Unit 1 Quiz Questions Flashcards
The doctrine of specific nerve energies states that all nerves:
a. work by electrical impulse
b. none of these answers is correct
c. work by chemical signalling
d. work by light stimulation
From Quiz 1
What was it that Santiago Ramon y Cajal showed through his research work?
a. Neurons are separate cells, as proposed by the neuron doctrine
b. At rest, the neuron has a negative charge inside the membrane
c. Neurotrophins, like NGF, help neurons grow
d. Action potentials follow the all-or-none law
e. Neurons communicate at specialized junctions called synapses
What was interesting about Einstein’s brain?
a. none of these answers is correct
b. had more non-neuron cells than average
c. had more neurons than average
d. was larger than average
Why was optogenetics a significant breakthrough in the field of neuroscience?
a. it allows researchers to make glowing animals
b. it was the first time researchers used electrical energy to stimulate the brain
c. it was the first time researchers could control specific types of neurons
d. it was the first time researchers could control activity in the brain
After injuring her right hand, Hannah is forced to write with her left. Over time her nervous system to changes in response to experience, and her left-handed handwriting improves. This is an example of:
a. dualism
b. epigenetics
c. correlation
d. neuroplasticity
Which question would an evolutionary psychologist ask?
a. How does wing span length affect mate selection in birds?
b. How does aging affect people’s hormone levels?
c. Which hormonal treatments can alleviate sexual problems in mice?
d. How do reproductive behaviors change during the human life span?
[Add reasoning here]
Which of the following is an ethical concern that MUST be addressed when working with human participants?
a. let participants know any potential risks associated with the study
b. all of these answers are correct
c. allow participants to quit study at any time
d. be as honest as possible with participants
According to the information presented in lecture, what species is the most popular model for animal research?
a. non-human primates
b. zebra finch
c. none of these answers is correct
d. zebrafish
According to the study discussed in class, what happened when participants were given information on a study about learning that included eitherpsychological onlyorpsychological and neurosciencefindings?
a. participants rated the psychological only study design less credible, but the findings more credible
b. none of these answers are correct
c. participants rated the psych and neuroscience study design less credible, but the findings more credible
d. participants rated the psych and neuroscience study findings less credible, but the design more credible
Biological perspectives focus more on the BLANK of behavior, whereas evolutionary and developmental views focus on the BLANK.
a. when;how
b. what;where
c. why;what
d. how;why
These outnumber neurons and provide support functions for them.
Glia
Difficulty detecting taste would be due to ———– cranial nerve damage, while difficulty moving the tongue would suggest ———- cranial nerve damage.
afferent; efferent
After a particularly bad sinus infection, Dwayne “The Rock” Johnson loses his sense of smell. What cranial nerve is likely at fault?
- vestibulocochlear
- optic
- olfactory
- abducens
olfactory
The left side of the brain controls much of the right side of the body. This is referred to as ———– control
contralateral
ADD NEURON IMAGE FOR LABELING
After a viral infection, Sam Smith is develops shoulder pain and has a difficult time controlling their posture. What nerve was likely affected?
Accessory nerve
Pablo Picasso, Rembrandt, and Monet were all artists famous for their creativity, skill and artistic accomplishments. Based on their artistic abilities, we can conclude that each of the men were likely:
- none of these answers is correct
- frontal lobe dominant
- right brain dominant
- left brain dominant
none of these answers is correct
When playing with her dog, Bette Midler jokes that he has a “smooth brain” when he does not understand her commands. In humans, actually having fewer gyri than is typical is known as:
lissencephaly
Drugs like cocaine work, in part, by attaching to receptors on neurons and causing them to open ion channels. This means that cocaine work on ———– receptors.
ionotropic
If we wanted to completely separate the right and left hemispheres, what in what direction (plane) would we need to make the cut?
sagittal
Which of the following is NOT a major division of the spinal cord?
- cranial
- cervical
- sacral
- thoracic
cranial
What level of analysis is used for the researching particular interactions between the different lobes of the brain?
