Unit 2 - Chapter 10 Reading

Question 1

True or False:

Sleep is not a state of “nonwaking,” but rather the interlocking of several different brain states.

Answer 1

True

10 Intro

Question 2

a regular fluctuation in any living process

Answer 2

biological rhythms

10.1

Question 3

a pattern of behavioral, biochemical, or physiological fluctuation that has a 24-hour period

Answer 3

circadian rhythms

10.1

Question 4

True or False

All biological rhythms are at least a day long.

Answer 4

False; ultradian rhythms repeat more than once per day and are seen in behaviors as bouts of activity, feeding, and hormone release

10.1

Question 5

refers to a rhythmic biological event with a period shorter than a dfay, usually from several minutes to several hours long

Answer 5

ultradian

10.1

Question 6

refers to a rhythmic biological event with a period longer than a day

Answer 6

infradian

10.1

Question 7

what is an example of an infradian rhythm?

Answer 7

menstrual cycle

10.1

Question 8

—————– are generated by an endogenous clock.

Answer 8

Circadian rhythms

10.1

Question 9

referring to a rhythm of behavior shown by an animal deprived of external cues about the time of day

Answer 9

free-running

10.1

Question 10

interval of time between two similar points of successive cycles, such as sunset to sunset

Answer 10

(free-running) period

10.1

Question 11

a shift in the activity of a biological rhythm, typically provided by a synchronizing environmental stimulus, such as light

Answer 11

phase shift

10.1

Question 12

the process of synchronizing a biological rhythm to an environmental stimulus

Answer 12

entrainment

10.1

Question 13

the stimulus that entrains circadian rhythms; any cue that an animal uses to synchronize its activity with the environment (usually the light/dark cycle)

Answer 13

zeitgeber

German for “time giver”

10.1

Question 14

What is the major value of circadian rhythms?

Answer 14

they enable us to anticipate an event and to begin physiological and behavioral preparations before that event

10.1

Question 15

the ———– houses a circadian clock

Answer 15

hypothalamus

10.1

Question 16

small region of the hypothalamus above the opic chiasm that is the location of a circadian clock

Answer 16

suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

10.1

Question 17

How did researchers prove the SCN produces a circadian rhythm?

Answer 17

transplants

adult hamster received SCN transplant; when it recovered, it did not show its original circadium rhythm. Instead, its circadian rhythm matched that of its donor

10.1

Question 18

In mammals, ———– information from the eyes reaches the SCN directly

Answer 18

light

10.1

Question 19

an amine hormone secreted by pineal gland at night, thereby signalling day length to the brain

Answer 19

melatonin

10.1

Question 20

pathway that carries information about light to the hypothalamus to entrain rhythms

Answer 20

retinohypothalamic pathway

10.1

Question 21

a photopigment found in those retinal ganglion cells that project to the suprachiasmatic nucleus

Answer 21

melanopsin

10.1