Unit 2 B&B - Lecture

Question 1

Sperm + ovum = ?

Answer 1

zygote

3/1/24

Question 2

What is the first major stage in development?

Answer 2

zygote

Question 3

Multiple Choice

Which of the following are in the correct order, according to human development?
* zygote; blastocyst; morula; embryo
* morula; embryo; zygote; blastocyst
* zygote; morula; blastocyst; embryo
* blastocyst; zygote; morula; embryo

Answer 3

zygote; morula; blastocyst; embryo

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 4

Multiple Choice

When does a human have the most synapses?
* early embryonic development
* early childhood
* late in fetal development
* adolescence

Answer 4

early childhood

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 5

Multiple Choice

What is the name of the developmental period in which a human has the most quantity of neurons?
* adulthood
* at birth
* late in life
* adolescence

Answer 5

at birth

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 6

Multiple Choice

Hormones are typically released ——– allowing them to exert effects throughout the body.
* into the synapse
* into the circulatory system
* into the brain
* outside the body

Answer 6

into the circulatory system

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 7

Multiple Choice

Which component is necessary for apoptosis?
* Death genes
* Methylation
* Neurogenesis markers
* Neurotrophic factors

Answer 7

death genes

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 8

Multiple Choice

Undifferentiated —— cells, if gathered from embryonic tissue and transplanted into the brain, will differentiate and integrate properly.
* mesodermal
* apoptotic
* stem
* ventricular

Answer 8

stem

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 9

Multiple Choice

——– regulates all hormone secretions and acts similar to a thermostat.
* negative feedback
* positive feedback
* action potentials
* endocrine gland shut down

Answer 9

negative feedback

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 10

Multiple Choice

Which of the following statements is correct?
* pheromones definitely allow women to “sync up” menstrual cycles
* unlike most mammals, humans are not sensitive to hormones
* humans have a very sensitive vomeronasal organ
* there is mixed evidence regarding humans and pheromones

Answer 10

there is mixed evidence regarding humans and pheromones

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 11

Multiple Choice

—— is an example of a major class of steroid hormones produced by the ——
* testes; testosterone
* estrogen; gonads
* progestin; ovary
* progestin; gonads

ASK PROF - Got this wrong on quiz

Answer 11

answered “estrogen;gonads” but got it wrong

progestin - isn’t this synthetic progesterone? meaning it wouldn’t be produced in the ovary or gonads. This rules out C and D.

testes - testes are not hormones. This rules out A.

NEED TO ASK - Office Hours

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 12

Multiple Choice

Which of the following hormones is MOST responsible for the masculinization of the zebra finch song system?
* testosterone
* estrogen
* progesterone
* androstenedione

Answer 12

estrogen

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 13

Multiple Choice

Preventing estrogen synthesis in a male zebra finch during development would likely:
* lead to larger brain areas associated with song
* cause no significant changes in the song system of the brain
* create a gynandromorph bird
* lead to smaller brain areas associated with song

Answer 13

cause no significant changes in the song system of the brain

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 14

Multiple Choice

Alzheimer’s disease causes a gradually loss of ———, due to the death of basal forebrain neurons.
* acetylcholine.
* dopamine.
* serotonin.
* norepinephrine.

Answer 14

acetylcholine

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 15

Multiple Choice

The process of apoptosis requires what?
* Methylation
* Neurogenesis markers
* Death genes
* Neurotrophic factors

Answer 15

death genes

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 16

Multiple Choice

Reproduction that does NOT include the fusion of gametes or recombination of chromosomes is known as what?
* asexual reproduction
* infertile reproduction
* monecious reproduction
* ansiogametic reproduction

Answer 16

asexual reproduction

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 17

Multiple Choice

———- is a biological variable, including aspects of genes, hormones, gametes, and anatomy.
* sex
* gender
* sexuality
* masculinity and femininity

Answer 17

sex

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 18

Multiple Choice

Which of the following accurately describes an epigenetic process?
* fertilization of an egg by a sperm
* cell differentiation in interneurons, due to exposure to sonic hedgehog proteins in the spinal cord
* preferring spicy food, because you were raised eating it
* in-vitro fertilization

Answer 18

cell differentiation in interneurons, due to exposure to sonic hedgehog proteins in the spinal cord

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 19

Multiple Choice

If Sheldon Cooper were to conduct an experiment on his roommate Leonard Hofstadter to enhance Leonard’s spatial memory, which of the following factors should Sheldon most likely manipulate?

• The number of glial cells in Leonard’s brain
• The size of Leonard’s neurons
• The rate of neurogenesis in Leonard’s adult brain
• The number of neurons Leonard had at birth

Answer 19

The rate of neurogenesis in Leonard’s adult brain

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 20

Name the type of chemical communication.

oxytocin promotes the start of contractions in pregnant mammals

Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?

Answer 20

hormone

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 21

Name the type of chemical communication.

a cat releases a scent indicating it is in heat

Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?

Answer 21

pheromone

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 22

Name the type of chemical communication.

neurons in the frontal cortex release dopamine in response to eating chocolate cake

Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?

Answer 22

synaptic

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 23

Name the type of chemical communication.

trout emit a chemical to warn other trout of danger when spotting a predator

Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?

Answer 23

pheromone

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 24

Name the type of chemical communication.

a flower attracts a bee by emitting a sweet scent

Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?

Answer 24

allomone

Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 25

# Name the type of chemical communication. the pituitary secretes FSH into the bloodstream, affecting the gonads | Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?

Answer 25

hormone ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)

Question 26

# Multiple Choice Nicotine and alcohol are examples of well known: * types of polydactyly * birth defectors * teratogens * endocrine disruptors

Answer 26

teratogens ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 27

# Multiple Choice Neurotrophins are an excitatory neurotransmitter. * This statement is correct. * Incorrect; neurotrophins are inhibitory neurotransmitters * Incorrect; neurotrophins are both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters * Incorrect; neurotrophins are different from neurotransmitters

Answer 27

Incorrect; neurotrophins are different from neurotransmitters ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 28

# Multiple Choice These types of glands are hormone producing tissues. * endocrine * epigenetic * neural * gonadal

Answer 28

endocrine ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 29

# Multiple Choice Which would not be considered an extrinsic influence on cells? * Induction * Nutrition * Genes * Experience

Answer 29

genes ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 30

# Multiple Choice During development, an organism can be permanently changed by a teratogen if it occurs during the ---------- period. * plastic * developmental * flexible * sensitive

Answer 30

sensitive ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 31

# Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is correct regarding humans? * men produce testosterone; but not estrogen * women produce testosterone and estrogen * women produce estrogen, only when they are pregnant * men do not produce testosterone or estrogen

Answer 31

women produce testosterone and estrogen ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 32

# Multiple Choice The development of ocular dominance as a results of increased connections between commonly used cells is an example of what? * Hebbian synapses * apoptosis * synaptogenesis * Watsonian connections

Answer 32

Hebbian synapses ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 33

# Multiple Choice Cell fate is determined by factors including chemical environment and genetic activity. This is also known as * apoptosis * epigenetics * sexual differentiation * methylation

Answer 33

epigenetics ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 34

# Multiple Choice Treating a female zebra finch egg with estrogen would most likely lead to which effect? * the brain would fail to develop * the brain would look more like the average male brain * the brain would look hyper-feminine * the brain would look no different

Answer 34

the brain would look more like the average male brain ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 35

# Multiple Choice In early development, the cells that create neurons undergo mitosis in the ----------. * cerebral cortex * spinal cord * neural tube * brain stem

Answer 35

neural tube ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 36

# Multiple Choice Why is it incorrect to say that sex is a binary characteristic in humans? * there are more than 2 possible combinations of sex chromosomes * none of these answers are correct * because biology does not determine sex * there are only 2 possible combinations of sex chromosomes

Answer 36

there are more than 2 possible combinations of sex chromosomes ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 37

# Multiple Choice From the analogy discussed in class, a gene is like a ------, while a chromosome is can be compared to a --------- * bookshelf with many cookbooks; single cookbook * single recipe; bookshelf with many cookbooks * single cookbook, single recipe * single recipe; single cookbook

Answer 37

single recipe (gene); bookshelf with many cookbooks (chromosome) ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 38

# Multiple Choice A mutation in the SRY gene would likely disrupt what? * gamete formation * all of these answers are correct * gonadal development * sexual differntiation

Answer 38

all of these answers are correct ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 39

# Multiple Choice If Dr. Meredith Grey were to invent a device that could accelerate one stage of the nervous system development in a patient, which stage would most likely result in the patient developing new neural connections? * Neurogenesis, the mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons * Cell migration, the massive movements of nerve cells or their precursors to establish distinct nerve cell populations * Neuronal cell death, the selective death of many nerve cells * Synaptogenesis, the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow

Answer 39

Synaptogenesis, the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)

Question 40

# Multiple Choice Which of the following is NOT a major division of the CNS visible in early development? * spinal cord * forebrain * none of these answers is correct * hindbrain

Answer 40

none of these answers is correct | On quiz, chose spinal cord but got it wrong ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 41

# Multiple Choice A drug that changes the amount of sonic hedgehog in the developing embryo would disrupt what? * cell differentiation * spinal cord development * All of these answers are correct * glial cell development

Answer 41

All of these answers are correct ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 42

# Multiple Choice Hormones are a critical part of which function? * all of these answers are correct * stress * circadian rhythms * hunger and digestion

Answer 42

all of these answers are correct ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 43

# Multiple Choice If a kitten's left eye is occluded during the --------- visual cells later show -------- responses when visual stimuli is presented to the left eye * sensitive; decreased * critical; decreased * sensitive; increased * critical; increased

Answer 43

sensitive; decreased ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 44

# Multiple Choice Fragile X syndrome is characterized by a chromosome that is prone to breaking due to what? * unstable DNA * methylated genes * reduced chromosomal count * increased methylation

Answer 44

unstable DNA ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 45

# Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is correct regarding humans? * men produce testosterone; but not estrogen * women produce testosterone and estrogen * men do not produce testosterone or estrogen * women produce estrogen, only when they are pregnant

Answer 45

women produce testosterone and estrogen ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 46

# Multiple Choice Which of the following statements is correct? * non-human animals are classified by gender, not sex * biological sex is determined by societal expectation * gender is determined by steroid hormones * gender is unique to humans

Answer 46

gender is unique to humans ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 47

# Multiple Choice Which of the following conclusions are consistent with the findings on zebra finch, as discussed in class? * only genetics drive sexual differentiation in the brain * both hormones and genetics drive sexual differentiation in the brain * neither hormones nor genetics drive sexual differentiation in the brain * only hormones drive sexual differentiation in the brain

Answer 47

both hormones and genetics drive sexual differentiation in the brain ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 48

# Multiple Choice Preventing estrogen synthesis in a male zebra finch during development would likely: * create a gynandromorph bird * lead to larger brain areas associated with song * cause no significant changes in the song system of the brain * lead to smaller brain areas associated with song

Answer 48

cause no significant changes in the song system of the brain ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 49

# Multiple Choice At present, the only way to identify Alzheimer's disease with confidence is through * postmortem examination. * genetic screening. * olfactory testing. * MRI.

Answer 49

postmortem examination ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 50

# Multiple Choice PGT can NOT be used to assess what? * chromosomal abnormalities * all of these answers are correct * gender * chromosomal sex

Answer 50

gender ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 51

# Multiple Choice If Dr. Bruce Banner (a.k.a., the Hulk) were to mutate due to an experiment gone wrong, causing his nervous system to develop abnormally, which of the following stages would most likely be affected? * The formation of the three distinct cell layers in the embryo * The development of the neural tube from the neural groove * The transition from the embryo to the fetus stage * The division of the single cell after fertilization

Answer 51

The development of the neural tube from the neural groove ## Footnote Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)

Question 52

According to class, the ultimate function of the brain is [blank1].