Neural systems
Though ———– studies are not able to illustrate ———-, these studies are able to point out which behavioral and bodily variables may be associated.
correlational; causality
The human brain contains around how many neurons:
80-90 billion
What do the autonomic nervous system’s efferent nerves connect to?
various organs of the body
In an alternate universe, a child named Eleven is trying to explain her telekinetic powers with an analogy, saying: “My powers are like bipolar neurons. At one end, there’s ———–, and at the other end, there’s ———-. Just like how I can only focus on one thing at a time when I use my powers.”
single thought = single dendrite; a focused action = a single axon
In a “Star Trek” scenario, if the efferent nerves of the ANS are like the Enterprise’s communication lines, where do you think these ‘communication lines’ are directed?
various systems of the ship = various organs of the body
Joey is having problems with his balance, is unsteady when he walks, and has a tremor in his hands. He goes to the hospital and has an MRI done. Which area of Joey’s brain would be examined?
- Striatum
- Thalamus
- Cerebellum
- Amygdala
Cerebellum
Josh is a linebacker for the Husker football team. After a rough tackle during practice, he felt a bit dizzy and had trouble paying attention in class. He goes to get a ___ scan at the Center for Brain Biology and Behavior (CB3) Lab where they check his brain for any inflammation or changes in blood flow.
fMRI
Which of the following are NOT found in the CNS?
- microglia
- oligodendrocytes
- neurons
- none of these answers is correct
none of these answers is correct
Nervous System Anatomy Quiz - Attempt 1
In the brain, a group of axons traveling alongside each other is called a:
- nerve
- nucleus
- neuron
- tract
Note: it is called a nerve in the PNS
This system includes brain structures including the hippocampus, thalamus, and the amygdala.
- the peripheral nervous system
- the limbic system
- the cranial nerves
- the left hemisphere
- the peripheral nervous system
- the limbic system
- the cranial nerves
- the left hemisphere
Hydrocephalus is a disorder resulting from the body producing too much cerebral spinal fluid. What cells are likely involved with this disorder?
- neurons
- ependymal cells
- all of these answers are correct
- purkinje cells
ependymal cells
Which of the following is an important advantage of the semi-permeable membrane that surrounds neurons?
- because of the makeup of the lipid bilayer, it takes no energy for the cell to maintain the membrane
- all of these answers are correct
- the membrane keeps ions from moving freely out of the cell
- the membrane keeps ions from moving freely into the cell
all of these answers are correct
Which of the following structures are lateral to the ribs? (Assume standard anatomical positioning)
- shoulder
- elbow
- wrist
- all of these answers are correct
all of these answers are correct
Which of the following statements about the spinal cord is accurate?
- the spinal cord does not have meningeal support
- sagittal cross sections are larger than thoracic cross sections
- dorsal roots convey motor information, and ventral roots convey sensory information
- gray matter is in the center of the spinal cord, and white matter surrounds it
gray matter is in the center of the spinal cord, and white matter surrounds it
Studying neurotransmitter release is an example of the ——- level of analysis.
- Neural systems
- Molecular
- Synaptic
- Circuit
Synaptic
A research study that involves lesions in specific brain areas in a group of rodents to examine the changes in sleep patterns from a pre-surgery baseline measure is an example of a(n):
- experiment with no control group
- behavioral intervention experiment
- between-participants experiment
- within-participants experiment
within-participants experiment
Preventing the formation of ——– on dendrites would reduce the number of synapses between cells.
- the myelin sheath
- the axon hillock
- dendritic spines
- synaptic vesicles
dendritic spines
The blood-brain barrier most fits with which statement:
- It is a property of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain.
- It is a property of the blood vessels of the brain that promotes the diffusion of nutrients into the tissue of the brain.
- It is a property of neurons that prevents them from accidentally releasing their neurotransmitters into the blood circulation.
- It is a part of the immune system that facilitates the release of antibodies to protect the brain from infectious agents.
it is a property of the walls of brain capillaries that prevents large molecules from entering the brain
Sherlock Holmes, the famous detective, has a unique ability to make rapid deductions based on his observations. This requires quick transmission of information within his brain. Which part of Sherlock’s neurons is primarily responsible for transmitting these electrical signals rapidly across long distances?
