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Brain and Behavior > Chapter 1 Vocab > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Vocab Flashcards

Structure and Function

1
Q
  • an extension of the cell body that receives information from the other neurons
  • functionally, the dendrites are the input zone of the neuron
A

dendrites

Comes from the Greek dendron, meaning “tree”

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2
Q

a synapse at which a presynaptic axon terminal synapses onto the axon terminal of another neuron. See axo-dendritic synapse, axo-somatic synapse, and dendro-dendritic synapse.

Also known as nerve fiber.

A

axon

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3
Q

small projections from the surface of the dendrite that add additional space for synapses

A

dendritic spines

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4
Q

a branch of an axon

A

axon collaterals

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5
Q

The end of an axon or axon collateral, which forms a synapse onto a neuron or other target cell and thus serves as the output zone.

Where neuron’s signals are transmitted across synapses to other cells.

A

axon terminals

Also known as synaptic bouton.

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6
Q

The specialized membrane on the axon terminal of a neuron that transmits information by releasing neurtransmitter.

A

presynaptic membrane

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7
Q
  • the space between the presynaptic and postsynaptic neurons at a synapse
  • this gap measures about 20-40 nanometers
A

synaptic cleft

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8
Q

refers to the “transmitting” side of a synapse

A

presynaptic

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9
Q

the specialized membrane on the surface of a neuron that receives information by responding to neurotransmitter from a presynaptic neuron

A

postsynaptic membrane

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10
Q

refers to the region of a synapse that receives and responds to the neurotransmitter

A

postsynaptic

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11
Q

a small, spherical structure that contains molecures of neurotransmitter

A

synaptic vesicles

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12
Q

the special chemical with which a presynaptic neuron communicates with postsynaptic cells

A

neurotransmitter

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13
Q

a specialized protein that is embedded in the cell membrane, allowing it to selectrively sense and react to molecules of a corresponding neurotransmitter or drug

A

neurotransmitter receptors

Also simply called receptor.

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14
Q
  • the cone-shaped area on the cell body from which the axon originates
  • gathers and integrates information; process of integration determines when neuron will produce neural signals of its own
A

axon hillock

“little hill”

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15
Q

a type of glial cell that ensheathes axons with myelin in the central nervous system

Compare to the Schwann cell.

A

oligodendrocytes

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16
Q

a type of glial cell that forms myelin in the peripheral nervous system

Compare to the oligodendrocyte.

A

Schwann cells

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17
Q

small, unexposed patches of axonal membrane (not covered with myelin)

A

nodes of Ranvier

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18
Q
  • the fatty insulation around an axon, formed by glial cells
  • myelin sheath boosts the speed at which action potentials are conducted
A

myelin

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19
Q
  • star-shaped glial cell with numerous processes (extentions) that run in all directions
  • some help control local blood flow to increase amount of blood reaching more-active brain regions;
  • some help form touch outer membranes that swaddle brain;
  • some secrete chemical signals that affect synaptic transmission and the formation of synapses

may also worsen edema after brain injury, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

A

astrocytes

From the Greek astron or “star”

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20
Q

Extremely small mobile glial cells that remove cellular debris from injured or dead cells.

may also worsen edema after brain injury, Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s

A

microglial cells

Or microglia.

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21
Q
A

gross neuroanatomy

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22
Q
A

central nervous system (CNS)

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23
Q
A

peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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24
Q
A