Answer 52

homeostasis ## Footnote In Class Homeostasis Learning Check

Question 53

Eating a bunch of very salty chips would mostly likely result in --------.

Answer 53

osmotic thirst ## Footnote In Class Homeostasis Learning Check

Question 54

Why is it a good idea to rehydrate with a slightly salty solution after a period of heavy sweating?

Answer 54

sweating causes the loss of bodily fluids AND electrolytes like sodium ## Footnote In Class Homeostasis Learning Check

Question 55

Humans are an ------- species

Answer 55

endothermic ## Footnote In Class Homeostasis Learning Check

Question 56

Most homeostatic systems work on a --------feedback system.

Answer 56

negative ## Footnote In Class Homeostasis Learning Check

Question 57

# Name the stages Zygote > -------------- > --------------- > ---------------- > --------------- | (prenatal)

Answer 57

zygote > **morula** > **blastocyte** > **embryo** > **fetus** ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 58

The ----------- embeds to the uterus.

Answer 58

blastocyte ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 59

Two weeks post-conception, the "baby" is called an ------------.

Answer 59

embryo ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 60

The "baby" is not called a fetus until ----------------- post-conception.

Answer 60

eight weeks ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 61

What are the 3 layers of cells in a developing human embryo?

Answer 61

Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 62

The ectoderm cells will eventually make up --------- and ----------- tissue.

Answer 62

skin, neural tissue ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 63

Cells in the ----------------- will become the skeleton and cardiac system. | layer of cells in embryo development

Answer 63

mesoderm ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 64

Cells in the --------------- will become the digestion and respiratory systems. | layer of cells in embryo development

Answer 64

endoderm ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 65

Dorsal surface tissue will become the --------------- system.

Answer 65

nervous ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 66

-------------- of the --------------- leads to development of the neural plate.

Answer 66

thickening; ectoderm ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 67

The first step of neural development we've studied in class is the ---------------- of the ----------------------, which is explains the beginning of cells organizing themselves into the nervous system.

Answer 67

induction; neural plate ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 68

Everything happening during development is induced by -------------------------.

Answer 68

chemical signaling ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 69

The thickening of the ectoderm leads to the development of the neural plate. The neural plate then starts to form the -------------------, which then closes to form the ------------------.

Answer 69

neural groove; neural tube | neural crest is the "peak" of the neural groove ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 70

The neural tube is where we find the --------------------. The anterior portion of the neural tube will become the ----------.

Answer 70

spinal cord; brain ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 71

The neural tube forms about ----------- days post-conception.

Answer 71

22 ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 72

A(n) ------------------- called ---------------- occurs if the neural tube fails to close correctly.

Answer 72

neural tube defect; spina bifida ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 73

When something goes wrong during development of the neural tube, it results in a(n) --------------------------.

Answer 73

Neural tube defect ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 74

Neural tube defects can be caused by low ---------------- and/or exposure to --------------------.

Answer 74

maternal folic acid; teratogens ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 75

Chemicals that can impact or disrupt development are ------------.

Answer 75

teratogens | examples are alcohol and nicotine ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 76

Why is extra folic acid included in so many products?

Answer 76

Because low maternal folic acid is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 77

The most common neural tube defect is -----------.

Answer 77

spina bifida ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 78

-------------- occurs when the neural tube does not close at the top, preventing proper development of the skull. It generally results in more severe outcomes than other neural tube defects.

Answer 78

anencephaly ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 79

When the neural tube fails to close properly along the spinal cord area, it results in -------------------. It can have effects varying in severity.

Answer 79

spina bifida ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 80

# True/False: Spina bifida is usually correctible with surgery after birth.

Answer 80

True ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 81

Why is it hard to pinpoint what causes a birth defect?

Answer 81

birth defects due to teratogen exposure can occur at any stage during development; many issues can cause the same impacts AND one issue can cause many impacts ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 82

a disruption to the cardiac system during development

Answer 82

congenital heart defect | congenital = happening during prenatal development ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 83

A type of birth defect that is caused by the neural tube closing improperly

Answer 83

Neural tube defect ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 84

When facial muscle bones are forming, they may not fully come together. This is known as ------------.

Answer 84

Orofacial clefts ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 85

A birth defect that causes development of additional fingers and toes.

Answer 85

polydactyly ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 86

Name three categories of teratogens.

Answer 86

Chemicals; infections; environments (internal and external) ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 87

Earlier teratogen exposure usually leads to -------------------- deficits.

Answer 87

more severe ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 88

List the six phases of brain (or nervous system) development.

Answer 88

1. neurogenesis 2. cell migration 3. cell differentiation 4. synaptogenesis 5. cell death (apoptosis) 6. synapse rearrangement ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 89

# Name the phase of nervous system development. the birth of new neural cells

Answer 89

neurogenesis ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 90

# Name the phase of nervous system development. cells leave ventricular zone and head to different areas in the body where they will start developing the nervous system

Answer 90

cell migration ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 91

# Name the phase of nervous system development. this stage is dependent on cell's location or timing

Answer 91

cell differentiation ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 92

# Name the phase of nervous system development. after cells are created, they create connections between one another to pass messages through the nervous system

Answer 92

synaptogenesis (creation of synapses) ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 93

# Name the phase of nervous system development. excess neurons unable to get necessary chemical for survival start to die off

Answer 93

cell death (or apoptosis) ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 94

# Name the phase of nervous system development. weaker synaptic connections are eliminated while stronger connections are kept and strengthened

Answer 94

synapse rearrangement ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 95

---------- is a period of intense cell proliferation.

Answer 95

neurogenesis ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 96

What is cell proliferation and during which stage in neural development does it occur most?

Answer 96

generation of new cells; neurogenesis ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 97

Where does neurogenesis occur?

Answer 97

in the ventricular zone of the neural tube | region of neural tube responsible for massive amounts of proliferation ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 98

the rate of cell proliferation within the ventricular zone of the neural tube can be about -------------------- per min.

Answer 98

250,000 ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 99

Neurogenesis leads to the creation of cells that are not specialized yet, called:

Answer 99

undifferentiated cells ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 100

at the start of cell migration, the cells are -------------.

Answer 100

undifferentiated | differentiation occurs as cells migrate ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 101

During the migration phase, cells are only a(n) -------------- and a(n).

Answer 101

soma; immature axon ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 102

How do undifferentiated cells become differentiated?

Answer 102

through chemical signaling interactions, specifically location or timing ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 103

The ectodermal tissue acquires its neural fate through chemical signaling. Another series of signaling interactions determine the type of neural cell, --------- or -----------.

Answer 103

**neurons** (including motor neurons and interneurons) and **glia** ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 104

Cells can be exposed to differentiation either through ---------- or ----------.

Answer 104

timing; location ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 105

The signaling protein ----------------, is an example of cell differentiation through location.

Answer 105

Sonic Hedgehog ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 106

The signaling protein, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), is important for ------------------- development.

Answer 106

spinal cord ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 107

A cell that encounters high Shh will become ----------; medium Shh will become ----------; low Shh will become ------------.

Answer 107

glia; motor neuron; interneuron ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 108

In the cerebral cortex, neurons migrate from the ventricular zone on ------------------- to become -----------------------.

Answer 108

radial glia; gray matter ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 109

Radial glia act as ---------- for neurons in the development of the cerebral cortex.

Answer 109

scaffolding | old cells form lower levels, new cells climb past them to higher levels ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 110

Why is the cerebral cortex organized into such well-defined layers?

Answer 110

because neurons use radial glia as scaffolding, so newer neurons climb past layers of older neurons to higher levels. ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 111

The final position of the layers of cerebral cortex is correlated exactly to -----------------.

Answer 111

the birthdate this is helpful because if we see defects in formation of cortex, we can look at the time in development that these cells were formed and identify what may have happened at that point in development. ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 112

in the cerebral cortex, cells that are leaving later migrate past the older neurons, creating --------------- layering.

Answer 112

inside-out ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 113

phase of nervous system development when synapses are created

Answer 113

synaptogenesis ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 114

After synapses are formed, how does communication happen between the two cells?

Answer 114

chemical signaling ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 115

during synaptogenesis, synapses are vital for cell-to-cell communication as well as ----------------

Answer 115

cell survival ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 116

the ----------------- of unfinished axons are searching the extracellular environment for connections to ------------- of other cells. The neighboring cells attract the cells' axon by ---------------------. The --------- transforms into ---------, which connects to the --------------- of the postsynaptic cell, forming a(n) -----------. During which phase of nervous system development does this occur?

Answer 116

growth cones; dendritic spines; emitting chemical signals growth cone transforms into the axon terminal; dendritic spines; synapse synaptogenesis ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 117

--------------------- discovered that connections between cells do not determine how many axons form, they determine -----------------------------. This process is determined by --------------------. | 1 is a person, 2 is a verb, and 3 is a thing.

Answer 117

Rita Levi-Montalcini; how many survive; neurotrophins ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 118

The neurotrophin discovered by Levi-Montalcini.

Answer 118

Nerve Growth Factor ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 119

What does nerve growth factor (NGF) do?

Answer 119

NGF is a neurotrophin protein released by cells necessary for axon survival. It plays a role in the stage of nervous system development where neurons are overproduced and die if they don't make a connection. Only cells that get NGF will make connections with other cells and survive. ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 120

Does a healthy adult nervous system contain more neurons?

Answer 120

No, we have all of the cells needed at birth ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 121

Between ----% and ----% of neurons created will die after migration.

Answer 121

50; 75 ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 122

What is another word for cell death?

Answer 122

apoptosis ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 123

# T/F Cell death (apoptosis) is unnecessary and harmful, and ideally, it would not occur during development.

Answer 123

False; cell death is normal and necessary otherwise we would have many cells that take up energy but don't provide any function for us ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 124

In case something goes wrong, we ------------ cells during development.

Answer 124

overproduce ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 125

Only cells that successfully compete for chemicals make functional connections and survive. What is this called?

Answer 125

Neural Darwinism ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 126

# T/F: A healthy adult CNS has many neurons without appropriate connections.

Answer 126

False; a healthy adult CNS has **very few** neurons without appropriate connections ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 127

Neurotrophins are very important during development and also throughout the lifespan. What are three things that neurotrophins do?

Answer 127

- promote cell growth and survival - guide axons - stimulate synaptogenesis ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 128

---------------- are a family of proteins essential for development of the vertebrate nervous system and help with cell survival during development.

Answer 128

Neurotrophins ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 129

Name 4 neurotrophins.

Answer 129

- nerve growth factor (NGF) - brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF) - neurotrophin 3 (NT3) - neurotrophin 4-5 (NT4/5) ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 130

------------ are expressed only when a cell undergoes apoptosis (in the absence of ------------)

Answer 130

death genes; neurotrophins ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 131

Explain the process of cell death (apoptosis).

Answer 131

A cell does not receive neurotrophins and is unable to create strong enough synaptic connections with other cells. Death genes are expressed. The cell shrinks and loses any physical connections with neighboring cells then blebs, and the nucleus collapses. Finally, the cell breaks down into apoptopic bodies and remaining debris is broken down by white blood cells. ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 132

The process of synapse rearrangement is ----------------------------, meaning cells that are not used die off.

Answer 132

experience-dependent ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 133

Synapse rearrangement allows for ------------- and -----------.

Answer 133

neural adaptation and recovery ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 134

The process of losing weaker connections between cells is known as ---------------.

Answer 134

Pruning ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 135

Within 3 years, a human goes from about ------------ synapses per cell to ------------ synapses per cell.

Answer 135

2500 to 15000 ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 136

Adults have approximately --------- synapses per cell.

Answer 136

7000 ## Footnote Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System

Question 137

What is the ultimate function of the brain?

Answer 137

homeostasis ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 138

What is homestasis?

Answer 138

any biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 139

List some homeostatic mechanisms.

Answer 139

body temp, levels of water, oxygen, glucose, calcium, protein or fat, etc. sun, air supply, survival without water or food ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 140

Homeostasis is controlled by -------- and ------- systems.

