Unit 2 B&B - Lecture Flashcards
Sperm + ovum = ?
zygote
3/1/24
What is the first major stage in development?
zygote
Multiple Choice
Which of the following are in the correct order, according to human development?
* zygote; blastocyst; morula; embryo
* morula; embryo; zygote; blastocyst
* zygote; morula; blastocyst; embryo
* blastocyst; zygote; morula; embryo
zygote; morula; blastocyst; embryo
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
When does a human have the most synapses?
* early embryonic development
* early childhood
* late in fetal development
* adolescence
early childhood
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
What is the name of the developmental period in which a human has the most quantity of neurons?
* adulthood
* at birth
* late in life
* adolescence
at birth
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
Hormones are typically released ——– allowing them to exert effects throughout the body.
* into the synapse
* into the circulatory system
* into the brain
* outside the body
into the circulatory system
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
Which component is necessary for apoptosis?
* Death genes
* Methylation
* Neurogenesis markers
* Neurotrophic factors
death genes
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
Undifferentiated —— cells, if gathered from embryonic tissue and transplanted into the brain, will differentiate and integrate properly.
* mesodermal
* apoptotic
* stem
* ventricular
stem
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
——– regulates all hormone secretions and acts similar to a thermostat.
* negative feedback
* positive feedback
* action potentials
* endocrine gland shut down
negative feedback
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements is correct?
* pheromones definitely allow women to “sync up” menstrual cycles
* unlike most mammals, humans are not sensitive to hormones
* humans have a very sensitive vomeronasal organ
* there is mixed evidence regarding humans and pheromones
there is mixed evidence regarding humans and pheromones
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
—— is an example of a major class of steroid hormones produced by the ——
* testes; testosterone
* estrogen; gonads
* progestin; ovary
* progestin; gonads
ASK PROF - Got this wrong on quiz
answered “estrogen;gonads” but got it wrong
progestin - isn’t this synthetic progesterone? meaning it wouldn’t be produced in the ovary or gonads. This rules out C and D.
testes - testes are not hormones. This rules out A.
NEED TO ASK - Office Hours
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
Which of the following hormones is MOST responsible for the masculinization of the zebra finch song system?
* testosterone
* estrogen
* progesterone
* androstenedione
estrogen
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
Preventing estrogen synthesis in a male zebra finch during development would likely:
* lead to larger brain areas associated with song
* cause no significant changes in the song system of the brain
* create a gynandromorph bird
* lead to smaller brain areas associated with song
cause no significant changes in the song system of the brain
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
Alzheimer’s disease causes a gradually loss of ———, due to the death of basal forebrain neurons.
* acetylcholine.
* dopamine.
* serotonin.
* norepinephrine.
acetylcholine
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
The process of apoptosis requires what?
* Methylation
* Neurogenesis markers
* Death genes
* Neurotrophic factors
death genes
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
Reproduction that does NOT include the fusion of gametes or recombination of chromosomes is known as what?
* asexual reproduction
* infertile reproduction
* monecious reproduction
* ansiogametic reproduction
asexual reproduction
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
———- is a biological variable, including aspects of genes, hormones, gametes, and anatomy.
* sex
* gender
* sexuality
* masculinity and femininity
sex
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
Which of the following accurately describes an epigenetic process?
* fertilization of an egg by a sperm
* cell differentiation in interneurons, due to exposure to sonic hedgehog proteins in the spinal cord
* preferring spicy food, because you were raised eating it
* in-vitro fertilization
cell differentiation in interneurons, due to exposure to sonic hedgehog proteins in the spinal cord
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
If Sheldon Cooper were to conduct an experiment on his roommate Leonard Hofstadter to enhance Leonard’s spatial memory, which of the following factors should Sheldon most likely manipulate?
- The number of glial cells in Leonard’s brain
- The size of Leonard’s neurons
- The rate of neurogenesis in Leonard’s adult brain
- The number of neurons Leonard had at birth
The rate of neurogenesis in Leonard’s adult brain
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Name the type of chemical communication.
oxytocin promotes the start of contractions in pregnant mammals
Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?
hormone
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Name the type of chemical communication.
a cat releases a scent indicating it is in heat
Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?
pheromone
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Name the type of chemical communication.
neurons in the frontal cortex release dopamine in response to eating chocolate cake
Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?
synaptic
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Name the type of chemical communication.
trout emit a chemical to warn other trout of danger when spotting a predator
Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?
pheromone
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Name the type of chemical communication.
a flower attracts a bee by emitting a sweet scent
Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?
allomone
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Name the type of chemical communication.
the pituitary secretes FSH into the bloodstream, affecting the gonads
Hormone, allomone, pheromone, or synaptic?
hormone
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #1)
Multiple Choice
Nicotine and alcohol are examples of well known:
* types of polydactyly
* birth defectors
* teratogens
* endocrine disruptors
teratogens
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
Neurotrophins are an excitatory neurotransmitter.