nerves

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25
motor nerves
26
sensory nerves
27
somatic nervous system
28
autonomic nervous system
29
cranial nerves
30
CN I Olfactory
31
CN II Optic
32
CN III Oculomotor
33
CN IV Trochlear
34
CN V Trigeminal
35
CN VI Abducens
36
CN VII Facial
37
CN VIII Vestibulocochlear
38
CN IX Glossopharyngeal
39
CN X Vagus
40
CN XI Spinal accessory
41
CN XII Hypoglossal
42
spinal nerves
43
cervical
44
thoracic
45
lumbar
46
sacral
47
coccygeal
48
sympathetic nervous system
49
parasympathetic nervous system
50
sagittal plane
51
coronal plane
52
horizontal plane
53
medial
54
lateral
55
ipsilateral
56
contralateral
57
superior
58
inferior
59
basal
60
anterior
61
posterior
62
proximal
63
distal
64
afferent
65
efferent
66
dorsal
67
ventral
68
gray matter
69
white matter
70
cerebral hemispheres
71
cerebral cortex
72
gyri
73
sulci
74
frontal lobe
75
parietal lobe
76
temporal lobe
77
occipital lobe
78
Sylvia fissure
79
central sulcus
80
corpus callosum
81
postcentral gyrus
82
precentral gyrus
83
neural tube
84
forebrain
85
midbrain
86
hindbrain
87
telencephalon
88
diencephalon
89
brainstem
90
nuclei
91
tracts
92
pyramidal cell
93
cortical columns
94
basal ganglia
95
limbic system
96
amygdala
97
hippocampus
98
fornix
99
cingulate gyrus
100
olfactory bulb
101
thalamus
102
hypothalamus
103
tectum
104
superior colliculi
105
inferior colliculi
106
tegmentum
107
substantia nigra
108
periaqueductal gray
109
reticular formation
110
cerebellum
111
pons
112
medulla
113
meninges
114
dura mater
115
pia mater
116
arachnoid
117
cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)
118
meningitis
119
meningiomas
120
ventricular system
121
lateral ventricle
122
choroid plexus
123
third ventricle
124
fourth ventricle
125
hydrocephalus
126
glymphatic system
127
cerebral arteries
128
blood-brain barrier
129
stroke
130
transient ischemic attack (TIA)
131
histology
132
Nissl stains
133
Golgi stains
134
autoradiography
135
immunohistochemistry (IHC)
136
in situ hybridization
137
tract tracers
138
computerized axial tomography (CT or CAT scan)
139
magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
140
diffusion tensor imaging (DTI)
141
functional MRI (fMRI)
142
positron emission tomography (PET)
143
transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS)
144
magnetoencephalography (MEG)
145
somatic intervention
146
independent variable
147
dependent variable
148
control group
149
within-participants experiments
150
between-participants experiment
151
behavioral intervention
152
correlation
153
causality
154
conserved
155
reductionism
156
levels of analysis
157
The basic unit of the nervous system, each composed of receptive extensions called dendrites, an integrating cell body, a conducting axon, and a transmitting axon terminal.
neurons | Also called *nerve cells*
158
Nonneuronal brain cells that provide structural, nutritional, and other types of support to the brain.
glial cell | Also called *glia*
159
The cellular location at which information is transmitted from a neuron to another cell. | The space between two cells.
synapses
160
The part of a neuron that receives information from other neurons or from specialized sensory structures. The zone usually corresponds to the cell's dendrites. | 1 of 4 zones in neuron. See conduction, integration, output zones.
input zone
161
The part of a neuron that initiates neural electrical activity. This zone usually corresponds to the neuron's cell body. | 1 of 4 zones in neuron. See input, conduction, and output zones.
integration zone
162
The region of a neuron that is defined by the presence of the cell nucleus. Functionally, the cell body is part of the integration zone in the neuron.
cell body | Also known as *soma.*
163
The part of a neuron--typically the axon--over which the action potential is actively propagated. | 1 of 4 neuron zones. See input, integration, and output zones.
conduction zone
164
The part of a neuron at which the cell sends information to another cell. | 1 of 4 neuron zones. See input, conduction, and integration zones.
output zone
165
A neuron that transmits neural messages to muscles (or glands). | See other functional types of neurons, sensory neuron and interneuron.
motor neurons | Also called *motoneurons.*
166
a neuron that is directly affected by changes in the environment, such as light, odor, or touch | See other functional types of neurons, motor neurons and interneurons.
sensory neurons
167
* a neuron that is neither a sensory nor a motor neuron * receive input from and sent output to other neurons | See other functional types of neurons, motor and sensory neurons.
interneurons
168
* have many dendrites and a single axon * the most common (structural) type of neuron | See other structural types of neurons, bipolar and unipolar neurons.
multipolar neurons
169
* a neuron that has a single dendrite at one end and a single axon at the other * especially common in sensory systems (e.g., vision) | See other structural types of neurons, multipolar and unipolar neurons.
bipolar neurons
170
* a neuron with a single branch that leaves the cell body then extends in two directions -- one end is the input zone and the other is the output zone * transmit touch information from the body into the spinal cord | See other structural types of neurons, multipolar and bipolar neurons.
unipolar neurons | Also known as *monopolar neurons.*
171
the ability of the nervous system to change in response to experience or the environment
neuroplasticity | Also called *neural plasticity.*
172
to provide neural input to
innervate
173
the transportation of materials from the neuronal cell body toward the axon terminals, and from the axon terminals back toward the cell body | *anterograde* = toward axon terminals *retrograde* = back to cell body
axonal transport
174

Brain and Behavior (19 decks)

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