Answer 140

physiological; behavioral

Question 141

Homeostasis includes any biological processes that keep body variables within a -----------.

Answer 141

fixed range

Question 142

Who holds the record for longest amount of time without water? How did this happen and what was his record?

Answer 142

Andreas Mihavecz was forgotten about in a jail cell for 18 days. He did not have water, but was able to lick condensation off of the wall. ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 143

Who holds the record for longest amount of time without food? How did this happen and what was the record?

Answer 143

Angus Barbieri lived for 382 days without food. He was under dr. supervision and received some nutrients throughout but no significant calories. He went from 456 lbs to 180lbs and died in 1990. The food deprivation period did not seem to impact his lifespan. ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 144

What is the average amount of time a person can go without water?

Answer 144

about a week ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 145

What is the average amount of time a person can go without food?

Answer 145

estimated to be between 21 and 40 days, but there is a debate about how long a person can go without food ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 146

What are three ways in which a person can die by anorexia?

Answer 146

- myocardial infarction - organ failure - refeeding and sodium toxicity (if refeeding is not supervised, this can be dangerous because the body is pulling salt from different places and NA/K pumps are not working correctly) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 147

If a person with anorexia undergoes refeeding unsupervised, they are at risk of -------------------.

Answer 147

sodium toxicity ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 148

Humans can go without air for about ------------------.

Answer 148

3 minutes ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 149

What is static apnea?

Answer 149

a person has trained themselves to go without oxygen for an extended period of time ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 150

The record for air deprivation (for someone who has undergone static apnea training) is --------------.

Answer 150

24 minutes and 3 seconds ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 151

When a person hypersaturates their lungs with pure oxygen then holds their breath for an extended period of time, it is known as -------------------.

Answer 151

oxygen assist ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 152

How did a Russian cult contribute to our understanding of sunlight deprivation?

Answer 152

The cult lived in tunnels underground, so children had never been exposed to sunlight. They developed vitamin D deficiencies (rickets) and serotonin deficiencies. ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 153

When a person's bones soften due to proloned and extensive vitamin D deficiency, it is called --------.

Answer 153

Rickets ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 154

Who holds the record for longest amount of time without sleep? What was the record?

Answer 154

A high schooler named Randy Gardner stayed awake for 11 days (264 hrs). ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 155

After being deprived of sleep for ------ to ------ days, a person will typically have several cognitive and physiological impairments.

Answer 155

2-3 days ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 156

------- is the maintenance of a stable, balanced, internal environment

Answer 156

homeostasis ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 157

homeostasis is controlled by ------- and ------- systems.

Answer 157

physiological; behavioral ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 158

Changes in our internal environment can affect -----------, a psychological process that induces or sustains certain behavior.

Answer 158

Motivation ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 159

The longer we go without eating, the longer our internal environment undergoes physiological changes = the more ----------- we will be to partake in certain behaviors.

Answer 159

motivated ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 160

----------------- > change in motivation > -----------------

Answer 160

**physiological event** > change in motivation > **change in behavior** ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 161

---------- generate their own heat through internal processes.

Answer 161

Endotherms ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 162

---------- get most of their heat from the environment

Answer 162

Ectotherms ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 163

Ectothermic organisms lack the internal physiological mechanisms for ---------------------.

Answer 163

temperature regulation (they rely on the environment for regulating temperature) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 164

Amphibians, reptiles, and most fish are ------------.

Answer 164

Ectotherms ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 165

It is a misnomer to refer to ectotherms as ----------------. Why?

Answer 165

cold-blooded; because ectotherms will die if their body temperature drops below freezing ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 166

What happens if an ectotherm's body temperature drops below freezing?

Answer 166

ice crystals will form in their cells and blood, causing blood vessels to rupture and the animal to bleed to death ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 167

Some insects and fish have evolved mechanisms that have -------- component in circulatory system, allowing them to essentially freeze solid without decaying.

Answer 167

antifreeze ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 168

Ectotherm's body temperature matches --------------.

Answer 168

their external environment ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 169

insects and fish with "antifreeze" component have extraordinary ---------- ability

Answer 169

blood-clotting | can quickly repair ruptured blood vessels ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 170

Endoterms have internal physiological mecahnisms that ----------------------.

Answer 170

help maintain almost constant body temperature (small temperature range) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 171

Most mammals and birds are --------.

Answer 171

endothermic ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 172

What is a disadvantage of being endothermic?

Answer 172

it requires a lot of energy and fuel ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 173

We can decrease our body temperatures through physiological responses like --------- or ---------.

Answer 173

sweating; panting ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 174

We can increase our body temperatures through physiological responses such as ---------, ---------, ----------, etc.

Answer 174

shivering; decreasing blood flow to skin; fluffing out fur to increase insulation ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 175

What is the advantage of being endothermic?

Answer 175

Muscle activity benefits from being as warm as possible;  Ready for vigorous activity much more quickly than endotherms ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 176

Homeostatic mechanisms are primarily ------------------ systems.

Answer 176

negative feedback ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 177

What is the set point?

Answer 177

The optimal value that we want our homeostatic systems at (e.g., set point for temperature in humans is 98.6) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 178

A deviation from the set point results in --------------------.

Answer 178

a compensatory action (ex. if we get too cold, we'll shiver) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 179

A ----------- is a range of tolerance in a system.

Answer 179

set zone (ex. think of a thermostat) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 180

On a line graph, a negative feedback system would be represented by a --------- line.

Answer 180

wavy the value will reach its peak then the body will take action to lower it; the value will reach its low point, then the body will take action to raise it (ex. thermostat) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 181

In a negative feedback system, there will be ---------- above and below the --------- temperature.

Answer 181

variability; average ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 182

Physiological systems show --------------.

Answer 182

redundancy | they are monitored by more than 1 mechanism ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 183

What are the two thermoregulatory systems in rats?

Answer 183

- **autonomic:** reduces body heat produced and increases blood flow to tail (bc it is not covered in fur and dispenses a lot of heat) - **behavioral:** animals will seek out colder environment - - Preoptic area (POA) - Warm sensitive neurons ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 184

In rats, lesions to -------- impair physiological responses to cold. This only impacts --------------- regulation; not ------------ response.

Answer 184

POA; autonomic; behavioral ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 185

What are the three strategies used to regulate behavior in a thermoregulatory system?

Answer 185

1. change exposure of body surface (tuck in tail) 2. change external insulation (ex. wear coat) 3. change surroundings (go to warmer area) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 186

In rats, lesions to the POA **do not** impact ------------- responses to cold.

Answer 186

behavioral ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 187

Lesioning the ---------- in rats impacts autonomic regulation of temperature, whereas lesioning the --------------- impacts behavioral regulation of temperature

Answer 187

POA; lateral hypothalamus ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 188

Research into the POA and lateral hypothalamus's roles in rat's thermoregulation suggests what?

Answer 188

rats regulate their body temperature in at least two ways, and each is moderated by a different part of the brain ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 189

The ------------- is involved in reward, feeding, sleep, stress.

Answer 189

lateral hypothalamus ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 190

In rats, lesions to the -------------------- cause the rats to stop behavioral regulation of temperature. They do not involve ------------ responses.

Answer 190

lateral hypothalamus; physiological ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 191

--------- heavily rely on behavioral thermoregulation responses.

Answer 191

Ectotherms ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 192

What are two thermoregulation behaviors of ectotherms?

Answer 192

- moving toward or away from a heat source - allowing their temperature to rise to fight infection (endotherms use internal processes to generate a fever) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 193

Endotherms use -------------- processes to generate a fever to fight infection.

Answer 193

internal ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 194

Where are thermoreceptors found?

Answer 194

throughout the body in the skin; body core; and hypothalamus ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 195

What are TRP receptors?

Answer 195

temperature-sensitive receptors ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 196

We use --------------- to monitor our thermoregulatory system.

Answer 196

thermoreceptors/TRP receptors ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 197

Which receptors respond to capascin and menthol?

Answer 197

TRPV1 ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 198

What are TRP receptors responsible for?

Answer 198

detecting temperature and transmitting info ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 199

TRP receptor pathway

Answer 199

spinal cord > brainstem > hypothalamus ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 200

What happens when body temperature goes outside of set zone?

Answer 200

neural regions initiate physiological and behavioral responses to try to return temperature to the set zone (sweat, shiver, find different environment) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 201

# True/False: Our thermoregulatory system only monitors our external environment.

Answer 201

False; also regulates internal temp ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 202

What is the set zone for human body temperature?

Answer 202

about 95 to 107 degrees F ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 203

When internal core reaches ------- degrees Farenheit, initial symptoms of hypothermia set in, including shivering, dizziness, confusion, increased heart rate.

Answer 203

95 ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 204

The average "normal" body temperature for a human is -----------.

Answer 204

98.5 ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 205

Our temperature varies ------------.

Answer 205

throughout the day (lower in the AM and varies during sleep, activity) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 206

Women tend to have slightly -------- baseline temp than men

Answer 206

higher (by about .5) ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 207

generally normal optimal temperature range

Answer 207

97-99 degrees ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 208

--------- typically indicates an average fever resulting from illness or infection

Answer 208

101.5 degrees ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 209

-------- degrees is classifed as a serious fever.

Answer 209

103 ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 210

At --------- degrees, people can experience multiple organ failure and seizures.

Answer 210

107 ## Footnote LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS

Question 211

What are some homeostatic systems?

Answer 211

Temperature, hunger, thirst ## Footnote LECTURE 3/20/2024: THIRST

Question 212

What is an endotherm and how does it differ from an ectotherm?

Answer 212

WRONG FLASHCARD A set point is the “ideal” point (98.6degrees) A set zone – range that the system needs to stay in for survival

Question 213

What is a set point and how dies it differ from a set zone?

Answer 213

WRONG FLASHCARD Body temp comes from organism vs. body temp comes from external environment

Question 214

What are TRP receptors?

Answer 214

Thermoreceptors – receptors important for monitoring internal and external temperature; also play a role in pain, touch, gustatory/taste system

Question 215

Excessive water loss is -------.

Answer 215

dehydration

Question 216

Fluid retention is essential because we need it in the ------------------ and -------------------.

Answer 216

intracellular compartment; extracellular compartment

Question 217

The extracellular compartment is divided between:

Answer 217

- interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid) - blood plasma (in cardiac system, carries hormones, etc.

Question 218

When we move outside of the set zone for thirst, we become -------.

Answer 218

dehydration

Question 219

why do we need water?

Answer 219

water moves through major components in the body and is needed for biological function; needed in both intracellular compartment and extracellular compartment

Question 220

We want a -------------- in fluid and ions across both sides of cellular membrane.

Answer 220

balance

Question 221

Body attempts to balance ---------- and --------- of fluid across both sides of the membrane.

Answer 221

volume (equalization pressure); concentration (chemical diffusion pressure)

Question 222

Thirst is triggered due to internal changes in fluid ------------ or --------------.

Answer 222

volume (amount of fluid in body); concentration (ratio of fluid to sodium)

Question 223

------------- monitor blood pressure and amount of fluid in the system.

Answer 223

Baroreceptors | need enough blood to keep everything moving through bloodstream

Question 224

Baroreceptors are highly involved in the ------------ nervous system.

Answer 224

sympathetic

Question 225

If baroreceptor system is disrupted, we get activation of the sympathetic nervous system. This causes -------------- and ----------------.

Answer 225

arteries to constrict; several hormonal systems to activate

Question 226

Why do arteries constrict in dehydration?

Answer 226

causes blood pressure to increase; makes it so circulatory system does not need as much fluid to fill the entire system

Question 227

Water in body needs to be within -------- range.

Answer 227

narrow

Question 228

Concentration of chemicals in water is a -------------- step for all chemical reactions in the body.

Answer 228

rate-limiting

Question 229

It is safer for humans to -------------- and ------------ than it is to risk having too little fluid.

