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Brain and Behavior > Chapter 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards

Structure and Function

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1
Q
  • an extension of the cell body that receives information from the other neurons
  • functionally, the dendrites are the input zone of the neuron
A

dendrites

Comes from the Greek dendron, meaning “tree”

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2
Q

a synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto the axon terminal of another neuron. See axo-dendritic synapse, axo-somatic synapse, and dendro-dendritic synapse.

Also known as nerve fiber.

A

axon

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3
Q

small projections from the surface of the dendrite that add additional space for synapses

A

dendritic spines

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4
Q

a branch of an axon

A

axon collaterals

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5
Q

The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse onto a neuron or other target cell and thus serves as the output zone.

Where neuron’s signals are transmitted across synapses to other cells.

A

axon terminals

Also known as synaptic bouton.

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6
Q

The specialized membrane on the axon terminal of a neuron that transmits information by releasing neurtransmitter.

A

presynaptic membrane

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7
Q
  • the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a synapse
  • this gap measures about 20-40 nanometers
A

synaptic cleft

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8
Q

refers to the “transmitting” side of a synapse

A

presynaptic

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9
Q

the specialized membrane on the surface of a neuron that receives information by responding to neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron

A

postsynaptic membrane

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10
Q

refers to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to the neurotransmitter

A

postsynaptic

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11
Q

a small, spherical structure that contains molecures of neurotransmitter

A

synaptic vesicles

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12
Q

the special chemical with which a presynaptic neuron communicates with postsynaptic cells

A

neurotransmitter

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13
Q

a specialized protein that is embedded in the cell membrane, allowing it to selectrively sense and react to molecules of a corresponding neurotransmitter or drug

A

neurotransmitter receptors

Also simply called receptor.

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14
Q
  • the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates
  • gathers and integrates information; process of integration determines when neuron will produce neural signals of its own
A

axon hillock

“little hill”

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15
Q

a type of glial cell that ensheathes axons with myelin in the central nervous system

Compare to the Schwann cell.

A

oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system

Compare to the oligodendrocyte.

A

Schwann cells

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17
Q

small, unexposed patches of axonal membrane (not covered with myelin)

A

nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q
  • the fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells
  • myelin sheath boosts the speed at which action potentials are conducted
A

myelin

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19
Q
  • star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extentions) that run in all directions
  • some help control local blood flow to increase amount of blood reaching more-active brain regions;
  • some help form touch outer membranes that swaddle brain;
  • some secrete chemical signals that affect synaptic transmission and the formation of synapses

may also worsen edema after brain injury, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

A

astrocytes

From the Greek astron or “star”

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20
Q

Extremely small mobile glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells.

may also worsen edema after brain injury, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

A

microglial cells

Or microglia.

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21
Q
A

gross neuroanatomy

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22
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A

central nervous system (CNS)

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23
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A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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24
Q
A

nerves

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25
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motor nerves

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26
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sensory nerves

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27
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somatic nervous system

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28
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A

autonomic nervous system

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29
Q
A

cranial nerves

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30
Q
A

CN I Olfactory

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31
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CN II Optic

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32
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CN III Oculomotor

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33
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CN IV Trochlear

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34
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CN V Trigeminal

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35
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CN VI Abducens

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36
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CN VII Facial

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37
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CN VIII Vestibulocochlear

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38
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CN IX Glossopharyngeal

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39
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CN X Vagus

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40
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CN XI Spinal accessory

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41
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CN XII Hypoglossal

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42
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A

spinal nerves

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43
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cervical

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44
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thoracic

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45
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lumbar

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46
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sacral

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47
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coccygeal

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48
Q
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sympathetic nervous system

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49
Q
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parasympathetic nervous system

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50
Q
A

sagittal plane

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51
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coronal plane

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52
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horizontal plane

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53
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medial

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54
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lateral

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55
Q
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ipsilateral

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56
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contralateral

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57
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superior

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58
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inferior

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59
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basal

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60
Q
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anterior

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61
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posterior

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62
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proximal

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63
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distal

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64
Q
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afferent

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65
Q
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efferent

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66
Q
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dorsal

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67
Q
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ventral