* This statement is correct.
* Incorrect; neurotrophins are inhibitory neurotransmitters
* Incorrect; neurotrophins are both inhibitory and excitatory neurotransmitters
* Incorrect; neurotrophins are different from neurotransmitters
Incorrect; neurotrophins are different from neurotransmitters
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
These types of glands are hormone producing tissues.
* endocrine
* epigenetic
* neural
* gonadal
endocrine
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
Which would not be considered an extrinsic influence on cells?
* Induction
* Nutrition
* Genes
* Experience
genes
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
During development, an organism can be permanently changed by a teratogen if it occurs during the ———- period.
* plastic
* developmental
* flexible
* sensitive
sensitive
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements is correct regarding humans?
* men produce testosterone; but not estrogen
* women produce testosterone and estrogen
* women produce estrogen, only when they are pregnant
* men do not produce testosterone or estrogen
women produce testosterone and estrogen
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
The development of ocular dominance as a results of increased connections between commonly used cells is an example of what?
* Hebbian synapses
* apoptosis
* synaptogenesis
* Watsonian connections
Hebbian synapses
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
Cell fate is determined by factors including chemical environment and genetic activity. This is also known as
* apoptosis
* epigenetics
* sexual differentiation
* methylation
epigenetics
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
Treating a female zebra finch egg with estrogen would most likely lead to which effect?
* the brain would fail to develop
* the brain would look more like the average male brain
* the brain would look hyper-feminine
* the brain would look no different
the brain would look more like the average male brain
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
In early development, the cells that create neurons undergo mitosis in the ———-.
* cerebral cortex
* spinal cord
* neural tube
* brain stem
neural tube
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
Why is it incorrect to say that sex is a binary characteristic in humans?
* there are more than 2 possible combinations of sex chromosomes
* none of these answers are correct
* because biology does not determine sex
* there are only 2 possible combinations of sex chromosomes
there are more than 2 possible combinations of sex chromosomes
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
From the analogy discussed in class, a gene is like a ——, while a chromosome is can be compared to a ———
- bookshelf with many cookbooks; single cookbook
- single recipe; bookshelf with many cookbooks
- single cookbook, single recipe
- single recipe; single cookbook
single recipe (gene); bookshelf with many cookbooks (chromosome)
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
A mutation in the SRY gene would likely disrupt what?
* gamete formation
* all of these answers are correct
* gonadal development
* sexual differntiation
all of these answers are correct
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
If Dr. Meredith Grey were to invent a device that could accelerate one stage of the nervous system development in a patient, which stage would most likely result in the patient developing new neural connections?
- Neurogenesis, the mitotic division of nonneuronal cells to produce neurons
- Cell migration, the massive movements of nerve cells or their precursors to establish distinct nerve cell populations
- Neuronal cell death, the selective death of many nerve cells
- Synaptogenesis, the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow
Synaptogenesis, the establishment of synaptic connections as axons and dendrites grow
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #3)
Multiple Choice
Which of the following is NOT a major division of the CNS visible in early development?
* spinal cord
* forebrain
* none of these answers is correct
* hindbrain
none of these answers is correct
On quiz, chose spinal cord but got it wrong
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
A drug that changes the amount of sonic hedgehog in the developing embryo would disrupt what?
* cell differentiation
* spinal cord development
* All of these answers are correct
* glial cell development
All of these answers are correct
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
Hormones are a critical part of which function?
* all of these answers are correct
* stress
* circadian rhythms
* hunger and digestion
all of these answers are correct
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
If a kitten’s left eye is occluded during the ——— visual cells later show ——– responses when visual stimuli is presented to the left eye
* sensitive; decreased
* critical; decreased
* sensitive; increased
* critical; increased
sensitive; decreased
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
Fragile X syndrome is characterized by a chromosome that is prone to breaking due to what?
* unstable DNA
* methylated genes
* reduced chromosomal count
* increased methylation
unstable DNA
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements is correct regarding humans?
* men produce testosterone; but not estrogen
* women produce testosterone and estrogen
* men do not produce testosterone or estrogen
* women produce estrogen, only when they are pregnant
women produce testosterone and estrogen
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
Which of the following statements is correct?