- dendrites
- the cell body
- the axon
- synaptic cleft
the axon
“Doctor Who,” the space-and-time traveling adventurer, uses a mind-bending vessel called the TARDIS (Time and Relative Dimension in Space) to travel throughout the universe. If the human brain is like The TARDIS in that it is bigger on the inside (folded up inside of the skull), why do you think that is the case?
- To travel faster through time and space (faster neural transmission)
- To regulate the temperature of time travel (increased thermoregulation of the brain)
- To fit more rooms and corridors (a larger surface area to fit into the cranial space)
- To protect its precious contents (greater protection of the surface of the brain)
to fit more rooms and corriders (a larger surface area to fit into the cranial space)
While casting a spell, Hermione Granger needs to perform a series of intricate wand movements. Which part of her brain is primarily responsible for aiding in these precise motor controls?
- The hippocampus.
- The hypothalamus.
- The basal ganglia.
- The amygdala.
the basal ganglia
Tony Stark, alter ego of Iron Man, is working on a new suit technology. He wants to test the suit’s impact on his cognitive abilities without invasive procedures. He decides to use a technique where he directs focused magnetic fields onto specific areas of his brain while he’s alert and awake, tracking any changes in his behavior. Which technique is Tony likely using?
- Transcranial magnetic stimulation
- Positron emission tomography
- Utilizing the Arc Reactor
- Functional magnetic resonance imaging
Transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
Schwann cells:
- produce myelin and might be found in the arms
- produce myelin and might be found in the spinal cord
- are found primarily in the synaptic cleft
- are found in the axon hillock
produce myelin and might be found in the arms
Why are spinal cord injuries more likely to be permanent than injuries to the nerves of the hand?
- the cells of the CNS do not regenerate as well as the cells of the PNS
- the cells of the somatic nervous system do not regenerate as well as the cells of the autonomic nervous system
- the cells of the PNS do not regenerate as well as the cells of the CNS
- cells of the autonomic nervous system do not regenerate as well as the cells of the somatic nervous system
the cells of the CNS do not regenerate as well as the cells of the PNS
Sometimes during the monthly test of the tornado siren, I forget that it is a drill and start to get anxious. My heart rate increasing at the sound of the siren is an example of activity in which of the following:
- cranial nerves
- sympathetic nervous system
- parasympathetic nervous system
- central nervous system
sympathetic nervous system
Saying that someone is “right brained” tells us what about that person?
- they are likely very artistic
- they are likely bad at math
- none of these answers are correct
- they are likely good at math
none of these answers are correct
Ionotropic and metabotropic receptors are:
- none of these answers is correct
- types of ligand gated receptors
- found on the presynaptic cell
- types of voltage gated receptors
types of ligand gated receptors
If we wanted to completely separate the right and left hemispheres, what in what direction (plane) would we need to make the cut?
- axial
- horizontal
- coronal
- sagital
sagittal
Testing the membrane permeability of a receptor is an example of the ———– level of analysis.
- Systems
- Molecular
- Synaptic
- Neural systems
Molecular
The association between learning scores and the size of the human brain is
correlational
The following is an accurate description of synaptic vesicles:
Sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems have different effects on the organs due to the fact that:
EMAIL PROF - got this one wrong on the quiz and need the right answer
You decide you really want pizza for dinner. You call Domino’s and place your order for delivery. The delivery driver makes the trip across town. Finally, the driver shows up and hands you your delicious pizza! Comparing a pizza delivery to how information is sent across synapses, which part of the synapse would the trip across town represent?
synaptic cleft
Spanning across multiple layers of the cortex, the ______ are known for their unique shape.
pyramidal neurons
Angelina Jolie is at a red carpet event when she suddenly experiences dizziness, numbness in her arms, blurry vision, and difficulty speaking. She’s rushed to the hospital. Based on her symptoms, what would she be treated for?
stroke
Why is consuming a lot of cheese unlikely to raise serotonin levels?
- the body can only produce a limited amount of tryptophan
- increased tryptophan reduces serotonin production
- serotonin production is limited by enzyme availability
- precursor loading only works with tryptophan
Disrupting vesicular storage would have a(n) —- effect on a neurotransmitter.
- agonistic
- inhibitory
- excitatory
- antagonistic
Why does consuming caffeine along with guarana increase the effects of caffeine?