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68
Q
A

gray matter

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69
Q
A

white matter

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70
Q
A

cerebral hemispheres

71
Q
A

cerebral cortex

72
Q
A

gyri

73
Q
A

sulci

74
Q
A

frontal lobe

75
Q
A

parietal lobe

76
Q
A

temporal lobe

77
Q
A

occipital lobe

78
Q
A

Sylvia fissure

79
Q
A

central sulcus

80
Q
A

corpus callosum

81
Q
A

postcentral gyrus

82
Q
A

precentral gyrus

83
Q
A

neural tube

84
Q
A

forebrain

85
Q
A

midbrain

86
Q
A

hindbrain

87
Q
A

telencephalon

88
Q
A

diencephalon

89
Q
A

brainstem

90
Q
A

nuclei

91
Q
A

tracts

92
Q
A

pyramidal cell

93
Q
A

cortical columns

94
Q
A

basal ganglia

95
Q
A

limbic system

96
Q
A

amygdala

97
Q
A

hippocampus

98
Q
A

fornix

99
Q
A

cingulate gyrus

100
Q
A

olfactory bulb

101
Q
A

thalamus

102
Q
A

hypothalamus

103
Q
A

tectum

104
Q
A

superior colliculi

105
Q
A

inferior colliculi

106
Q
A

tegmentum

107
Q
A

substantia nigra

108
Q
A

periaqueductal gray

109
Q
A

reticular formation

110
Q
A

cerebellum

111
Q
A

pons

112
Q
A

medulla

113
Q
A

meninges

114
Q
A

dura mater

115
Q
A

pia mater

116
Q
A

arachnoid

117
Q
A

cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)

118
Q
A

meningitis

119
Q
A

meningiomas

120
Q
A

ventricular system

121
Q
A

lateral ventricle

122
Q
A

choroid plexus

123
Q
A

third ventricle

124
Q
A

fourth ventricle

125
Q
A

hydrocephalus

126
Q
A

glymphatic system

127
Q
A

cerebral arteries

128
Q
A

blood-brain barrier

129
Q
A

stroke

130
Q
A

transient ischemic attack (TIA)

131
Q
A

histology

132
Q
A

Nissl stains

133
Q
A

Golgi stains

134
Q
A

autoradiography

135
Q
A

immunohistochemistry (IHC)

136
Q
A

in situ hybridization

137
Q
A

tract tracers

138
Q
A

computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT scan)

139
Q
A

magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

140
Q
A

diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)

141
Q
A

functional MRI (fMRI)

142
Q
A

positron emission tomography (PET)

143
Q
A

transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)

144
Q
A

magnetoencephalography (MEG)

145
Q
A

somatic intervention

146
Q
A

independent variable

147
Q
A

dependent variable

148
Q
A

control group

149
Q
A

within-participants experiments

150
Q
A

between-participants experiment

151
Q
A

behavioral intervention

152
Q
A

correlation

153
Q
A

causality

154
Q
A

conserved

155
Q
A

reductionism

156
Q
A

levels of analysis

157
Q

The basic unit of the nervous system, each composed of receptive extensions called dendrites, an integrating cell body, a conducting axon, and a transmitting axon terminal.

A

neurons

Also called nerve cells

158
Q

Nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain.

A

glial cell

Also called glia

159
Q

The cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell.

The space between two cells.

A

synapses

160
Q

The part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. The zone usually corresponds to the cell’s dendrites.

1 of 4 zones in neuron. See conduction, integration, output zones.

A

input zone

161
Q

The part of a neuron that initiates neural electrical activity. This zone usually corresponds to the neuron’s cell body.

1 of 4 zones in neuron. See input, conduction, and output zones.

A

integration zone

162
Q

The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus. Functionally, the cell body is part of the integration zone in the neuron.

A

cell body

Also known as soma.

163
Q

The part of a neuron–typically the axon–over which the action potential is actively propagated.

1 of 4 neuron zones. See input, integration, and output zones.

A

conduction zone

164
Q

The part of a neuron at which the cell sends information to another cell.

1 of 4 neuron zones. See input, conduction, and integration zones.

A

output zone

165
Q

A neuron that transmits neural messages to muscles (or glands).

See other functional types of neurons, sensory neuron and interneuron.

A

motor neurons

Also called motoneurons.

166
Q

a neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch

See other functional types of neurons, motor neurons and interneurons.

A

sensory neurons

167
Q
  • a neuron that is neither a sensory nor a motor neuron
  • receive input from and sent output to other neurons

See other functional types of neurons, motor and sensory neurons.

A

interneurons

168
Q
  • have many dendrites and a single axon
  • the most common (structural) type of neuron

See other structural types of neurons, bipolar and unipolar neurons.

A

multipolar neurons

169
Q
  • a neuron that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other
  • especially common in sensory systems (e.g., vision)

See other structural types of neurons, multipolar and unipolar neurons.

A

bipolar neurons

170
Q
  • a neuron with a single branch that leaves the cell body then extends in two directions – one end is the input zone and the other is the output zone
  • transmit touch information from the body into the spinal cord

See other structural types of neurons, multipolar and bipolar neurons.

A

unipolar neurons

Also known as monopolar neurons.

171
Q

the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment

A

neuroplasticity

Also called neural plasticity.

172
Q

to provide neural input to

A

innervate

173
Q

the transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals, and from the axon terminals back toward the cell body

anterograde = toward axon terminals
retrograde = back to cell body

A

axonal transport

174
Q
A

Brain and Behavior (19 decks)

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