* non-human animals are classified by gender, not sex
* biological sex is determined by societal expectation
* gender is determined by steroid hormones
* gender is unique to humans
gender is unique to humans
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
Which of the following conclusions are consistent with the findings on zebra finch, as discussed in class?
* only genetics drive sexual differentiation in the brain
* both hormones and genetics drive sexual differentiation in the brain
* neither hormones nor genetics drive sexual differentiation in the brain
* only hormones drive sexual differentiation in the brain
both hormones and genetics drive sexual differentiation in the brain
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
Preventing estrogen synthesis in a male zebra finch during development would likely:
* create a gynandromorph bird
* lead to larger brain areas associated with song
* cause no significant changes in the song system of the brain
* lead to smaller brain areas associated with song
cause no significant changes in the song system of the brain
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
At present, the only way to identify Alzheimer’s disease with confidence is through
* postmortem examination.
* genetic screening.
* olfactory testing.
* MRI.
postmortem examination
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
PGT can NOT be used to assess what?
- chromosomal abnormalities
- all of these answers are correct
- gender
- chromosomal sex
gender
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
Multiple Choice
If Dr. Bruce Banner (a.k.a., the Hulk) were to mutate due to an experiment gone wrong, causing his nervous system to develop abnormally, which of the following stages would most likely be affected?
- The formation of the three distinct cell layers in the embryo
- The development of the neural tube from the neural groove
- The transition from the embryo to the fetus stage
- The division of the single cell after fertilization
The development of the neural tube from the neural groove
Nervous System Development Quiz (Unit 2 - Quiz 1 - Attempt #2)
According to class, the ultimate function of the brain is [blank1].
homeostasis
In Class Homeostasis Learning Check
Eating a bunch of very salty chips would mostly likely result in ——–.
osmotic thirst
In Class Homeostasis Learning Check
Why is it a good idea to rehydrate with a slightly salty solution after a period of heavy sweating?
sweating causes the loss of bodily fluids AND electrolytes like sodium
In Class Homeostasis Learning Check
Humans are an ——- species
endothermic
In Class Homeostasis Learning Check
Most homeostatic systems work on a ——–feedback system.
negative
In Class Homeostasis Learning Check
Name the stages
Zygote > ————– > ————— > —————- > —————
(prenatal)
zygote > morula > blastocyte > embryo > fetus
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The ———– embeds to the uterus.
blastocyte
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Two weeks post-conception, the “baby” is called an ————.
embryo
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The “baby” is not called a fetus until —————– post-conception.
eight weeks
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
What are the 3 layers of cells in a developing human embryo?
Ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The ectoderm cells will eventually make up ——— and ———– tissue.
skin, neural tissue
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Cells in the —————– will become the skeleton and cardiac system.
layer of cells in embryo development
mesoderm
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Cells in the ————— will become the digestion and respiratory systems.
layer of cells in embryo development
endoderm
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Dorsal surface tissue will become the ————— system.
nervous
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
————– of the ————— leads to development of the neural plate.
thickening; ectoderm
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The first step of neural development we’ve studied in class is the —————- of the ———————-, which is explains the beginning of cells organizing themselves into the nervous system.
induction; neural plate
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Everything happening during development is induced by ————————-.
chemical signaling
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The thickening of the ectoderm leads to the development of the neural plate. The neural plate then starts to form the ——————-, which then closes to form the ——————.
neural groove; neural tube
neural crest is the “peak” of the neural groove
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The neural tube is where we find the ——————–. The anterior portion of the neural tube will become the ———-.
spinal cord; brain
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The neural tube forms about ———– days post-conception.
22
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
A(n) ——————- called —————- occurs if the neural tube fails to close correctly.
neural tube defect; spina bifida
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
When something goes wrong during development of the neural tube, it results in a(n) ————————–.
Neural tube defect
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Neural tube defects can be caused by low —————- and/or exposure to ——————–.
maternal folic acid; teratogens
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Chemicals that can impact or disrupt development are ————.
teratogens
examples are alcohol and nicotine
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Why is extra folic acid included in so many products?
Because low maternal folic acid is associated with an increased risk of neural tube defects
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The most common neural tube defect is ———–.
spina bifida
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
————– occurs when the neural tube does not close at the top, preventing proper development of the skull. It generally results in more severe outcomes than other neural tube defects.
anencephaly
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
When the neural tube fails to close properly along the spinal cord area, it results in ——————-. It can have effects varying in severity.
spina bifida
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
True/False:
Spina bifida is usually correctible with surgery after birth.