Answer 229

overhydrate; release

Question 230

A hormone released by the posterior pituitary moves through the circulatory system and helps monitor and maintain overhydration/release process

Answer 230

vasopressin

Question 231

vasopressin can increase -------------- by constricting ------------ to compensate for low fluid volume.

Answer 231

blood pressure; blood vessels

Question 232

vasopressin works with kidneys to:

Answer 232

reabsorb water and excrete highly concentrated urine

Question 233

The less fluid in the body, the ------------ kidneys will absorb it before excreting.

Answer 233

more

Question 234

What are the two different kinds of thirst?

Answer 234

osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst

Question 235

-------- results from change in sodium concentration. How is it caused?

Answer 235

osmotic thirst; eating salty food or adding too much salt too system

Question 236

---------------- results from overall loss of fluids. How does this happen?

Answer 236

hypovolemic thirst; blood loss, sweating, etc. there is no change in solute concentration (we sweat out both fluid and salt)

Question 237

Osmotic thirst is triggerd by -----------------.

Answer 237

osmotic pressure

Question 238

When increasing sodium adds ions in blood and intersitital fluid (higher sodium outside of cell); creates -----------

Answer 238

osmotic pressure

Question 239

In osmotic pressure, there is a ------------ of solutes outside of cell.

Answer 239

higher concentration

Question 240

Water losses without ------------------ result in osmotic thirst. What types of behaviors can cause osmotic thirst?

Answer 240

loss of sodium; respiration and urination (solute concentration increases and the net effect is that the the balance of concentration in system is changed)

Question 242

How does the body detect osmotic pressure?

Answer 242

osmosensory neurons (monitor concentration of solute in blood -- detect osmotic pressure and sodium content of blood)

Question 243

Where do we see osmosensory neurons in the brain?

Answer 243

OVLT (organum vasculosum laminae terminalis), subfornical organ, preoptic area)

Question 244

Where do we find osmosensory neurons in the periphery?

Answer 244

stomach and digestive tract

Question 245

Osmosensory neurons monitor the changes in ------------- of EC fluid.

Answer 245

concentration (also monitors osmotic pressure)

Question 246

Osmosensory neurons relay information to --------------, which interacts with ----------- and --------------. These both play role in interactions with the endocrine gland, ------------------.

Answer 246

hypothalamus supraoptic nucleus paraventricular nucleus pituitary gland

Question 247

What does the pituitary gland release when osmotic pressure is detected?

Answer 247

vasopressin

Question 248

What structures control the rate at which vasopressin is released when osmotic pressure is detected?

Answer 248

supraoptic nucleus paraventricular nucleus

Question 249

Vasopressin interacts with ---------- and -------------.

Answer 249

blood pressure; water absorption

Question 250

------------ is associated with low volume of body fluids.

Answer 250

hypovolemic thirst

Question 251

What does angiotensin II (AII) do?

Answer 251

increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels (vasopressin can do this too)

Question 252

What does aldosterone do?

Answer 252

stimulates kidneys to conserve sodium; aids in water retention

Question 253

What happens in the kidneys during hypovolemic thirst?

Answer 253

aldosterone stimulates kidneys to conserve sodium and aide in water retention (limit dehydration through urination)

Question 254

Other species use aldosterone to -----------------.

Answer 254

live in sea water (conserves water retention, prevents extreme dehydration)

Question 255

How does aldosterone impact the brain?

Answer 255

stimulates thirst and drinking behavior (it is not enough to retain fluids; we also need to replace them)

Question 256

Homeostatic systems --------- mechanisms, trigger ------------ response, trigger -------------- response, then leads to -------------- response.

Answer 256

monitor physiological (thirst) psychological (sensation of thirst) behavioral (seek out water)

Question 257

Hypovolemic thirst creates preference for -------------- water. Why?

Answer 257

slightly salty because pure water will dilute body fluids and change osmotic pressure; if we have hypovolemic thirst, we want to replace both sodium and water so we don't trigger osmotic thirst

Question 258

If hypovolemic thirst is treated with pure water and no salt, it results in ------------------------, which causes a strong craving for ------------------.

Answer 258

sodium-specific hunger; salty foods ## Footnote Lecture 3/20/2024: Thirst

Question 259

Sodium-specific hunger develops automatically to restore -------------------------.

Answer 259

solute levels in the blood ## Footnote Lecture 3/20/2024: Thirst

Question 260

Why does gatorade exist?

Answer 260

to address hypovolemic thirst -- since you lose both sodium and water when sweating, you need to replenish both ## Footnote Lecture 3/20/2024: Thirst

Question 261

In thirst system: - Where are the receptors/how is the system monitored? - What are the pathways? - What physiological responses are triggered? - What behavioral responses are triggered?

Answer 261

## Footnote Lecture 3/20/2024: Thirst

Question 262

In thirst system: Where are neurons that are monitoring osmotic pressure located/how is this information getting to the brain?

Answer 262

## Footnote Lecture 3/20/2024: Thirst

Question 263

In thermoregulatory system: - Where are the receptors/how is the system monitored? - What are pathways to the brain? - What are physiological responses? - What are behavioral responses?

Question 264

In hunger system: - Where are the receptors/how is the system monitored? - What are pathways to the brain? - What are physiological responses? - What are behavioral responses?

Question 265

What is basal metabolism?

Answer 265

how much energy the body uses when it is just surviving (energy necessary to keep the body alive) ## Footnote Lecture 3/22/2024: Hunger & Satiety

Question 266

Why won't dietary changes always produce changes in weight?

Answer 266

**basal metabolism means that our stores of energy are under homeostatic control** -- meaning we have long-term stores of energy that we're able to use, so if we experience a short-term energy intake or expenditure, we won't instantly see changes in body weight

Question 267

--------- and ---------- are contrasting homeostatic mechanisms responsible for maintaining adequate nutrition in the body.

Answer 267

hunger; satiety

Question 268

How does basal metabolism control energy usage?

Answer 268

* producing heat/keeping body at correct temperature * maintaining membrane potentials * other life-sustaining processes

Question 269

Basal metabolism and energy use are under ----------- control.

Answer 269

homeostatic

Question 270

Because basal metabolism and energy use are under homeostatic control, there is ------------- because they can be ------------.

Answer 270

variability; adjusted

Question 271

When we talk about homeostatic regulation in hunger and satiety, we are talking about -------------------- and -------------------- regulation.

Answer 271

energy intake; nutrient

Question 272

Why is nutrient homeostasis necessary?

Answer 272

Making sure we are taking in not just the right amount of energy/food, but also that that energy source/food has the proper nutrients

Question 273

------------- are chemicals required for function, maintenance, and growth.

Answer 273

nutrients

Question 274

Nutrient homeostasis involves regulation of ------- and ---------.

Answer 274

eating; body energy

Question 275

Like other homeostatic mechanisms, basal metabolism and nutrient regulation involve ------------ mechanisms.

Answer 275

redundant

Question 276

What is the principal sugar used for energy in the body?

Answer 276

Glucose | the brain, in particular, is incredibly glucose-hungry

Question 277

Glucose is so important that (similar to water) we overconsume and store it short-term as ------------- in --------------- and ---------------.

Answer 277

glycogen; liver and muscles

Question 278

process of storing glucose into glycogen is called ------------------, and it is monitored by the pancreatic hormone, ---------------.

Answer 278

glycogenesis; insulin

Question 279

When body's circulating glucose levels drop too low, ----------- works to convert ---------------- into -------------.

Answer 279

glucagon converts glycogen into glucose; then glucose is available in bloodstream and can be used in tissues that need it

Question 280

the process of making glucose available for use in the body; glucagon converts glycogen back into glucose

Answer 280

glycogenolysis

Question 281

Insulin is important for both ----------------- and also for allowing -------------.

Answer 281

storing glucose; allowing circulating glucose to enter cells

Question 282

Why does the body need insulin?

Answer 282

to help glucose transporters import glucose from the blood into most cells

Question 283

----------- binds to unlock the --------------- channel to allow glucose to enter the cell.

Answer 283

insulin; glucose

Question 284

In order to use circulating glucose (blood sugar) and to store glucose, we need -----------.

Answer 284

insulin

Question 285

The ---------- and ------------- do not need insulin in order to use glucose.

Answer 285

brain; fatty acids

Question 286

------- is needed for glucose storage and --------- is needed to release it.

Answer 286

insulin; glucagon

Question 287

Some extra glycogen is stored as ------ for long-term storage.

Answer 287

fat

Question 288

Insulin released is triggered by several mechanisms in ------ phases.

Answer 288

three

Question 289

# Which phase of insulin release? Insulin release is mediated by brain in response to seeing, smelling or tasting food

Answer 289

cephalic phase

Question 290

# Which phase of insulin release? insulin released when food enters digestive tract

Answer 290

digestive phase

Question 291

# Which phase of insulin release? glucodetectors signal pancreas to release more insulin to help with glycogen storage

Answer 291

absorptive phase

Question 292

Where are glucodetectors located?

Answer 292

liver

Question 293

What are the two complementary processes of insulin release?

Answer 293

- reduce blood sugar - raise blood sugar

Question 294

When glucodetectors recognize high levels of glucose, they signal the ---------- to release ----------. Insulin will remove excess ---------- from the blood in two ways: 1. allows insulin to --------------- 2. signals ---------- to . These two things ------------- blood sugar.

Answer 294

pancreas; insulin glucose; enter target tissues; liver; start storing glucose as glycogen lower

Question 295

High blood sugar promotes ------------------ release.

Answer 295

insulin

Question 296

When glucodetectors recognize low blood sugar, they signal the ------------ to release ------------, causing -------------- to break down into ------------, then enter into ------------------------------ and ------------ blood sugar level.

Answer 296

pancreas; glucagon; glycogen; glucose; circulatory system; raise

Question 297

Low blood sugar promotes ------------- release.

Answer 297

glucagon

Question 298

What happens when insulin is not working properly?

Answer 298

insulin fails to induce glucose absorption, resulting in diabetes

Question 299

Diabetes is a failure of ----------- to induce ----------- absorption.

Answer 299

insulin; glucose

Question 300

What does diabetes (a failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption) lead to?

Answer 300

- chronic high blood sugar - damage to cells depending on glucose

Question 301

Which cells can diabetes impact?

Answer 301

those that are glucose dependent, including: - eye disease - renal failure - diabetic foot - stroke - heart damage - nerve disease - arteriosclerosis

Question 302

People with diabetes are ---- times more likely to have an amputation due to nerve damage.

Answer 302

20

Question 303

a loss of sensation due to nerve damage

Answer 303

sensory neuropathy

Question 304

When we talk about hunger, we're talking about the brain monitoring -------- and -------- levels along with other info to monitor ------------.

Answer 304

glucose; insulin; appetite

Question 305

# True/False Neither insulin nor glucose alone is an appetite signal.

Answer 305

True

Question 306

Areas associated with the --------------, including the ----------------------- and ----------------------, are especially important in controlling hunger.

Answer 306

hypothalamus; ventromedial hypothalamus (VMN); lateral hypothalamus (LH)

Question 307

According to a study, VMH lesions caused -------------. This change happened due to ---------------. Thus, researchers believed this to be a ------------ center.

Answer 307

obesity; significant increase in food intake; satiety

Question 308

According to a study, LH lesions caused -------------. This change happened due to ---------------. Thus, researchers believed this to be a ------------ center.

Answer 308

weight loss; refusal to eat; hunger

Question 309

In the study lesioning VMH and LH areas, the weight of both lesioned groups stabilized over time. What did this indicate about these brain areas?

Answer 309

since both kinds of lesioned animals experienced satiety and hunger, neither center is wholly responsible for either sensation amount of food affecting fullness/satiety changed depending on where lesion was

Question 310

In addition to brain areas, many ----------- are important in regulating hunger and satiety.

Answer 310

hormones

Question 311

Hormones drive -------------------- appetite control.