- guarana slows the absorption of caffeine
- guarana slows the elimination of caffeine
- guarana slows the distribution of caffeine
- guarana slows the metabolism of caffeine
A new drug, Biebertol, is used to treat depression. Drug trials have found that the ED50 for the drug is 10 mg/kg and the LD50 is 50 mg/kg. What dosage should a physician start with?
- cannot tell from the information provided
- 10 mg/kg, because it is the ED50
- 50 mg/kg, because it is the LD50
- 30 mg/kg, because it is between the LD50 and ED50
Joe Camel is a long time nicotine user. When he decides to quit smoking, he finds that his morning coffee makes him feel more jittery than usual and the effects seem to last longer. Why would this happen?
- his nicotine receptors are now more sensitive to caffeine
- none of these answers are correct
- nicotine is no longer slowing down his metabolism of caffeine
- nicotine is no longer speeding up his metabolism of caffeine
Research suggests that caffeine metabolism can vary depending on:
- diet
- age
- hormone fluctuations
- all of these answers are correct
all of these answers are correct
Is it an agonist, antagonist, both, or neither?
Methamphetamine forces dopamine out of vesicles, increasing the amount of dopamine released by the presynaptic cell
agonist
Is it an agonist, antagonist, both, or neither?
Atropine prevents the release of acetylcholine, and can help maintain proper heart rate
antagonist
Is it an agonist, antagonist, both, or neither?
THC mimics anadamide, leading to increased dopamine release
agonist
Is it an agonist, antagonist, both, or neither?
Caffeine blocks the inhibitory effects of adenosine, increasing wakefulness
antagonist
According to one perspective on drug addiction, a feature shared by all habit-forming drugs is that they
- have strong rewarding properties.
- cause a chronic maladaptation syndrome.
- cause bursts of intense activity.
- evoke hallucinations.
Noradrenergic axons project into the _______.
- cerebral cortex.
- thalamic nuclei.
- limbic system.
- All of the above
——- might cause down-regulation of a neuron’s receptors.
- The agonistic effects of a drug.
- The antagonistic effects of a drug.
- Two similar drugs exerting opposite effects.
- A drug that both inhibits and excites the nervous system.
Second-generation antipsychotics work by blocking
- serotonin receptors.
- dopamine receptors.
- all dopamine receptor subtypes
- dopamine and serotonin receptors
Cannabinoids are the —— analog of ——- anadamide.
- endogenous; exogenous
- exogenous; endogenous
- psychoactive; placebo
- placebo; psychoactive
According to research, which popular saying about alcohol is correct?
- “wine before beer, you’re in the clear”
- “beer before wine, you’ll be fine”
- none of these answers are correct
- eating a large meal after drinking alcohol will prevent a hangover
none of these answers are correct
Does drug effect occur in presynaptic, postsynaptic, both, or neither?
block autoreceptors
presynaptic
increase drug metabolism in liver
neither presynaptic nor postsynaptic
prevent neurotransmitter synthesis
presynaptic
bind to receptors and block them
postsynaptic
Metabotropic receptors are also known as ——— because they initiate intracellular signaling cascades through the activation of G-proteins
- ionotropic receptors
- G-protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)
- Inhibitory receptors
- Excitatory receptors
Which neurotransmitter has pathways projecting from the basal forebrain to cortex, amygdala, and hippocampus?
- Acetylcholine
- Serotonin
- Dopamine
- Norepinephrine
A drug with —– affinity binds tightly to its receptor even at low concentrations, while a drug with —– affinity requires higher concentrations to achieve significant receptor occupancy.
- medium, low
- high, low
- medium, high
- low, high
Which of these is NOT an effect of drugs on neurotransmitter release?
- Alterations in axon potential propagation
- Alterations in transmitter reuptake
- Alterations of transmitter release through calcium channel blockade
- Alterations of autoreceptors
Due to electrostatic pressure, K+ ions are attracted to the —– of the cell.
- dendrite
- intracellular space
- axon
- extracellular fluid
A localized change in membrane potential that results in the inside of the cell having a charge of -85mV (below RMP) is called a(n) ——.
