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Pathophysiology > Unit 2 - Chapter 3 - Into to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Chapter 3 - Into to Basic Pharmacology and Other Common Therapies Flashcards

1
Q

what kinds of sciences does pharmacology involve

A

chemistry, biochemistry, anatomy, physiology, microbiology

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2
Q

what is pharmacology the study of

A

the study of drugs, their actions, dosage, therapeutic uses and adverse effects

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3
Q

what is drug therapy directly linked to

A

linked to the pathophysiology of a particular disease

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4
Q

what is a drug and where do they come from

A
  • a substance that alters biologic activity in a person
  • come from plants, animals, microorganisms or can also be synthesized
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5
Q

what do drugs do

A
  • promote healting
  • cure disease
  • control or slow progress of a disease
  • prevent disease
  • alter neurotransmission
  • decrease risk of complications
  • increase function and comfort
  • provide replacement therapy
  • reduce excessive activity in the body
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6
Q

what are the 5 disciplines of pharmacology

A
  • pharmacodynamics
  • pharmacokinetics
  • pharmacotherapeutics
  • toxicology
  • pharmacy
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7
Q

expand on therapeutic (desired) action of a drug

A
  • it may be stimulating or inhibiting cell function
  • can also be blocking biochemical actions in tissues
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8
Q

expand on drug classification

A
  • drugs are grouped by their primary pharamcologic action and effect
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9
Q

expand on drug indications

A

approved used or conditions for which drugs have been approved to be effective

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10
Q

what are contraindications

A

circumstances under which a drug should not be administeredw

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11
Q

what are side effects

A

mild, undesirable effects of a drug, even at recommended dose

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12
Q

what are adverse/toxic effects

A

drug effects that are dangerous, cause significant tissue damage or are life threatening

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13
Q

what are hypersensitivity allergic reactions

A

reactions that may be mild or can result in anaphylaxis

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14
Q

what are idiosyncratic reaction

A

unusal responses to a drug

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15
Q

what is a iatrogenic drug effect

A

negative effect associated with administration of a drug

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16
Q

what is a teratogenic drug effect

A

hearmful effect on fetus that causes developmental defects

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17
Q

what is a drug interaction

A

drug effect modified by combiniation with another drug

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18
Q

what is synergism

A

effect of a drug combination may be greater than the sum of the effects of the individual drugs

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19
Q

what is antagonism

A

combo greatly decreases the effect of each drug

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20
Q

what is potentiation

A

one drug enhances the effect of a second drug

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21
Q

expand on what a drug dose is and how it is expressed

A
  • amount of drug required to produce the desired effect in adult
  • expressed by a weight or measure
  • expressed by time factor/frequency
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22
Q

expand on a childs drug dose

A

the drug dose is calculated by a childs weight not their age

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23
Q

what is a loading dose when it comes to a drug dose

A

when a larger dose is administered initially to raise blood levels to an effective level

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24
Q

why is it important to stick to your dose frequency

A

because it will maintain effective blood levels of the drug without reaching toxic levels

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25
Q

expand on optimum dosing schedules

A

established for each drug based on
- absorption
- transport in blood
- half life of the drug

26
Q

what are factors affecting blood levels of drugs

A
  • regular intake, normal distribution and excretion
  • taking drugs at irregular intervals, missing doses
  • taking double dose or too frequently
27
Q

what are factors that will influence blood levels of a drug

A
  • liver and kidney function
  • circulation and cardiovascular function
  • age
  • body weight and proportion of fatty tissue
  • activity level
  • food and fluid intake
  • genetic factors
  • health status
28
Q

expand on the steps of drugs entering your body

A
  • Drug enters body by chosen route.
  • Absorbed into blood or acts at local site
  • Travels in the bloodstream
  • Arrives at site of action
  • Exerts its effect
  • Is metabolized into inactive compounds
  • Is excreted from the body
29
Q