Answer 311

hypothalamic

Question 312

There is a circuit within ----------- that integrates various hunger and satiety hormones.

Answer 312

arcuate nucleus

Question 313

-------------- and ----------- constantly release hormonal signals about ------------, short-term and long-term energy balance in the body.

Answer 313

digestive organs; fat tissues; ongoing

Question 314

Leptin is released by -------------- and gives info about ------------ energy.

Answer 314

fat cells; long-term

Question 315

Initially it was thought that leptin deficiency was responsible for --------. This was found to be true in mice but there was not a strong correlation in humans.

Answer 315

obesity

Question 316

Ghrelin is synthesized and released by --------------.

Answer 316

the stomach

Question 317

Ghrelin is high ------------ we eat. It --------------------------.

Answer 317

before; drops off after eating

Question 318

Which hormone works as an appetite stimulant?

Answer 318

ghrelin

Question 319

PYY3-36 is released by ---------------.

Answer 319

intestinal cells

Question 320

We have ------- levels of PYY3-36 before eating and -------- levels after eating. It works as an ----------------------.

Answer 320

low; high; appetite suppressant

Question 321

---------- feeding, cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by the ---------.

Answer 321

After; gut

Question 322

CKK acts on the -------- nerve to ------------ appetite.

Answer 322

vagus; inhibit

Question 323

Semiglutides like ---------- or ----------- are -------------- peptide (GLP-1) agonists.

Answer 323

Wegovy; Ozempic Glucagon-like

Question 324

What are the effects of semiglutides?

Answer 324

- slow gastric emptying (keep food in stomach and digestive tract for longer; increases fullness; changes rate of hormones) - increase insulin secretion - reduces insulin resistance - increases cellular energy consumption - increases satiety signals - reduces appetite signaling (reducing overall food intake) - works with liver to reduce stored energy

Question 325

Although people using semiglutides lost weight, they ------------ after stopping the drug, suggesting treatment may need to be -------------- for it to be effective.

Answer 325

regained the weight; ongoing | main reason its effectiveness is controversial

Question 326

# True/False: Bacteria do a lot more than cause infection.

Answer 326

True

Question 327

Why might we need a paradigm shift to how we think about bacteria?

Answer 327

bacteria do much more in our body than cause infections; many "good" bacteria

Question 328

A healthy adult human has about ----------------- bacteria just in the gut.

Answer 328

100 trillion

Question 329

# True/False: Humans are more bacteria than they are human.

Answer 329

True

Question 330

The communal gut microbial genome (microbiome) is about ------- times larger than the human genome.

Answer 330

150

Question 331

We may think about the microbiome as its own -----------.

Answer 331

organ | all of our bacteria weighs about 1kg

Question 332

The microbiome is an ------------------ of cells with no --------------------. Compare to ------------- system?

Answer 332

organized system of cells; no distinct structure; immune

Question 333

Our ------------- change our gut microbiome, so it is incredibly -----------.

Answer 333

experiences; individualized

Question 334

Host and microbiome have -------------- interests and interplay. Neither wishes the other -----------.

Answer 334

evolutionarily-aligned; harm

Question 335

As result of evolution, we have lost some genes and bacteria have maintained some genes that ----------------.

Answer 335

are only beneficial to the host

Question 336

The ---------------- provides critical biosynthetic pathways that significantly extend host metabolic and physiologic capacity (exend our health as well as

Answer 336

microbiome

Question 337

What is a commensal relationship?

Answer 337

Our bacteria keep us alive (by extending out metabolic and physiologic capacity) and by staying alive, we continue to provide a host for bacteria

Question 338

We have bacteria in our gut that express -------------- which converts glycans into useable sugars. No ---------------- is capable of digesting glycans--only bacterial enzymes.

Answer 338

glycoside hydrolase; no human enzyme

Question 339

Many of the ----------- that we eat are only digestible by bacteria, and bacteria produce these short-chain fatty acids.

Answer 339

carbohydrates

Question 340

---- to -----% of adult energy may be generated by ---------- production or stored as fat.

Answer 340

10-15%; short-chain fatty acid ## Footnote Lecture 3/22/24: Hunger & Satiety

Question 341

The POA and LH are both involved in ----- and this is an example of ------ in homeostatic mechanisms. * body temp regulation; redundancy * body temp regulation; isolation * appetite regulation; redundancy * appetite regulation; isolation

Answer 341

body temp regulation; redundancy ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 342

In humans, a body temperature below ------ degrees F or above ------ degrees F is generally considered cause for significant concern.

Answer 342

95; 106 ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 343

The ----- controls blood pressure in part as a response to activation of -------. * sympathetic nervous system; baroreceptors * sympathetic nervous system; thermoreceptors * parasympathetic nervous system; baroreceptors * parasympathetic nervous system; thermoreceptors

Answer 343

sympathetic nervous system; baroreceptors ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 344

Baroreceptors are found in the organs of the ------.

Answer 344

sympathetic nervous system (got this wrong on quiz, should double-check) | answered "peripheral" but wrong on quiz ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 345

Damage to the lateral hypothalamus would disrupt which of the following in rats? * all of these answers are correct * sleep behaviors * feeding behavior, leading to weight loss * autonomic thermoregulation

Answer 345

all of these answers are correct ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 346

The intestinal hormones, ----- and -------, both show a rapid increase in secretion in response to eating, and have the effect of appetite suppression. * PYY3-36; GLP-1 * ghrelin; leptin * PYY3-36; ghrelin * GLP-1; leptin

Answer 346

PYY3-36; GLP-1 ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 347

Disrupting -------- production would interfere with the changing of glucose to glycogen. * Aldosterone * CCK * Glucagon * Insulin

Answer 347

Insulin ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 348

Anticipation of glucose triggers the ------ phase of insulin release. * Cephalic * Digestive * Absorptive * Somatic

Answer 348

Cephalic ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 349

Which pairing is correct? * none of these answers are correct * osmotic thirst; cardiac baroreceptors * hypovolemic thirst; OVLT * hypovolemic thirst; amygdala

Answer 349

none of these answers are correct ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 350

Why does eating more slowly make you feel fuller? * increased cholecystokinin production * decreased cholecystokinin production * increased vasopressin production * decreased vasopressin production

Answer 350

increased cholecystokinin production ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 351

When food hits your stomach, receptors detect which of the following sensations which contribute to satiety? * stretching * fullness * flavor of food * leptin release

Answer 351

stretching ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 352

A child born via cesarean section would likely have ------- bacteria in their gut microbiome than a child born via vaginal delivery. * different * more * less * the same

Answer 352

different ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 353

Adult humans get an estimated 10-15% of their daily energy from what? * bacteria in the gut microbiome producing SCFAs * fat cells converting glycogen into insulin * leptin converting glucose into glycogen * potatoes

Answer 353

bacteria in the gut microbiome producing SCFAs ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 354

A patient with bulimia nervosa would typically have which of the following symptoms? * cycles of binge-purge behaviors * little to no appetite * extremely low body weight * all of these answers are correct

Answer 354

cycles of binge-purge behaviors ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 355

As a mammal, Snoopy can maintain high and relatively constant body temperatures, allowing him to play with Woodstock and keep cool by sweating on a hot day. Snoopy would be an example of an -------- * Endotherm * Ectotherm * Ectoplasm * Endoplasm

Answer 355

endotherm ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 356

----------- allows for the separation of intracellular and extracellular fluids, facilitating specialized functions within cells while maintaining overall fluid balance. * Compartmentalization * Osmosis * Diffusion * Fluid pressure

Answer 356

compartmentalization ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 357

The minimum caloric intake required by Patrick Mahomes to sustain his basic bodily functions when he's not playing football is determined by which bodily process? * Basal metabolism * Diffusion * Homeostasis * Thermoregulation

Answer 357

Basal metabolism ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 358

Sarah has Crohn's disease, which affects her appetite. Her doctor in Michigan is able to give her a prescription for ----------, as there's some evidence that this drug may help her gain some weight and have a better appetite. * Cannabis * Oxycodone * Steroids * SSRIs

Answer 358

cannabis ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 359

# physiological, behavioral, both, or neither? A salamander lying on a sunny rock

Answer 359

behavioral ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 360

# physiological, behavioral, both, or neither? An elephant using its trunk to spray water on its body

Answer 360

behavioral ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 361

# physiological, behavioral, both, or neither? Complaining about the weather in Nebraska

Answer 361

neither ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 362

# physiological, behavioral, both, or neither? Damage to the POA disrupts ___ responses

Answer 362

physiological ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1

Question 363

Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic process? * none of these answers are correct * body temperature regulation * hydration/ thirst * respiration/ breathing

Answer 363

none of these answers are correct ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 364

The body uses a combination of ------ signals to detect changes in the body and --------- signals to respond to those changes. * afferent; efferent * efferent; afferent * heterostatic; homeostatic * homeostatic; heterostatic

Answer 364

afferent; efferent ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 365

These types of neurons monitor the concentration of the extracellular fluid. * osmosensory * osmotic * allostatic * sensory

Answer 365

osmosensory ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 366

Gut neurons communicate information about the regulation of saltiness of fluid within the stomach and intestine via the -----------. * vagus nerve * subfornical organ * prefrontal cortex * organum vasculosum

Answer 366

vagus nerve ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 367

Having an extremely low body fat would potentially disrupt the body's ability to do what? * store energy for long term use * convert glucose to glycogen * use glucose * maintain hydration

Answer 367

store energy for long term use ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 368

Which of the following hormones are produced in the gut? * all of these answers are correct * PYY * CCK * ghrelin

Answer 368

all of these answers are correct ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 369

------- is converted into ------ for storage as a reserve fuel. * glucose, glycogen * glycogen, glucose * glucose, glucagon * glucose, lipids

Answer 369

glucose, glycogen ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 370

Which of the following statements is correct about healthy adult humans? * they have more bacterial cells than glia * they have more neurons than glial cells * the human body contains 150x more genes than the gut microbiome * the gut microbiome makes up about 10% of their body weight

Answer 370

they have more bacterial cells than glia ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 371

Which of the following statements is correct? * bariatrics is the study of the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity * obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the Europe, but not the US * the majority of US adults do not meet the diagnostic criteria for obesity * all of these answers are correct

Answer 371

bariatrics is the study of the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 372

--------- maintains a stable internal environment by responding to immediate physiological needs, while ----------- anticipates and adjusts to potential challenges or stressors. * Homeostasis, allostasis * Allostasis, homeostasis * Homeostasis, anxiety

Answer 372

homeostasis; allostasis ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 373

You're at the LNK Airport on your way to a vacation in Chicago. As you approach the security checkpoint, you encounter various security measures, such as metal detectors and baggage checks. These security measures selectively allow certain individuals to pass through while restricting others. Similarly, a ----------- selectively allows certain molecules or ions to pass through while blocking others based on their size, charge, or solubility. * semipermeable membrane * permeable membrane * partial membrane

Answer 373

semipermeable membrane ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 374

Which organ in Claire Dane's body releases insulin when her blood glucose levels are too high, and glucagon when her blood glucose levels are too low? * Pancreas * Liver * Kidneys * Gallbladder

Answer 374

Pancreas ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 375

Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in appetite regulation? * Cortisol * Ghrelin * PYY * GLP-1

Answer 375

Cortisol ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 376

As a general rule, brain damage can occur in as few as ------- without oxygen. * 3 minutes * 24 minutes * 5 minutes * 4 seconds

Answer 376

3 minutes ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 377

Most homeostatic systems: * have multiple or redundant monitoring mechanisms throughout the body * rely on receptors in the CNS to monitor body systems * work by increasing enzyme activity in the synapse * rely on a positive feedback process

Answer 377

have multiople or redundant monitoring mechanisms throughout the body ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 378

If there is a high amount of sodium in the extracellular space: * fluid will be pulled out of the cells * fluid will be pushed into the cell * fluid will remain stable * sodium will be pushed into the cell