- IPSP
- depolarization
- EPSP
- action potential
A neurotransmitter binds to a receptor, opening an ion channel. This opening causes Cl- to leave the cell. This would result in a(n):
- IPSP
- none of these answers is correct
- EPSP
- action potential
How do action potentials vary to convey different types of sensory information, for example the difference between being touched by a feather and being stepped on by an elephant?
- the size of action potential varies - it can be bigger or smaller
- the strength of the action potential varies - it can be stronger or weaker
- the type of action potential varies - it can be more negative or more positive
- the timing of firing varies - it can occur more or less frequently
Which of the following statements is correct?
- Only neurons in the CNS use saltatory condution
- Only myelinated neurons use saltatory condution
- All neurons use saltatory conduction
- Only neurons in the PNS use saltatory condution
Only myelinated neurons use saltatory condution
What is a ligand?
- A type of drug
- A type of electrical stimulus.
- A cholinergic synapse.
- None of these answers is correct.
None of these answers is correct
Hyperpolarizing stimuli have what influence?
- decrease the membrane potential.
- increase the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential.
- decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential.
- increase movement of sodium ions into the neuron.
decrease the likelihood the neuron will fire an action potential.
In the relative refractory phase,
- all gated channels are closed
- no amount of stimulation can induce another action potential.
- the neuron hyperpolarizes briefly.
- voltage-gated sodium channels are open.
the neuron hyperpolarizes briefly
How do neurotransmitters move across the synaptic cleft?
- ionic potential
- chemical diffusion
- electrostatic pressure
- calcium signalling
Which is NOT one of the ways a neurotransmitter’s effects may be ended?
- enzymatic degradation
- vesicular binding
- reuptake
- diffusion
vesicular binding
Which of the following statements are correct?
- neurotransmitters are released inside the postsynaptic cell
- vesicles are made of receptor proteins
- neurotransmitters are made in the presynaptic cell
- neurotransmitters are released inside the presynaptic cell
neurotransmitters are made in the presynaptic cell
Neurotransmitter A is broken down by Enzyme B. If we administer a drug that increases the amount of Enzyme B in the synapse, what effect would you expect to see?
- increase diffusion of Neurotransmitter A
- reduce the activity of Neurotransmitter A
- have no effect on the activity of Neurotransmitter A
- increase the activity of Neurotransmitter A
reduce the activity of Neurotransmitter A
Which of the following statements is correct?
- none of these answers are correct
- serotonin is a neurotrophin
- all neurotransmitters are made by breaking down tryptophan
- serotonin is made by glial cells
none of these answers is correct
Which accurately describes a step in the synaptic transmission pathway?
- vesicles bind to the postsynaptic cell membrane before releasing neurotransmitter into the synapse
- neurotransmitter is released after the action potential reaches the axon terminal
- excess neurotransmitter is removed from the presynaptic cell
- all of these answers are correct
neurotransmitter is released after the action potential reaches the axon terminal
Which best describes the difference between EPSPs and IPSPs?
- EPSPs are excitatory postsynaptic potentials that cause the neuron to sleep, while IPSPs are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that wake the neuron up.
- EPSPs are excitatory presynaptic potentials that make the neuron hungry, while IPSPs are inhibitory presynaptic potentials that make the neuron full.
- EPSPs are excitatory presynaptic potentials that make the neuron happy, while IPSPs are inhibitory presynaptic potentials that make the neuron sad.
- EPSPs are excitatory postsynaptic potentials that depolarize the membrane, while IPSPs are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that hyperpolarize the membrane.
EPSPs are excitatory postsynaptic potentials that depolarize the membrane, while IPSPs are inhibitory postsynaptic potentials that hyperpolarize the membrane.
What is the best explanation for why the lock-and-key analogy is appropriate to describe neurotransmitters and receptors?
- Neurotransmitters and receptors can change their shapes like a key and a lock, adapting to different types of signals and stimuli.
- Neurotransmitters and receptors are both locked inside the synaptic cleft and need a key to be released into the extracellular fluid.
- Neurotransmitters and receptors can fit together like a key and a lock, allowing only certain molecules to activate or block a receptor.
- Neurotransmitters and receptors are both made of proteins that have specific shapes and functions.
Neurotransmitters and receptors can fit together like a key and a lock, allowing only certain molecules to activate or block a receptor
Which statement about role of NTs in synaptic transmission is incorrect?