True
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Why is it hard to pinpoint what causes a birth defect?
birth defects due to teratogen exposure can occur at any stage during development; many issues can cause the same impacts AND one issue can cause many impacts
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
a disruption to the cardiac system during development
congenital heart defect
congenital = happening during prenatal development
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
A type of birth defect that is caused by the neural tube closing improperly
Neural tube defect
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
When facial muscle bones are forming, they may not fully come together. This is known as ————.
Orofacial clefts
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
A birth defect that causes development of additional fingers and toes.
polydactyly
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Name three categories of teratogens.
Chemicals; infections; environments (internal and external)
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Earlier teratogen exposure usually leads to ——————– deficits.
more severe
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
List the six phases of brain (or nervous system) development.
- neurogenesis
- cell migration
- cell differentiation
- synaptogenesis
- cell death (apoptosis)
- synapse rearrangement
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Name the phase of nervous system development.
the birth of new neural cells
neurogenesis
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Name the phase of nervous system development.
cells leave ventricular zone and head to different areas in the body where they will start developing the nervous system
cell migration
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Name the phase of nervous system development.
this stage is dependent on cell’s location or timing
cell differentiation
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Name the phase of nervous system development.
after cells are created, they create connections between one another to pass messages through the nervous system
synaptogenesis (creation of synapses)
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Name the phase of nervous system development.
excess neurons unable to get necessary chemical for survival start to die off
cell death (or apoptosis)
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Name the phase of nervous system development.
weaker synaptic connections are eliminated while stronger connections are kept and strengthened
synapse rearrangement
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
———- is a period of intense cell proliferation.
neurogenesis
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
What is cell proliferation and during which stage in neural development does it occur most?
generation of new cells; neurogenesis
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Where does neurogenesis occur?
in the ventricular zone of the neural tube
region of neural tube responsible for massive amounts of proliferation
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
the rate of cell proliferation within the ventricular zone of the neural tube can be about ——————– per min.
250,000
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Neurogenesis leads to the creation of cells that are not specialized yet, called:
undifferentiated cells
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
at the start of cell migration, the cells are ————-.
undifferentiated
differentiation occurs as cells migrate
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
During the migration phase, cells are only a(n) ————– and a(n).
soma; immature axon
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
How do undifferentiated cells become differentiated?
through chemical signaling interactions, specifically location or timing
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The ectodermal tissue acquires its neural fate through chemical signaling. Another series of signaling interactions determine the type of neural cell, ——— or ———–.
neurons (including motor neurons and interneurons) and glia
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Cells can be exposed to differentiation either through ———- or ———-.
timing; location
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The signaling protein —————-, is an example of cell differentiation through location.
Sonic Hedgehog
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The signaling protein, Sonic Hedgehog (Shh), is important for ——————- development.
spinal cord
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
A cell that encounters high Shh will become ———-; medium Shh will become ———-; low Shh will become ————.
glia; motor neuron; interneuron
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
In the cerebral cortex, neurons migrate from the ventricular zone on ——————- to become ———————–.
radial glia; gray matter
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Radial glia act as ———- for neurons in the development of the cerebral cortex.
scaffolding
old cells form lower levels, new cells climb past them to higher levels
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Why is the cerebral cortex organized into such well-defined layers?
because neurons use radial glia as scaffolding, so newer neurons climb past layers of older neurons to higher levels.
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The final position of the layers of cerebral cortex is correlated exactly to —————–.
the birthdate
this is helpful because if we see defects in formation of cortex, we can look at the time in development that these cells were formed and identify what may have happened at that point in development.
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
in the cerebral cortex, cells that are leaving later migrate past the older neurons, creating ————— layering.
inside-out
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
phase of nervous system development when synapses are created
synaptogenesis
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
After synapses are formed, how does communication happen between the two cells?
chemical signaling
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
during synaptogenesis, synapses are vital for cell-to-cell communication as well as —————-
cell survival
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
the —————– of unfinished axons are searching the extracellular environment for connections to ————- of other cells. The neighboring cells attract the cells’ axon by ———————.
The ——— transforms into ———, which connects to the ————— of the postsynaptic cell, forming a(n) ———–.
During which phase of nervous system development does this occur?
growth cones; dendritic spines; emitting chemical signals
growth cone transforms into the axon terminal; dendritic spines; synapse
synaptogenesis
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
——————— discovered that connections between cells do not determine how many axons form, they determine —————————–. This process is determined by ——————–.