Answer 378

fluid will be pulled out of the cells ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 379

The ---- controls blood pressure in part as a response to activation of ------- * sympathetic nervous system; baroreceptors * sympathetic nervous system; thermoreceptors * parasympathetic nervous system; baroreceptors * parasympathetic nervous system; thermoreceptors

Answer 379

sympathetic nervous system, baroreceptors ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 380

Damage to the lateral hypothalamus would disrupt which of the following in rats? * all of these answers are correct * sleep behaviors * feeding behavior, leading to weight loss * autonomic thermoregulation

Answer 380

all of these answers are correct ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 381

Angiotensin II aids in sodium conservation by triggering the release of ------ * aldosterone * glycogen * glucose * angiotensin I

Answer 381

aldosterone ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 382

-------- amino acids can't be manufactured by the human body. * pancreatic * inorganic * dietary * essential

Answer 382

essential ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 383

Which pairing is correct? * hypovolemic thirst; subfornical region * all of these answers are correct * osmotic thirst; preoptic area * osmotic thirst; OVLT

Answer 383

all of these answers are correct ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 384

------- detect any increases in glucose and signal to the --------- to release more insulin. * glucodetectors, pancreas * glucodetectors, liver * insulin, pancreas * vagus nerve, pancreas

Answer 384

glucodetectors, pancreas ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 385

Which of the following is an example of a commensal relationship? * bacteria in the microbiome breaking down carbohydrates * bacteria in the digestive tract causing IBS * hormones in the stomach sending signals to the brain * changes in eating behavior after VMH orLH lesions

Answer 385

bacteria in the microbiome breaking down carbohydrates ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 386

Which of the following may occur as a symptom of anorexia nervousa? * severe food deprivation * all of these answers are correct * abnormal physiological hunger cues * typical dopamine signalling

Answer 386

severe food deprivation ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 387

--------- maintains a stable internal environment by responding to immediate physiological needs, while -------- anticipates and adjusts to potential challenges or stressors. * Homeostasis, allostasis * Allostasis, homeostasis * Homeostasis, anxiety

Answer 387

homeostasis, allostasis ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 388

-------- allows for the separation of intracellular and extracellular fluids, facilitating specialized functions within cells while maintaining overall fluid balance. * Compartmentalization * Osmosis * Diffusion * Fluid pressure

Answer 388

compartmentalization ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 389

-------- is energy stored for later use in the liver and skeletal muscles while --------- is used as rapid source of energy during periods of fasting or intense physical activity. * Glycogen, glucose * Glucose, glycogen * Glycogen, glycosis * Glucose, glycosis

Answer 389

glycogen, glucose ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2

Question 390

# physiological, behavioral, both, or neither? A kid getting "goosebumps" in a cold classroom

Answer 390

physiological ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 391

# physiological, behavioral, both, or neither? Putting on more clothing when chilly

Answer 391

behavioral ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 392

# physiological, behavioral, both, or neither? A mouse increasing blood flow to its tail

Answer 392

physiological ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 393

# physiological, behavioral, both, or neither? Damaging the LH disrupts ------- responses

Answer 393

behavioral ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3

Question 394

your brain's most important job (besides learning neuroscience)

Answer 394

Homeostasis ## Footnote Crossword

Question 395

glucagon converts glucose into -- for storage

Answer 395

glycogen ## Footnote Crossword

Question 396

sleep- ----- insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep

Answer 396

onset ## Footnote Crossword

Question 397

biochemicals that move through bloodstream to affect diverse targets

Answer 397

hormone ## Footnote Crossword

Question 398

this "organ" suggests we are more bacteria than human

Answer 398

microbiome ## Footnote Crossword

Question 399

receptor in the heart that monitors blood pressure, blood volume

Answer 399

baroreceptor ## Footnote Crossword

Question 400

chemical signal used to communicate with others of your species, probably not used in humans (so we invented axe body spray spray instead)

Answer 400

pheromone ## Footnote crossword

Question 401

steroid hormone found in males and females

Answer 401

testosterone ## Footnote crossword

Question 402

eating too many Doritos might cause these neurons to make you thirsty

Answer 402

osmosensory ## Footnote crossword

Question 403

outer ear structure, collects and directs sound waves

Answer 403

pinna ## Footnote crossword

Question 404

primary energy source for body, sugar

Answer 404

glucose ## Footnote crossword

Question 405

brain area generally dormant while you sleep

Answer 405

locus coruleus ## Footnote crossword

Question 407

family of proteins that support developing cells, and help direct development

Answer 407

neurotrophins ## Footnote crossword

Question 408

sensation of body movement and position

Answer 408

proprioception ## Footnote Crossword

Question 409

booze disrupts this sleep stage, especially in the first few hours of sleep

Answer 409

REM ## Footnote crossword

Question 410

interaction between environment and genes

Answer 410

epigenetics ## Footnote crossword

Question 411

layer of the neural plate that becomes the CNS

Answer 411

ectoderm | NOTE: in crossword, it only accepts "endoderm" -- prof said its ecto ## Footnote crossword

Question 412

band of axons that connects left and right hemispheres

Answer 412

corpus callosum ## Footnote crossword

Question 413

basic taste associated with savory/meaty foods

Answer 413

umami ## Footnote crossword

Question 414

------ tendon organs, receptor that detects muscle contraction

Answer 414

golgi ## Footnote crossword

Question 415

legion this brain area to make fatter rat | answer is abbreviated

Answer 415

VMH ## Footnote crossword

Question 416

the primary biological "clock" | abbreviated

Answer 416

SCN ## Footnote crossword

Question 417

process theory of color perception based on opposite response to different wavelengths of light

Answer 417

opponent ## Footnote crossword

Question 418

left hemisphere controls right side of the body, ---------- representation

Answer 418

contralateral ## Footnote crossword

Question 419

bad dream causing waking from stage 3/SWS

Answer 419

night terror ## Footnote crossword

Question 420

non-receptor cell type found in the retina, axons make the optic nerve

Answer 420

ganglion ## Footnote crossword

Question 421

gene on the Y chromosome in humans, usually results in formation of testes | abbreviated

Answer 421

SRY ## Footnote crossword

Question 422

the early, permanent effects of hormones on development

Answer 422

organizational ## Footnote crossword

Question 423

normal and necessary death of cells, like those that don't form connections during development

Answer 423

apoptosis ## Footnote crossword

Question 424

hormone released by adipose fat cells, indicate long-term energy stores

Answer 424

leptin ## Footnote crossword

Question 425

an example may include an alarm clock, the sunrise, or lunch time | hint: think about the entrainment process

Answer 425

zeitgeber ## Footnote crossword

Question 426

olfaction, unlike most senses, bypasses this "sensory relay" point in the brain

Answer 426

thalamus ## Footnote crossword

Question 427

cranial nerve with an important role in hunger and satiety

Answer 427

vagus ## Footnote crossword

Question 428

neural tube defect associated with low folic acid, alcohol, or nicotine exposure

Answer 428

spina bifida ## Footnote crossword

Question 429

most sleeping pills target receptors for this neurotransmitter, acting as agonists

Answer 429

GABA ## Footnote crossword

Question 430

What would be the effect of a drug that BLOCKS the production of Per proteins in the SCN? * glutamate signalling would be blocked * the SCN would not produce melatonin * the SCN would not entrain to light * the pineal gland would not produce histamine

Answer 430

the SCN would not entrain to light ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 431

---- waves are typically observed in participants who feel relaxed and keep their eyes closed. * delta. * alpha. * beta. * gamma.

Answer 431

alpha ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 432

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period is likely to: * last much longer * last the same amount of time * last much less time * REM does not occur later in the night

Answer 432

last much longer ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 433

According to research on circadian rhythms and performance, which football team would have an advantage in a game played in Los Angeles, CA that began at 6pm local time (9 PM EST)? * neither team would have an advantage * any team, as long as they were playing against the Packers * a team from the west coast * a team from the east coast

Answer 433

a team from the west coast ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 434

The neurons that allow us to move from one stage of sleep to another are found in the ____. * pons * cortex * hypothalamus * thalamus

Answer 434

hypothalamus ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 435

Tanya Tucker wakes up from a nap feeling groggy, nauseous and disoriented. What stage of sleep was she likely in just before she awoke? * REM * SWS * stage 2 * stage 1

Answer 435

SWS ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 436

Which experimental condition led to improved recall? * odor during learning and during REM sleep * odor during learning only * odor during learning and during SWS * odor during SWS only

Answer 436

odor during SWS only ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 437

Which of the following is NOT part of SCN cell activity? * clock and cycle form a dimer * glutamate "syncs" the activity to light exposure * the cycle repeats approximately every 24 hours * clock and cycle inhibit the activity of cry and per

Answer 437

clock and cycle inhibit the activity of cry and per ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 438

Oprah Winfrey buys an app that promises to help her learn a new language if she plays the lessons at night, while she sleeps. What type of learning is this? * REM state dependent learning * this is not an effective way to learn new information * learning via osmosis * SWS memory consolidation

Answer 438

this is not an effective way to learn new information ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 439

Which of the following is NOT a scientific theory used to explain the phenomenon of dreaming, as discussed in class? * dreams are a chance to review learned material from the day * we don't actually dream during sleep- we interpret our brain activity after we wake up * dreams help us to process emotions * dreams allow us to see patterns in our lives and make predictions about future behaviors

Answer 439

dreams allow us to see patterns in our lives and make predictions about future behaviors ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 440

LSD seems to cause dreamlike experiences due to activation of which receptor? * levodopa * 5HT 2D * 5HT 2a receptor * all serotonin sub receptors families

Answer 440

5HT 2A receptor ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 441

Leslie Knope has a disorder where she engages in organized behavior including running and eating (essentially acting out her dreams). She would likely be diagnosed with what? * REM behavior disorder * sleep apnea * night terrors * somnambulism

Answer 441

REM Behavior Disorder ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 442

In the world of Harry Potter, werewolves transform during a full moon due to a change in their biological rhythms. This is an example of which type of biological rhythm? * Circadian rhythm * Infradian rhythm * Tidal rhythm * Ultradian rhythm

Answer 442

Infradian ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 443

In the movie "Inception," characters enter a dream within a dream. Which stage of sleep is characterized by vivid dreaming and is similar to the dream state in "Inception"? * Stage 1 sleep * REM sleep * Stage 3 sleep * Stage 2 sleep

Answer 443

REM sleep ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 444

Tim stayed up late studying the night before his PSYC 350 exam and only got 4 hours of sleep. His friend Eric studied for a couple of hours after dinner and slept for 8 hours. Tim performed worse on his exam than Eric, showing that the key function of ---------- might not happen when we are sleep deprived. * Physical restoration * Memory consolidation * Niche adaptation * Conservation of energy

Answer 444

memory consolidation ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 445

Jocelyn has been waking up gasping for air and her partner has been complaining about her loud snoring. She brought this up with her doctor, who recommended she go to a specialist for a sleep study for a possible diagnosis of --------. * Sleep apnea * COPD * Insomnia * Sleep paralysis

Answer 445

sleep apnea ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 446

Imagine The Hulk experiences a sudden loss of muscle tone and collapses without losing consciousness when he gets angry. What condition could he be suffering from? * REM behavior disorder * Cataplexy * Somnambulism * Sleep paralysis

Answer 446

cataplexy ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 447

# Match the neurochemical action with its effect. increased acetylcholine

Answer 447

## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 448

# Match the neurochemical action with its effect. increased GABA

Answer 448

## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 449

# Match the neurochemical action with its effect. increased adenosine

Answer 449

## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 450

# Match the neurochemical action with its effect. inhibit GABA

Answer 450

## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1

Question 451

Which of the following statements about human sleep and wakefulness is NOT correct? * exposure to light early in the day improves sleep and wakefulness * humans have a slightly longer than 24 hour circadian cycle * adequate sleep helps people feel more awake during the day * after extreme sleep deprivation we must "make up" at least 50% of the missed sleep

