Unit 2 - Chapter 3 - Into to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies Flashcards
1
Q
what kinds of sciences does pharmacology involve
A
chemistry, biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, microbiology
2
Q
what is pharmacology the study of
A
the study of drugs, their actions, dosage, therapeutic uses and adverse effects
3
Q
what is drug therapy directly linked to
A
linked to the pathophysiology of a particular disease
4
Q
what is a drug and where do they come from
A
- a substance that alters biologic activity in a person
- come from plants, animals, microorganisms or can also be synthesized
5
Q
what do drugs do
A
- promote healting
- cure disease
- control or slow progress of a disease
- prevent disease
- alter neurotransmission
- decrease risk of complications
- increase function and comfort
- provide replacement therapy
- reduce excessive activity in the body
6
Q
what are the 5 disciplines of pharmacology
A
- pharmacodynamics
- pharmacokinetics
- pharmacotherapeutics
- toxicology
- pharmacy
7
Q
expand on therapeutic (desired) action of a drug
A
- it may be stimulating or inhibiting cell function
- can also be blocking biochemical actions in tissues
8
Q
expand on drug classification
A
- drugs are grouped by their primary pharamcologic action and effect
9
Q
expand on drug indications
A
approved used or conditions for which drugs have been approved to be effective
10
Q
what are contraindications
A
circumstances under which a drug should not be administeredw
11
Q
what are side effects
A
mild, undesirable effects of a drug, even at recommended dose
12
Q
what are adverse/toxic effects
A
drug effects that are dangerous, cause significant tissue damage or are life threatening
13
Q
what are hypersensitivity allergic reactions
A
reactions that may be mild or can result in anaphylaxis
14
Q
what are idiosyncratic reaction
A
unusal responses to a drug
15
Q
what is a iatrogenic drug effect
A
negative effect associated with administration of a drug
16
Q
what is a teratogenic drug effect
A
hearmful effect on fetus that causes developmental defects
17
Q
what is a drug interaction
A
drug effect modified by combiniation with another drug
18
Q
what is synergism
A
effect of a drug combination may be greater than the sum of the effects of the individual drugs
19
Q
what is antagonism
A
combo greatly decreases the effect of each drug
20
Q
what is potentiation
A
one drug enhances the effect of a second drug
21
Q
expand on what a drug dose is and how it is expressed
A
- amount of drug required to produce the desired effect in adult
- expressed by a weight or measure
- expressed by time factor/frequency
22
Q
expand on a childs drug dose
A
the drug dose is calculated by a childs weight not their age
23
Q
what is a loading dose when it comes to a drug dose
A
when a larger dose is administered initially to raise blood levels to an effective level
24
Q
why is it important to stick to your dose frequency
A
because it will maintain effective blood levels of the drug without reaching toxic levels
25
expand on optimum dosing schedules
established for each drug based on
- absorption
- transport in blood
- half life of the drug
26
what are factors affecting blood levels of drugs
- regular intake, normal distribution and excretion
- taking drugs at irregular intervals, missing doses
- taking double dose or too frequently
27
what are factors that will influence blood levels of a drug
- liver and kidney function
- circulation and cardiovascular function
- age
- body weight and proportion of fatty tissue
- activity level
- food and fluid intake
- genetic factors
- health status
28
expand on the steps of drugs entering your body
- Drug enters body by chosen route.
- Absorbed into blood or acts at local site
- Travels in the bloodstream
- Arrives at site of action
- Exerts its effect
- Is metabolized into inactive compounds
- Is excreted from the body
29
how is oral medication distributed
- absorbed from stomach or intestine
- transported to the liver
- released into general circulation
29
what are the different ways that drugs can be administered
- Oral tablet, capsule, liquid
- sublingual
- Subcutaneous injection
- Intramuscular injection
- Intravenous injection
- Inhalation
- Topical (gel, cream, spray, liquid)
- Suppository
30
how is a intramuscular injection distributed
- gradually absorbed into the blood
- blood transports drugs
31
expand on drug mechanisms and receptors
- Common pharmacologic action requires drug-
receptor interaction.
- Drugs may stimulate receptors directly.
- Drugs may block receptor site for normal
chemicals of the body.
- Specificity of drug dependent on mode of action
- Drugs that interact with several metabolic
pathways or common functions are likely to have
greater side effects.
32
what are the 4 drug responses
- dose effects
- time effects
- variability
- toxicity
33
what are the different time effects of a drug
- time of administration
- onset of response
- cessation of effect
- peak effect
- duration of action
- latency to effect
- threshold level
34
what are the variables to consider when it comes to choosing a drug for someone to be on
- chemical properties
- toxic effects
- liver and kidney disease
- age
- genetics
- gender
- metabolic cycles
- overall health
35
expand on toxicity of drugs
- physiochemical properties
- routes and rates of administration
- rates of absorption, biotransformation and excretion
36
what is a prescription and what does it include
- a signed legal document that is a drug order
- lists the r patients name, address, prescribers name/address/id number, date, name and amount of drug, dosage, route and directions for using the drug and permission for additional quantities
37
expand on the US food and drug administration (or food and drug directorate in Canada)
- regulate the production, labeling, distribution and other aspects of drug control
38
expand on scheduled drugs
drugs considered to have a risk for potential adverse side effects, abuse or dependancy
39
expand on physiotherapy
- Assesses physical function.