- Neurotransmitters are released from the presynaptic neuron into the synaptic cleft.
- The effect of neurotransmitters can be either excitatory or inhibitory, depending on the type of receptor.
- Neurotransmitters bind to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron, causing changes in its membrane potential.
- The binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors is a reversible process.
The binding of neurotransmitters to their receptors is a reversible process.
Based on Penfield’s brain mapping, which statement is true?
- The left side of the cortex corresponds to the left side of the body.
- The map of the cortex has three hemispheres.
- The map of the cortex is proportional to the size of each body part.
- The right side of the cortex corresponds to the left side of the body.
The right side of the cortex corresponds to the left side of the body.
Describe the locations of the following structures:
- presynaptic cell
- vesicles
- neurotransmitters
- synapse
- receptor
- postsynaptic cell
A ligand gated receptor is embedded in the cell membrane and is responsible for ____.
- identifying and responding to molecules of the corresponding neurotransmitter
- reabsorption
- sending signals through the ion channel
- altering the functioning of the postsynaptic neuron
identifying and responding to molecules of the corresponding neurotransmitter
quiz 3 attempt 2
THC binds to anandamide receptors in the brain and inhibits neurotransmitter release. This is known as the drug’s ___.
- therapeutic effect
- action
- side effect
- bioavailability
action
quiz 3 attempt 2
Which of the following neurotransmitters is NOT a target for alcohol?
- serotonin
- GABA
- none of these answers are correct
- glutamate
None of these answers are correct
got this wrong on quiz
quiz 3 attempt 2
Caffeine has been shown to produce toxic metabolites in which group?
- college students
- all of these answers are correct
- human babies
- Dogs
quiz 3 attempt 2
Agonist or antagonist?
Caffeine blocks the effects of adenosine, increasing wakefulness
antagonist
quiz 3 attempt 2
Agonist or antagonist?
Methamphetamines forces dopamine out of vesicles, increasing the amount of dopamine released by the presynaptic cell
agonist
quiz 3 attempt 2
Agonist or antagonist?
Alcohol binds to GABA receptors and activates their inhibitory effects
agonist
quiz 3 attempt 2
Agonist or antagonist?
Cocaine blocks dopamine transporters, increasing dopamine in the synapse
agonist
quiz 3 attempt 2
Drugs that stimulate the which pathway provide powerful positive rewards that may overshadow the pleasures derived from other activities?
- Serotonergic
- Noradrenergic
- Dopaminergic
- Cholinergic
Dopaminergic
quiz 3 attempt 2
Which model of drug abuse and addiction focuses on the addict’s desire to prevent withdrawal symptoms?
- Disease
- Positive reward
- Physical dependence
- Moral
Physical dependence
quiz 3 attempt 2
Individuals who have used a specific dose of a drug several times may develop a similar response to the same dosage of other drugs within the same class. This is an example of _______.
- cross-tolerance.
- withdrawal.
- tolerance.
- sensitization.
cross-tolerance
quiz 3 attempt 2
Which of the following blocks the release of ACh from axon terminals at the injection site?
- Curare
- Cocaine
- Tetrodotoxin
- Botulinum toxin
Botulinum toxin
got this wrong on quiz (chose “curare”)
quiz 3 attempt 2
When administering a new drug, what dosage should an experimenter start with?
- AM20
- SF90
- ED50
- LD50
ED50
quiz 3 attempt 2
Which of the following conclusions were supported by the study discussed in class?
- order of alcohol consumption is unrelated to hangover symptoms
- consuming beer before wine is most likely to result in a hangover
- consuming wine before beer is most likely to result in a hangover
- consuming hard liquor was always associated with strong hangover symptoms
order of alcohol consumption is unrelated to hangover symptoms
quiz 3 attempt 2
Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, neither, both
block autoreceptors
presynaptic
quiz 3 attempt 2
Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, neither, both
increase drug metabolism in the liver
neither presynaptic nor postsynaptic
quiz 3 attempt 2
Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, neither, both
prevent neurotransmitter synthesis
presynaptic
quiz 3 attempt 2
Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, neither, both
bind to receptors and block them
postsynaptic
quiz 3 attempt 2
Neurotransmitters are sent from the axon terminals into the synapse. These neurotransmitter molecules then diffuse across the synaptic cleft and come into contact with ——- on the membrane of the postsynaptic neuron.
receptors
quiz 3 attempt 2
Which neurotransmitter has pathways projecting from the raphe nuclei to the forebrain and from the brainstem to the spinal cord?