1 is a person, 2 is a verb, and 3 is a thing.
Rita Levi-Montalcini; how many survive; neurotrophins
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The neurotrophin discovered by Levi-Montalcini.
Nerve Growth Factor
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
What does nerve growth factor (NGF) do?
NGF is a neurotrophin protein released by cells necessary for axon survival. It plays a role in the stage of nervous system development where neurons are overproduced and die if they don’t make a connection. Only cells that get NGF will make connections with other cells and survive.
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Does a healthy adult nervous system contain more neurons?
No, we have all of the cells needed at birth
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Between —-% and —-% of neurons created will die after migration.
50; 75
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
What is another word for cell death?
apoptosis
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
T/F
Cell death (apoptosis) is unnecessary and harmful, and ideally, it would not occur during development.
False; cell death is normal and necessary otherwise we would have many cells that take up energy but don’t provide any function for us
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
In case something goes wrong, we ———— cells during development.
overproduce
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Only cells that successfully compete for chemicals make functional connections and survive. What is this called?
Neural Darwinism
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
T/F:
A healthy adult CNS has many neurons without appropriate connections.
False; a healthy adult CNS has very few neurons without appropriate connections
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Neurotrophins are very important during development and also throughout the lifespan. What are three things that neurotrophins do?
- promote cell growth and survival
- guide axons
- stimulate synaptogenesis
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
—————- are a family of proteins essential for development of the vertebrate nervous system and help with cell survival during development.
Neurotrophins
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Name 4 neurotrophins.
- nerve growth factor (NGF)
- brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BNDF)
- neurotrophin 3 (NT3)
- neurotrophin 4-5 (NT4/5)
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
———— are expressed only when a cell undergoes apoptosis (in the absence of ————)
death genes; neurotrophins
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Explain the process of cell death (apoptosis).
A cell does not receive neurotrophins and is unable to create strong enough synaptic connections with other cells. Death genes are expressed. The cell shrinks and loses any physical connections with neighboring cells then blebs, and the nucleus collapses. Finally, the cell breaks down into apoptopic bodies and remaining debris is broken down by white blood cells.
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The process of synapse rearrangement is —————————-, meaning cells that are not used die off.
experience-dependent
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Synapse rearrangement allows for ————- and ———–.
neural adaptation and recovery
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
The process of losing weaker connections between cells is known as —————.
Pruning
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Within 3 years, a human goes from about ———— synapses per cell to ———— synapses per cell.
2500 to 15000
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
Adults have approximately ——— synapses per cell.
7000
Lecture 3/1/2024: Development of the Nervous System
What is the ultimate function of the brain?
homeostasis
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What is homestasis?
any biological processes that keep body variables within a fixed range
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
List some homeostatic mechanisms.
body temp, levels of water, oxygen, glucose, calcium, protein or fat, etc.
sun, air supply, survival without water or food
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostasis is controlled by ——– and ——- systems.
physiological; behavioral
Homeostasis includes any biological processes that keep body variables within a ———–.
fixed range
Who holds the record for longest amount of time without water? How did this happen and what was his record?
Andreas Mihavecz was forgotten about in a jail cell for 18 days. He did not have water, but was able to lick condensation off of the wall.
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Who holds the record for longest amount of time without food? How did this happen and what was the record?
Angus Barbieri lived for 382 days without food. He was under dr. supervision and received some nutrients throughout but no significant calories. He went from 456 lbs to 180lbs and died in 1990. The food deprivation period did not seem to impact his lifespan.
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What is the average amount of time a person can go without water?
about a week
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What is the average amount of time a person can go without food?
estimated to be between 21 and 40 days, but there is a debate about how long a person can go without food
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What are three ways in which a person can die by anorexia?
- myocardial infarction
- organ failure
- refeeding and sodium toxicity (if refeeding is not supervised, this can be dangerous because the body is pulling salt from different places and NA/K pumps are not working correctly)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
If a person with anorexia undergoes refeeding unsupervised, they are at risk of ——————-.
sodium toxicity
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Humans can go without air for about ——————.
3 minutes
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What is static apnea?
a person has trained themselves to go without oxygen for an extended period of time
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
The record for air deprivation (for someone who has undergone static apnea training) is ————–.
24 minutes and 3 seconds
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
When a person hypersaturates their lungs with pure oxygen then holds their breath for an extended period of time, it is known as ——————-.
oxygen assist
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
How did a Russian cult contribute to our understanding of sunlight deprivation?