- Works to reduce pain, restore any deficit, and
prevent further physical dysfunction
- Involves individualized treatment and
rehabilitation.
40
what may physiotherapy include
- Appropriate exercise
- Use of ultrasound
- Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
- Other methods to alleviate pain, increase function
41
what does a physiotherapist do
treat acute injuries as well as chonic conditions such as
- Pain disorders
- Acute neurologic disorders
- Musculoskeletal disorders
- Cardiopulmonary disorders
- Infants with congenital abnormalities
- Children and adults with injuries that affect mobility
42
what does an occupational therapist do
- Provides functional assessment related to
normal activities of daily living.
- Provides guidance and practical assistance to
maintain independence.
- Integrates remediation of motor control,
cognition, and visual-spatial perception.
- Necessary for patient safety
- Teaches use of adaptations for specific needs.
- Assesses technologies available for use in
home and workplace.
43
what does a speech language pathologist do and what kinds of patients do they see
-Assesses and treats those with
communication or swallowing problems.
- Patients may include the following:
- Infant with swallowing and feeding problems
- Child with hearing deficit who is mute
- Adult with aphasia following a stroke
- Child with delayed speech
- Individual with dysarthria
44
what is a nutritionist/dietician and what do they do
- Expert in nutritional needs of the body in health
and illness
- Advises on nutritional needs and food
management suited to a specific diagnosis.
- Example: diabetes
- Supervises food services in hospitals and other
health care institutions.
- May consult on the dangers of extreme diets
and eating disorders.
45
what does a registered massage therapist do
- Uses a variety of massage techniques to
increase circulation.
reduce pain.
increase flexibility for patients with joint pain or
problems with body alignment .
May use:
* Soothing aromatics
* Acupuncture
* Other modalities
46
what is an osteopath and what do they do
Osteopaths are medically licensed doctors in
many jurisdictions.
Uses many medical treatment methods
In addition, an osteopath:
Promotes body’s natural healing processes by
incorporating manipulations of the musculoskeletal
system (e.g., use of chest percussion to relief
respiratory congestion)
47
what do chiropractors do
- Based on the concept that one’s health status is
dependent on the state of the nervous system
- Frequently involves manipulations of the
vertebral column
- May involve deep tissue massage, acupressure,
and/or acupuncture
- Radiology may be used for diagnosis.
- No drugs or surgery
48
expand on alternative therapies
- have a holistic approach
- therapies may be used in conjunction with medically relative therapies
- practitioners have varying degrees of training and professional regulation
49
expand on noncontact therapeutic touch
- Energy is exchanged between people for relief
of pain and anxiety and to promote healing.
- Consciously forms a positive intent to heal
- Location of problem areas by scanning body
with the hands
- Healing is promoted by lightly touching the skin or
moving the hands just above the body surface.
- Imagery, light, or colors may be incorporated.
50
what is naturopathy based on
- Promoting natural foods
- Massage
- Exercise
- Fresh air
- Acupuncture
- Herbal compounds
- Nutrition
- Physical manipulations
51
expand on homeopathy
Goal is to stimulate the immune system and
natural healing powers of the body by use of the
following:
Plant products
Animal products
Mineral products
Offending toxic substance is identified for each
disease state.
* Diluted several thousand-fold
* The diluted toxin is then administered to treat the problem
52
expand on herbal medicine
First documented in ancient Egypt
Use of herbs and plants for treatment of acute
conditions or prevention of disease
Efforts are being focused on the following:
Providing standardized content
Providing efficacy
Improving purity
53
expand on aromatherapy
Uses essential oils that have therapeutic effects
Thought to act on neural pathways through the
olfactory system
Oils may be
absorbed through the skin into the general circulation.
* When bathing
* With massage
Inhaled
54
expand on asian concepts of disease and healing
Based on balance or imbalance of life
energy―qi
Disease is caused by a deficit or excess of qi.
Qi is derived from three sources:
Inherited or ancestral factors
Food ingested
Air breathed in
Qi flows along specific channels―meridians.
All organs and body parts are connected.
55
expand on acupuncture
- Increases energy, function; blocks pain pathways.
- Involves Inserting fine needles into the various
meridian acupoints (365).
* Each point has specific and generalized therapeutic
actions.
- Treatment on average uses 5 to 15 needles.
56
expand on shiatsu
- Japanese―acupuncture without needles
- Uses slow, deep, gentle pressure to specific points.
- Often used for stress-related illness and back pain; provides relaxation.
57
expand on yoga
- Combines physical activity in the form of stretching
postures with meditation.
- Improves flexibility, muscle tone, endurance, overall
health; reduces stress.
58
expand on reflexology
- Relates points on feet and hands to 10 longitudinal
zones in the body.
- Practitioner uses varying degrees of pressure.
- Relieves stress and muscle tension
59
expand on craniosacral therapy
- Used by a variety of health care practitioners.
- Therapy deals with the pulsing rhythm of
cerebrospinal fluid around brain and spinal cord.
- Gentle palpation and manipulation of skull and
vertebrae
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