- Acetylcholine
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
Serotonin
quiz 3 attempt 2
Partial agonist drugs activate receptors to a ________ extent compared to full agonists.
- greater
- lesser
- similar
quiz 3 attempt 2
Which of these is NOT an effect of drugs on neurotransmitter release?
- Alterations in transmitter reuptake
- Alterations of transmitter release through calcium channel blockade
- Alterations in axon potential propagation
- Alterations of autoreceptors
Alterations in transmitter reuptake
quiz 3 attempt 2
Which of the following is an example of a “rate limiting” step in the serotonin synthesis pathway?
- tryptophan hydroxylase
- serotonin
- melatonin
- tryptophan
tryptophan hydroxylase
Quiz 3 attempt 3
Disrupting vesicular storage would have a(n) —— effect on a neurotransmitter.
- inhibitory
- agonistic
- excitatory
- antagonistic
antagonistic
Quiz 3 attempt 3
Why is combining alcohol with caffeine a dangerous practice?
- it speeds up the metabolism of the alcohol
- it reduces the drinker’s BAC
- none of these answers is correct
- it makes the alcohol taste better
none of these answers is correct
Quiz 3 attempt 3
Which of the following prevents hangover symptoms, according to lecture?
- eating a high fat meal before consuming alcohol
- none of these answers are correct
- eating a high protein meal after consuming alcohol
- drinking on an empty stomach
none of these answers are correct
Quiz 3 attempt 3
What does it mean that caffeine is highly lipid soluble?
- it can easily cross the blood brain barrier
- in can be absorbed through the skin
- it affects many different organs in the body
- all of these answers are correct
all of these answers are correct
Quiz 3 attempt 3
Which of the following chemicals is not a catecholamine neurotransmitter?
- Epinephrine
- Norepinephrine
- Dopamine
- Serotonin
serotonin
Got this wrong on quiz
Quiz 3 attempt 3
Chronic abusers of amphetamines have sometimes been misdiagnosed as suffering from which of the following?
- Schizophrenia.
- Depression.
- Autism.
- Panic disorder.
schizophrenia
Quiz 3 attempt 3
Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD) appears to exert its influence through its interactions with receptors for which neurotransmitter?
- Serotonin.
- Dopamine.
- Norepinephrine.
- Glycine.
serotonin
Quiz 3 attempt 3
Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, both, neither
prevent neurotransmitter release
presynaptic
Quiz 3 attempt 3
Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, both, neither
stimulate autoreceptors
presynaptic
Quiz 3 attempt 3
Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, both, neither*
bind to receptors and activate them
Answered both, but I think it’s just postsynaptic? need to check
I think I got this one wrong, not 100% on answer
Quiz 3 attempt 3
Match drug effect to location: presynaptic, postsynaptic, both, neither
increase absorption rates of drug in the stomach
neither
Quiz 3 attempt 3
——- tolerance involves neurons changing the number of receptors available at their synapses, while —— tolerance involves organs becoming more effective at drug elimination.
- functional, exposure
- enzymatic, metabolic
- metabolic, functional
- functional, metabolic
functional; metabolic
Quiz 3 attempt 3
dopamine release in this brain area is strongly associated with drugs of abuse, but also the rewarding effects of food and fun
nucleus accumbens
Unit 1 crossword
the brain and spinal cord
CNS
Unit 1 crossword
This model says addiction is a medical condition and requires treatment
disease model
Unit 1 crossword
number of sodium ions pumped out of cell by NA/K pumps
3
Unit 1 crossword
l
layer of meninges closes to the survace of the brain
pia mater
Unit 1 crossword
the ——- nervous system cools us down after fight or flight
parasympathetic
Unit 1 crossword
sodium is pushed in the cell by electrostatic and —— pressures
chemical diffusion
Unit 1 crossword
the amount of tryptophan hydroxylase in the body is a ——— step, aka why we can’t increase serotonin production with precursor loading
rate-limiting step
Unit 1 crossword
caffeine’s ——– rate can be changed by guarana, enzyme levels, hormones, medications, etc.
