verrucae (Warts)

A

lazer
freezing with liquid nitrogen
topical medications

73
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of tinea capitis (ringworm on scalp)

A
  • circular bald patch on the scalp
  • redness
  • scaling
74
Q

what is the treatment for tinea capitis (ringworm on scalp)

A
  • antifungal drugs
75
Q

what are the signs and symptoms for tinea corporis (ringworm on body)

A
  • round red rings with clear centers
  • itching or burning
76
Q

what is the cause of scabies

A

invasion by mites

77
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of scabies

A
  • burrows on skin
  • small vesicles
  • redness and inflammation
  • itching
78
Q

what is the treatment for scabies

A

topical treatment

79
Q

what are keratoses

A

benign lesions that are associated with aging or skin damage

80
Q

what is squamous cell carcinoma

A

painless malignant tumor of the epidermis

81
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of squamous cell carcinoma

A
  • scaly reddish lesion
  • ulceration
82
Q

what is a malignant melanoma

A

serious skin cancer that develops from melanocytes

83
Q

what is the treatment for malignant melanoma

A

surgery
radiation
chemotherapy

84
Q

what is kaposi sarcoma

A

skin cancer that is associasted with hiv

85
Q

what are the signs and symptoms of kaposi sarcoma

A
  • lesions
  • no pain
86
Q

what is the treatment for kaposi sarcome

A
  • radiation
  • chemotherapu
  • surgery

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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