Answer 451

after extreme sleep deprivation, we must "make up" at least 50% of the missed sleep ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 452

Based on previous experiments, if we removed all zeitgebers for an animal and examine its behavior, what results would we expect to obtain? * a change in the amount of activity * a change in the type of activity * a change in pattern of activity * all of these answers are correct

Answer 452

a change in the pattern of activity ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 453

What study provided evidence that cells of the SCN are a key "biological clock" in the brain? * performance studies in football players * lesion studies in cats * jet lag studies in dogs * SCN transplants in hamsters

Answer 453

SCN transplants in hamsters ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 454

Nearly all animal species are: * biphasic sleepers * either diurnal or nocturnal * crepuscular * most active during the day

Answer 454

either diurnal or nocturnal ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 455

Apply electrical stimulation to the ------ would wake up a sleeping individual and increase alertness in someone who is already awake. * reticular formation * SCN * hypothalamus * cortex

Answer 455

reticular formation ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 456

The bizarre nature of dreams (strange movement of time, odd events, etc) is likely due to ------ activity in the ----. * higher; amygdala * lower; temporal lobe * lowered; inferior frontal cortex * higher; insula

Answer 456

lowered; inferior frontal cortex ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 457

Which of the following is NOT part of SCN cell activity? * cry and per inhibit the activity of clock and cycle * clock and cycle cause cry and per to breakdown * DNA in the cells produce cry and per * clock and cycle form a dimer

Answer 457

clock and cycle cause cry and per to break down ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 458

Just as Nicole Kidman is falling asleep she experiences a hypnic jerk and wakes up. Why does this happen? * she has somnambulism * none of these answers is correct * her SCN is misfiring * her circadian rhythms are phase-shifting

Answer 458

none of these answers is correct ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 459

One theory on why we sleep is that: * humans evolved sleep to increase social connectivity among families * sleep is a time when the brain undergoes "cleaning" to remove cellular waste products * it is a false state; the brain is never fully asleep * none of these answers is correct

Answer 459

sleep is a time when the brain undergoes "cleaning" to remove cellular waste products ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 460

As discussed in class, levodopa treatment would likely lead to which effect? * all of these answers are correct * more vivid dreams * increased sleep latency (time to fall asleep) * decreased dopamine activity

Answer 460

more vivid dreams ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 461

One of the reasons that daylight saving time switches are hard on people is that it requires use to adapt to a slightly new schedule, or ------- our circadian rhythms. * phase shift * zeitgeber * de-entrain * free run

Answer 461

phase shift ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 462

In the world of Harry Potter, werewolves transform during a full moon due to a change in their biological rhythms. This is an example of which type of biological rhythm? * Circadian rhythm * Infradian rhythm * Ultradian rhythm * Tidal rhythm

Answer 462

Infradian rhythm ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 463

In the movie "Inception," characters enter a dream within a dream. Which stage of sleep is characterized by vivid dreaming and is similar to the dream state in "Inception"? * Stage 2 sleep * REM sleep * Stage 1 sleep * Stage 3 sleep

Answer 463

REM sleep ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 464

Like the diligent 'Hogwarts Express" transporting wizards from their daily lives to the wizarding world, which neural system faithfully transports our brains from the wakeful world to the land of deep, slow-wave sleep (SWS)? * The Pontine System * The Reticular Formation * The Hypothalamic Harmony Ensemble * The Basal Forebrain

Answer 464

the Basal Forebrain ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 465

Jocelyn has been waking up gasping for air and her partner has been complaining about her loud snoring. She brought this up with her doctor, who recommended she go to a specialist for a sleep study for a possible diagnosis of ----------. * Sleep paralysis * Insomnia * Sleep apnea * COPD

Answer 465

Sleep apnea ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 466

Considering the sleep adventures of Alice in Wonderland, if Alice were to walk and talk in her sleep, during which sleep stage would this most likely occur? * Stage 2 sleep * Slow-wave sleep (SWS) * REM sleep * Stage 1 sleep

Answer 466

Slow-wave sleep (SWS) ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2

Question 467

Which of the following statements about human sleep and wakefulness is NOT correct? * humans have a slightly longer than 24 hour circadian cycle * exposure to light early in the day improves sleep and wakefulness * after extreme sleep deprivation we must "make up" at least 50% of the missed sleep * adequate sleep helps people feel more awake during the day

Answer 467

after extreme sleep deprivation, we must "make up" at least 50% of the missed sleep ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 468

What would be the effect of a drug that BLOCKS the production of Per proteins in the SCN? * the pineal gland would not produce histamine * glutamate signalling would be blocked * the SCN would not entrain to light * the SCN would not produce melatonin

Answer 468

the SCN would not entrain to light ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 469

Why do high school students with later start times tend to perform better academically? * these teens have faster growth rates. * they are less sensitive to entrainment. * they are less sensitive to zeitgebers * there are shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty.

Answer 469

there are shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 470

In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period is likely to: * last much longer * last the same amount of time * last much less time * REM does not occur later in the night

Answer 470

last much longer ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 471

According to research on circadian rhythms and performance, which football team would have an advantage in a game played in Los Angeles, CA that began at 6pm local time (9 PM EST)? * a team from the east coast * any team, as long as they were playing against the Packers * neither team would have an advantage * a team from the west coast

Answer 471

a team from the west coast ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 472

One method to measure the activity of thousands of neurons in the brain is to conduct a(n) ________. * electroencephalogram * all answers are correct * sleep tracking device * snapshot of the brain using MRI

Answer 472

electroencephalogram ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 473

Tanya Tucker wakes up from a nap feeling groggy, nauseous and disoriented. What stage of sleep was she likely in just before she awoke? * stage 1 * SWS * REM * stage 2

Answer 473

sws ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 474

How does exposing learners to an odor during learning and sleep impact learning? * it decreased recall speed * it increased amount learned * it decreased amount learned * it increased recall speed

Answer 474

| GOT THIS WRONG -- IT IS NOT "IT INCREASED RECALL SPEED" ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 475

Which of the following is NOT part of SCN cell activity? * clock and cycle form a dimer * clock and cycle inhibit the activity of cry and per * the cycle repeats approximately every 24 hours * glutamate "syncs" the activity to light exposure

Answer 475

clock and cycle inhibit the activity of cry and per ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 476

From a neuroscientific perspective, being asleep and being in a coma are: * fundamentally the same * none of these answers is correct * both states of consciousness that evolved for the same purpose * both states the brain actively produces

Answer 476

none of these answers is correct ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 477

What key characteristic is shared in dreaming and LSD induced hallucinations? * saccadic eye movement * cognitive bizarreness * all of these answers are correct * activation of visual cortex

Answer 477

all of these answers are correct ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 478

------ has been identified as one possible underlying cause for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). * sleep apnea. * REM behavior disorder. * insomnia. * sleep paralysis.

Answer 478

Sleep apnea ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 479

If Tony Stark invented a device that could adjust his sleep-wake cycle while traveling across different time zones, which biological rhythm would he be manipulating? * Tidal rhythm * Circadian rhythm * Ultradian rhythm * Infradian rhythm

Answer 479

Circadian rhythm ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 480

If Wes Anderson were to make a film about a night of sleep, and each sleep cycle was a scene, how many scenes would he create for a typically developing young adult? * 8-9 scenes * 4-5 scenes * 6-7 scenes * 2-3 scenes

Answer 480

4-5 scenes ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 481

Grandpa Joe is too excited to go to sleep the entire week before going to visit the Wonka chocolate factory. This disruption in his sleep could contribute to which health condition often seen in the elderly? * COPD * Obesity * ADHD * Dementia

Answer 481

Dementia ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 482

Jocelyn has been waking up gasping for air and her partner has been complaining about her loud snoring. She brought this up with her doctor, who recommended she go to a specialist for a sleep study for a possible diagnosis of ----------. * COPD * Sleep paralysis * Sleep apnea * Insomnia

Answer 482

Sleep Apnea ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 483

In the world of Harry Potter, if a wizard suddenly falls asleep while casting spells, which stage of sleep do they likely enter first, unlike most muggles? * Stage 1 sleep * REM sleep * Slow-wave sleep (SWS) * Stage 2 sleep

Answer 483

REM (?) | GOT THIS WRONG ON QUIZ -- it is NOT SWS ## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 484

# Match the behavior to its cyclic description. human feeding behavior

Answer 484

## Footnote Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 485

# Match the behavior to its cyclic description. sleep cycle in humans

Answer 485

circadian ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 486

# Match the behavior to its cyclic description. melatonin release in humans

Answer 486

## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 487

# Match the behavior to its cyclic description. social behavior in humans

Answer 487

## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3

Question 488

Which of the following is the strongest evidence AGAINST the idea that humans are responsive to pheromones? * there are no functional receptors for them in the VNO * only babies respond to pheromones * no other mammals respond to pheromones * there is no behavioral evidence for pheromone response

Answer 488

there are no functional receptors for them in the VNO ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 489

Humans have ------- senses. * many * eleven * five * limitless

Answer 489

Many | DOUBLE CHECK (got this wrong on quiz) ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 490

Golgi tendon organs are to ----- as muscle spindles are to --------. * stretch; tension * tension; stretch * paresis; proprioception * proprioception; paresis

Answer 490

tension; stretch ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 491

EMG studies have revealed that a voluntary movement of the arm, for example, when asked to pull a lever, is immediately preceded by * a brief cessation of breathing. * a postural response. * rapid eye movements. * recruitment of muscle fibers according to the "size principle."

Answer 491

a postural response ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 492

The pyramidal motor system begins in the ----- cortex, and the pathway then travels to the ------- and then the -------. * frontal; thalamus; medulla * parietal; medulla; pons * frontal; medulla; spinal cord * parietal; thalamus; medulla

Answer 492

frontal; medulla; spinal cord ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 493

The ----- ear contains the tiny chain of bones that facilitate sound conduction. * pinna * middle * external * inner

Answer 493

middle ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 494

Which statement best describes the human auditory cortex? * It is specialized to detect sounds containing many frequencies and complex patterns. * It is specialized to detect high-frequency sounds. * It is specialized to detect low-frequency sounds. * It is specialized to detect simple and pure tones.

Answer 494

it is specialized to detect sounds containing many frequencies and complex patterns ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 495

The tiny bones of the middle ear are collectively known as the * scala media. * stapes. * otoliths. * ossicles.

Answer 495

ossicles ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 496

Ion channels are pulled open and positive ions enter the cell, leading to depolarization in this type of transduction. * chemotransduction * phototransduction * somatotransduction * mechanotransduction

Answer 496

mechanotransduction | (in notes it is mechanoelectrical transduction) ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 497

When you look at the blue sky on clear day, your perception of the blue color is produced by * infrared rays. * gamma rays. * long-wavelength photons. * short-wavelength photons.

Answer 497

Answered short-wavelength photons but this is wrong -- need to figure out why ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 498

What is responsible for the lack of photoreceptors at the optic disc and consequent blind spot? * It is the location where blood vessels and ganglion cell axons leave the eye. * It is a location with a high density of pigment obscuring photoreceptor cells. * It is point of attachment for eye muscles. * It is the location where parts of the two optic nerves cross the midline.

Answer 498

it is the location where blood vessels and ganglion cell axons leave the eye ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 499

The bending of light rays by the optical components of the eye is called * diffraction. * refraction. * fractionation. * polarization.