how is oral medication distributed

A
  • absorbed from stomach or intestine
  • transported to the liver
  • released into general circulation
29
Q

what are the different ways that drugs can be administered

A
  • Oral tablet, capsule, liquid
  • sublingual
  • Subcutaneous injection
  • Intramuscular injection
  • Intravenous injection
  • Inhalation
  • Topical (gel, cream, spray, liquid)
  • Suppository
30
Q

how is a intramuscular injection distributed

A
  • gradually absorbed into the blood
  • blood transports drugs
31
Q

expand on drug mechanisms and receptors

A
  • Common pharmacologic action requires drug-
    receptor interaction.
  • Drugs may stimulate receptors directly.
  • Drugs may block receptor site for normal
    chemicals of the body.
  • Specificity of drug dependent on mode of action
  • Drugs that interact with several metabolic
    pathways or common functions are likely to have
    greater side effects.
32
Q

what are the 4 drug responses

A
  • dose effects
  • time effects
  • variability
  • toxicity
33
Q

what are the different time effects of a drug

A
  • time of administration
  • onset of response
  • cessation of effect
  • peak effect
  • duration of action
  • latency to effect
  • threshold level
34
Q

what are the variables to consider when it comes to choosing a drug for someone to be on

A
  • chemical properties
  • toxic effects
  • liver and kidney disease
  • age
  • genetics
  • gender
  • metabolic cycles
  • overall health
35
Q

expand on toxicity of drugs

A
  • physiochemical properties
  • routes and rates of administration
  • rates of absorption, biotransformation and excretion
36
Q

what is a prescription and what does it include

A
  • a signed legal document that is a drug order
  • lists the r patients name, address, prescribers name/address/id number, date, name and amount of drug, dosage, route and directions for using the drug and permission for additional quantities
37
Q

expand on the US food and drug administration (or food and drug directorate in Canada)

A
  • regulate the production, labeling, distribution and other aspects of drug control
38
Q

expand on scheduled drugs

A

drugs considered to have a risk for potential adverse side effects, abuse or dependancy

39
Q

expand on physiotherapy

A
  • Assesses physical function.
  • Works to reduce pain, restore any deficit, and
    prevent further physical dysfunction
  • Involves individualized treatment and
    rehabilitation.
40
Q

what may physiotherapy include

A
  • Appropriate exercise
  • Use of ultrasound
  • Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS)
  • Other methods to alleviate pain, increase function
41
Q

what does a physiotherapist do

A

treat acute injuries as well as chonic conditions such as
- Pain disorders
- Acute neurologic disorders
- Musculoskeletal disorders
- Cardiopulmonary disorders
- Infants with congenital abnormalities
- Children and adults with injuries that affect mobility

42
Q

what does an occupational therapist do

A
  • Provides functional assessment related to
    normal activities of daily living.
  • Provides guidance and practical assistance to
    maintain independence.
  • Integrates remediation of motor control,
    cognition, and visual-spatial perception.
  • Necessary for patient safety
  • Teaches use of adaptations for specific needs.
  • Assesses technologies available for use in
    home and workplace.
43
Q

what does a speech language pathologist do and what kinds of patients do they see

A

-Assesses and treats those with
communication or swallowing problems.
- Patients may include the following:
- Infant with swallowing and feeding problems
- Child with hearing deficit who is mute
- Adult with aphasia following a stroke
- Child with delayed speech
- Individual with dysarthria