metabolism
Unit 1 crossword
drugs with a wider —— index are generally safer
therapeutic
activating one of these receptors releases a g-protein
metabotropic
Unit 1 crossword
family of chemicals that promote health and growth of neurons
neurotrophins
Unit 1 crossword
alcohol’s ——— rate can be affected by the presence of food in the stomach
absorption
Unit 1 crossword
without ——-, action potentials in brain cells would move more slowly
oligodendrocytes
myelin speeds up CNS action potentials, oligodendrocytes create myelin
Unit 1 crossword
the winners of the war of the sparks and the soups
soups
ethical principle that applies to work with animals, says techniques and training must be best available
refinement
Know the other ones
time when an action potential is not possible is ——- refractory period
absolute
addition of ——- charged ions to inside of cell would lead to an IPSP
negatively
“input” area of the neuron, most commonly
dendrites
neuroimaging technique used to visual brain activity using magnets
MRI
l
large, “star shaped” glia cells, help form tripartite synapses, support neurons
astrocytes
——- conduction is impossible without myelin
saltatory
—— potential, maintained by NA/K pumps
resting membrane
localized, short-term depolarization in the membrane potential
EPSP
damage to this lobe results in loss of vision
occipital
Xanax is an example of these “safer” more commonly prescribed anti-anxiety drugs
benzodiazepenes
nearly all pleasurable experiences activate reward pathway and this NT
dopamine
Schwann cells provide myelin for cells in the
PNS
idea popular with the public, based on bad science
phrenology
the correct term for measuring “brain waves”
EEG
—– scan, x-ray of the brain
CT
hallucinogen that may be useful for treating addiction
LSD
Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist?
Dopamine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell, increasing the entry of Na+ ions
excitatory
Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist?
Multiple EPSPs increase the cell membrane at the axon hillock, causing Na+ to rush into the cell
Excitatory
Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist?
A neurotransmitter binds to postsynaptic receptors, opening an ion channel that allow K+ to flow out of the cell
inhibitory
Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist?
Alcohol increases the inhibitory activity of GABA on the postsynaptic cell
agonist
Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist?
Prozac increases the presence of serotonin, leading to increased mood
agonist
Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist?
Chlorine binding to a postsynaptic receptor results in an IPSP
inhibitory
Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist?
Pipitol prevents neurons from creating glutamate, a commonly excitatory neurotransmitter
antagonist
Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist?
Adenosine naturally reduces the release of acetylcholine
antagonist
Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist?
THC mimics the body’s own production of anandamide
agonist
Excitatory, Inhibitory, antagonist, agonist?
A cell experiences a single EPSP at the same time as multiple IPSPs, resulting in the membrane hyperpolarizing. Together the effect is:
inhibitory
identify the receptor type:
activated when a chemical binds to it
ligand-gated
identify the receptor type:
An action potential reaches the axon hillock and calcium channels open as a result
voltage-gated
identify the receptor type:
Glutamate binds to a receptor on a dendrite, this results in an ion channel in the axon hillock opening
metabotropic
identify the receptor type:
Activation leads to the opening of an ion channel
ionotropic
identify the receptor type:
Dopamine binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell
ligand gated
identify the receptor type:
Causes immediate (fast) changes in membrane potential, at the site of the receptor
ionotropic
identify the receptor type:
Changes to membrane potential are slower, and may occur some distance from the receptor
metabotropic
identify the receptor type:
sodium channels at the axon hillock (with ball and chain) are an example of these
voltage-gated
What is the most commonly used animal model in research?
mice
What is the least commonly used animal model in research?
non-human primates
Which species’ short lifespans allow us to study development?
fruit flies
What animals are used to study sex differences?
Zebra Finches, Fruit Flies
Check notes to make sure these are the only two
Which species has neurons 100x the size of a human neuron?
Anaspidea
How are researchers studying regeneration in the nervous system?
Looking at zebrafish and their ability to regenerate eyes, fins, etc.
Double check notes