Answer 499

refraction ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 500

------- --------- in the retina at the back of the eye cause action potentials to transmit visual information to the brain. * all of these answers are correct * horizontal cells * ganglion cells * amacrine cells

Answer 500

ganglion ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 501

The tastes salty and sour are elicited when taste cells ________. * are perceived only at the front of the tongue where there are taste cells * are activated by the production of saliva * are stimulated by simple ions acting on ion channels in taste cell membranes * all of these answers are correct

Answer 501

are stimulated by simple ions acting on ion channels in taste cell membranes | got this wrong on quiz ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 502

In nature, ________ tastes often signal the presence of toxins or poisons. * sweet * bitter * salty * spicy

Answer 502

bitter ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 503

Which animal would be MOST likely to consume a spicy pepper because they are not sensitive to capsaicin? * Crow * Squirrel * Cat * Dog

Answer 503

crow ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 504

Which of the following is correct about the cause of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo? * it is caused by alcohol consumption * it is the least common cause of vertigo * it is caused by the inappropriate movement of the otoliths into the semicircular canals * all of these answers are correct

Answer 504

it is caused by the inappropriate movement of the otoliths into the semicircular canals ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 505

Which structure is not part of the vestibular system? * Utricle * Saccule * Eustachian tube * Semicircular canals

Answer 505

Eustachian tube ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 506

Which event signals the brain that the head has moved? * The activation of efferent fibers in the semicircular canals * The opening of ion channels on stereocilia * The deflecting of the stereocilia in the ampulla * The sound latency difference between the two ears

Answer 506

the deflecting of the stereocilia in the ampulla ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 507

------- is the experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement. * Sensorineural movement * Motion sickness * Conduction motion * Motion shadows

Answer 507

motion sickness ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1

Question 508

Damage to the ---- would most likely result in serious, extensive disruptions to a person's ability to detect sensory stimuli. * somatic nervous system * sensory nervous system * none of these answers is correct * autonomic nervous system

Answer 508

somatic nervous system ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 509

A motor unit is a * single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates. * single motor neuron and a single muscle fiber. * collection of neuron that travel to the same muscle group. * collection of neuron that produce the same movement.

Answer 509

single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 510

Nervous system motor plans must balance a trade-off between * speed and accuracy. * complexity and accuracy. * complexity and force. * force and precision.

Answer 510

speed and accuracy ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 511

The stapes connects to the * malleus. * tympanic membrane. * oval window. * round window.

Answer 511

oval window ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 512

Each level of the auditory system shows ------- mapping. * tonotopic * topographic * tomographic * tonic

Answer 512

tonotopic ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 513

Sound latency differences between the two ears allows an animal to * dampen sounds. * amplify sounds. * determine if a sound is biologically relevant. * localize sounds.

Answer 513

localize sounds ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 514

Visual acuity is highest in the region of the retina called the * iris. * fovea. * lens. * optic disc.

Answer 514

fovea ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 515

Having a hearing deficit in one ear would likely lead to difficulty with which of the following? * locating a sound's source * detecting high amplitude sounds * describing the timbre of a sound * detecting high pitch sounds

Answer 515

locating a sound's source ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 516

Which property is not a dimension of color perception? * Saturation * Brightness * Complexity * Hue

Answer 516

Complexity ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 517

Which of the following is correct? * the part of the eye where light is refracted by the cornea is the blind spot * a portion of the retina with the most receptors is the optic disk * the part of the eye which contains rods and cones is the blind spot * the point at which ganglion cell axons leave the eye is the optic disk

Answer 517

the point at which ganglion cell axons leave the eye is the optic disk ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 518

In the retina, when illuminated, cone receptors that connect to an on-center bipolar cell cause ------ in the on-center bipolar cell. * no change * a depolarization * an action potential * a hyperpolarization

Answer 518

a depolarization | got this wrong on quiz - answered "a hyperpolarization" ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 519

The taste map ----. * all of these answers are correct * is an inaccurate representation of the human taste system * is well supported by over 100 years of scientific data * correctly shows how humans detect taste

Answer 519

is an inaccurate representation of the human taste system ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 520

--------- are a class of drugs that mimic --------- pain-fighting chemicals called endorphins. * endorphins; endogenous * opiates; exogenous * opiate; endogenous * endorphins; exogenous

Answer 520

opiate; endogenous ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 521

The -------- contains the receptor cells for the vestibular system. * pinna * organ of Corti * vestibular nuclei * ampulla

Answer 521

ampulla | got this wrong on quiz - answered organ of Corti ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 522

The vestibular system informs the brain about * forces that act within the body cavities. * stimulation of the autonomic nervous system. * acoustic stimuli. * the movement and position of the body.

Answer 522

the movement and position of the body ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2

Question 523

Sensory conflict theory argues that we feel badly when we receive contradictory sensory messages. Passengers on an airplane in turbulence may experience an uncomfortable conflict between ----- and --- information. * vestibular; motor * vestibular; visual * visual; motor * visual; auditory

Answer 523

vestibular; visual ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 524

According to lecture, which receptor results in the faster pain signal: TRPV1 or TRPM3? * TRPM3, because it works on unmyelinated axons * TRPV1, because it works on myelinated axons * TRPV1, because it works on unmyelinated axons * TRPM3, because it works on myelinated axons

Answer 524

TRPM3, because it works on myelinated axons ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 525

Loss of this sense has been identified as an early symptom in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease. * olfaction * gustation * proprioception * somatosensation

Answer 525

olfaction ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 526

Because of the location of rods in the retinal periphery, it is best to look ---- to see a dim stimuli, like a distant star. * behind * slightly off center * very off center * directly at

Answer 526

slightly off-center ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 527

Which statement about color perception is true? * The trichromatic hypothesis is supported at the level of the retina. * The opponent-process hypothesis is consistent with current research on cones. * Spectrally opponent cells are found only in the eye. * Research has largely refuted both the opponent-process and the trichromatic theories of color perception.

Answer 527

| GOT THIS WRONG - it's not "Research has largely refuted..." ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 528

The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are * columnar. * concentric. * complex. * hypercomplex.

Answer 528

concentric ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 529

The canals of the cochlea are filled with ----; thus, sound is carried in the form of -------. * fluid; waves * ampullae; waves * air; wind * hair cells; mechanical motion

Answer 529

fluid; waves (need to double-check) | GOT THIS WRONG - NOT hair cells; mechanical motion ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 530

The stereocilia of the hair cells contact the * auditory nerve fibers. * basilar membrane. * tectorial membrane. * inner hair cells.

Answer 530

tectorial membrane ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 531

Mirror neurons are especially interesting to researchers because * they appear to trigger specific movements. * All of the above * they might be part of a neural system for empathy. * they fire when a monkey sees another monkey (or human) performing a simple movement previously performed by the monkey itsel

Answer 531

All of the above ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 532

Some individuals born without a ----- still show normal motor skills. * cerebellum * hippocampus * thalamus * cingulate

Answer 532

cerebellum ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 533

There is strong scientific evidence for a sense of ----- in humans. * nociception * extrasensory perception * telekinesis * telpathy

Answer 533

nociception ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3

Question 534

Which of the following examples would likely lead to the release of substance P in the spinal cord? * smelling a rose * drinking alcohol * touching a hot stove * seeing a rainbow

Answer 534

touching a hot stove ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #4

Question 535

Being able to tell a grape jellybean from a lime one uses requires us to detect the ------ of the candy. * smell * flavor * taste * all of these answers are correct

Answer 535

all of these answers are correct ## Footnote Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #4

Question 536

* Because of the location of rods in the retinal periphery, it is best to look -----to see a dim stimuli, like a distant star. * directly at * slightly off center * behind * very off center

Answer 536

slightly off center

Question 537

The ----- muscles are essential for accommodation. * extraocular * ciliary * orbital * lentiform

Answer 537

ciliary

Question 538

Simple cortical visual cells are most likely to be activated by * bars of particular width, orientation, and location in the visual field. * movement of a bar or edge. * a boundary between two hues. * biologically relevant information.

Answer 538

bars of particular width, orientation, and location in the visual field | GOT THIS WRONG - it's not movement of a bar or edge

Question 539

The blind spot in our visual field is created by -- at the -- * densely packed cones; lens * thicker photoreceptors; optic nerve * a lack of photoreceptors; optic disc * fewer rods; fovea

Answer 539

a lack of photoreceptors, optic disk

Question 540

The -- funnels sound waves to the ear canal. Sound arriving at the -- causes it to vibrate, causing movement of the ---. Vibration then moves fluid in the inner ear, activating hair cells in the ---- * pinna; ossicles; tympanic membrane; cochlea * cochlea; pinna; tympanic membrane; ossicles * pinna; tympanic membrane; ossicles; cochlea * pinna; cochlea; tympanic membrane; ossicles

Answer 540

pinna; tympanic membrane; ossicles; cochlea

Question 541

Inner hair cells release the neurotransmitter -- and outer hair cells release the neurotransmitter --. * ACh; GABA * glutamate; GABA * glutamate; ACh * GABA; glutamate

Answer 541

glutamate; ACh

Question 542

Biceps and triceps are * reciprocals. * synergists. * muscle fibers. * antagonists.

Answer 542

antagonists

Question 543

Motor neurons are referred to as the "final common pathway" because they are the * part of the dorsal motor system closest to the brainstem. * last motor neurons in a chain that actually innervates the muscle. * the only pathway by which the brain and spinal cord can control movement. * white matter of the spinal cord.

Answer 543

the only pathway by which the brain and spinal cord can control movement

Question 544

Light enters the eye and causes chemical changes that lead to depolarization of ganglion cells, resulting in action potentials being sent to the brain. This is an example of ---- * sensation * reintotophic activity * perception * transduction

Answer 544

transduction

Question 545

-- is a condition marked by stimuli in one modality causing the involuntary experience of a different sensation in another modality. * synesthesia * dystonia * apraxia * dysarthria

Answer 545

synesthesia

Question 546

The neurotransmitter -- is produced and released by motor neurons to stimulate skeletal muscles. * serotonin * dopamine * glutamate * acetylcholine

Answer 546

acetylcholine

Question 547

When athletes work out to improve their stamina, one of the goals is to enhance their * neural motor plans. * fast-twitch muscle fibers. * muscle spindles. * slow-twitch muscle fibers.

Answer 547

slow-twitch muscle fibers

Question 548

Which structure is not part of the external or middle ear? * Pinna * Tympanic membrane * Organ of Corti * Stapedius muscle

Answer 548

Organ of Corti

Question 549

If a person facing forward hears a sound to her left, * her left ear hears exactly twice as well as her right ear. * she must turn away from the sound to allow for spectral filtering. * she experiences no onset disparity. * her right ear will be cast in a sound shadow.

Answer 549

her right ear will be cast in a sound shadow

Question 550

The brighter the light stimuli, the ------ a photoreceptor will hyperpolarize. * slower * none of these answers is correct * less * more

Answer 550

more

Question 551

These two sensory systems are found in close physical proximity in the tongue. * taste; somatosensation * olfaction; somatosensation * taste; olfaction * taste; proprioception

Answer 551

taste; somatosensation | GOT THIS WRONG - answer is NOT taste; olfaction

Question 552

Just prior to voluntarily moving of the arms, for example, to pull a lever, a person will adjust their --------. This is an example of ------ * legs; motor planning * torso; mirror neurons * eyes; proprioception * posture; ataxia

Answer 552

legs; motor planning

Question 553

Lesions of the extrapyramidal system typically interfere with spinal reflexes by * temporarily blocking them. * causing seizure activity upstream in the cortex. * eliminating them. * exaggerating them.

Answer 553

exaggerating them

Question 554

The boundaries of visual objects are enhanced through the process of * lateral inhibition. * spatial-frequency. * extrastriate perception. * visual acuity.

Answer 554

lateral inhibition

Question 555

People with normal color vision have more ----- receptors than ---- receptors, and the precise proportions of these receptors ------ among individuals. * L; M; are always the same * L; M; can vary * S; M; are always the same * S; M; can vary

Answer 555

L; M; can vary

Question 556

Taste is ----- represented, meaning that each side of the tongue has its own nerve supply. * unilaterally * multimodally * contralaterally * bilaterally

Answer 556

bilaterally

Question 557

The only sensory system with direct connections to cognitive areas responsible for memory and emotion. * vision * nociception * olfaction * gustation

Answer 557

olfaction