44
Q

what is a nutritionist/dietician and what do they do

A
  • Expert in nutritional needs of the body in health
    and illness
  • Advises on nutritional needs and food
    management suited to a specific diagnosis.
  • Example: diabetes
  • Supervises food services in hospitals and other
    health care institutions.
  • May consult on the dangers of extreme diets
    and eating disorders.
45
Q

what does a registered massage therapist do

A
  • Uses a variety of massage techniques to
     increase circulation.
     reduce pain.
     increase flexibility for patients with joint pain or
    problems with body alignment .
     May use:
  • Soothing aromatics
  • Acupuncture
  • Other modalities
46
Q

what is an osteopath and what do they do

A

 Osteopaths are medically licensed doctors in
many jurisdictions.
 Uses many medical treatment methods
 In addition, an osteopath:
 Promotes body’s natural healing processes by
incorporating manipulations of the musculoskeletal
system (e.g., use of chest percussion to relief
respiratory congestion)

47
Q

what do chiropractors do

A
  • Based on the concept that one’s health status is
    dependent on the state of the nervous system
  • Frequently involves manipulations of the
    vertebral column
  • May involve deep tissue massage, acupressure,
    and/or acupuncture
  • Radiology may be used for diagnosis.
  • No drugs or surgery
48
Q

expand on alternative therapies

A
  • have a holistic approach
  • therapies may be used in conjunction with medically relative therapies
  • practitioners have varying degrees of training and professional regulation
49
Q

expand on noncontact therapeutic touch

A
  • Energy is exchanged between people for relief
    of pain and anxiety and to promote healing.
  • Consciously forms a positive intent to heal
  • Location of problem areas by scanning body
    with the hands
  • Healing is promoted by lightly touching the skin or
    moving the hands just above the body surface.
  • Imagery, light, or colors may be incorporated.
50
Q

what is naturopathy based on

A
  • Promoting natural foods
  • Massage
  • Exercise
  • Fresh air
  • Acupuncture
  • Herbal compounds
  • Nutrition
  • Physical manipulations
51
Q

expand on homeopathy

A

 Goal is to stimulate the immune system and
natural healing powers of the body by use of the
following:
 Plant products
 Animal products
 Mineral products
 Offending toxic substance is identified for each
disease state.
* Diluted several thousand-fold
* The diluted toxin is then administered to treat the problem

52
Q

expand on herbal medicine

A

 First documented in ancient Egypt
 Use of herbs and plants for treatment of acute
conditions or prevention of disease
 Efforts are being focused on the following:
 Providing standardized content
 Providing efficacy
 Improving purity

53
Q

expand on aromatherapy

A

 Uses essential oils that have therapeutic effects
 Thought to act on neural pathways through the
olfactory system
 Oils may be
 absorbed through the skin into the general circulation.
* When bathing
* With massage
 Inhaled

54
Q

expand on asian concepts of disease and healing

A

 Based on balance or imbalance of life
energy―qi
 Disease is caused by a deficit or excess of qi.
 Qi is derived from three sources:
 Inherited or ancestral factors
 Food ingested
 Air breathed in
 Qi flows along specific channels―meridians.
 All organs and body parts are connected.

55
Q

expand on acupuncture

A
  • Increases energy, function; blocks pain pathways.
  • Involves Inserting fine needles into the various
    meridian acupoints (365).
  • Each point has specific and generalized therapeutic
    actions.
  • Treatment on average uses 5 to 15 needles.
56
Q

expand on shiatsu

A
  • Japanese―acupuncture without needles
  • Uses slow, deep, gentle pressure to specific points.
  • Often used for stress-related illness and back pain; provides relaxation.
57
Q

expand on yoga

A
  • Combines physical activity in the form of stretching
    postures with meditation.
  • Improves flexibility, muscle tone, endurance, overall
    health; reduces stress.
58
Q

expand on reflexology

A
  • Relates points on feet and hands to 10 longitudinal
    zones in the body.
  • Practitioner uses varying degrees of pressure.
  • Relieves stress and muscle tension
59
Q

expand on craniosacral therapy

A
  • Used by a variety of health care practitioners.
  • Therapy deals with the pulsing rhythm of
    cerebrospinal fluid around brain and spinal cord.
  • Gentle palpation and manipulation of skull and
    vertebrae
60
Q
A

Pathophysiology (9 decks)

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