The cult lived in tunnels underground, so children had never been exposed to sunlight. They developed vitamin D deficiencies (rickets) and serotonin deficiencies.
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
When a person’s bones soften due to proloned and extensive vitamin D deficiency, it is called ——–.
Rickets
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Who holds the record for longest amount of time without sleep? What was the record?
A high schooler named Randy Gardner stayed awake for 11 days (264 hrs).
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
After being deprived of sleep for —— to —— days, a person will typically have several cognitive and physiological impairments.
2-3 days
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
——- is the maintenance of a stable, balanced, internal environment
homeostasis
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
homeostasis is controlled by ——- and ——- systems.
physiological; behavioral
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Changes in our internal environment can affect ———–, a psychological process that induces or sustains certain behavior.
Motivation
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
The longer we go without eating, the longer our internal environment undergoes physiological changes = the more ———– we will be to partake in certain behaviors.
motivated
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
—————– > change in motivation > —————–
physiological event > change in motivation > change in behavior
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
———- generate their own heat through internal processes.
Endotherms
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
———- get most of their heat from the environment
Ectotherms
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Ectothermic organisms lack the internal physiological mechanisms for ———————.
temperature regulation (they rely on the environment for regulating temperature)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Amphibians, reptiles, and most fish are ————.
Ectotherms
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
It is a misnomer to refer to ectotherms as —————-. Why?
cold-blooded; because ectotherms will die if their body temperature drops below freezing
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What happens if an ectotherm’s body temperature drops below freezing?
ice crystals will form in their cells and blood, causing blood vessels to rupture and the animal to bleed to death
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Some insects and fish have evolved mechanisms that have ——– component in circulatory system, allowing them to essentially freeze solid without decaying.
antifreeze
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Ectotherm’s body temperature matches ————–.
their external environment
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
insects and fish with “antifreeze” component have extraordinary ———- ability
blood-clotting
can quickly repair ruptured blood vessels
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Endoterms have internal physiological mecahnisms that ———————-.
help maintain almost constant body temperature (small temperature range)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Most mammals and birds are ——–.
endothermic
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What is a disadvantage of being endothermic?
it requires a lot of energy and fuel
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
We can decrease our body temperatures through physiological responses like ——— or ———.
sweating; panting
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
We can increase our body temperatures through physiological responses such as ———, ———, ———-, etc.
shivering; decreasing blood flow to skin; fluffing out fur to increase insulation
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What is the advantage of being endothermic?
Muscle activity benefits from being as warm as possible; Ready for vigorous activity much more quickly than endotherms
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Homeostatic mechanisms are primarily —————— systems.
negative feedback
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What is the set point?
The optimal value that we want our homeostatic systems at (e.g., set point for temperature in humans is 98.6)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
A deviation from the set point results in ——————–.
a compensatory action (ex. if we get too cold, we’ll shiver)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
A ———– is a range of tolerance in a system.
set zone (ex. think of a thermostat)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
On a line graph, a negative feedback system would be represented by a ——— line.
wavy
the value will reach its peak then the body will take action to lower it; the value will reach its low point, then the body will take action to raise it
(ex. thermostat)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
In a negative feedback system, there will be ———- above and below the ——— temperature.
variability; average
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Physiological systems show ————–.
redundancy
they are monitored by more than 1 mechanism
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What are the two thermoregulatory systems in rats?
- autonomic: reduces body heat produced and increases blood flow to tail (bc it is not covered in fur and dispenses a lot of heat)
- behavioral: animals will seek out colder environment
- Preoptic area (POA)
- Warm sensitive neurons
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
In rats, lesions to ——– impair physiological responses to cold. This only impacts ————— regulation; not ———— response.
POA; autonomic; behavioral
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What are the three strategies used to regulate behavior in a thermoregulatory system?
- change exposure of body surface (tuck in tail)
- change external insulation (ex. wear coat)
- change surroundings (go to warmer area)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
In rats, lesions to the POA do not impact ————- responses to cold.
behavioral
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Lesioning the ———- in rats impacts autonomic regulation of temperature, whereas lesioning the ————— impacts behavioral regulation of temperature
POA; lateral hypothalamus
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Research into the POA and lateral hypothalamus’s roles in rat’s thermoregulation suggests what?
rats regulate their body temperature in at least two ways, and each is moderated by a different part of the brain
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
The ————- is involved in reward, feeding, sleep, stress.
lateral hypothalamus
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
In rats, lesions to the ——————– cause the rats to stop behavioral regulation of temperature. They do not involve ———— responses.
lateral hypothalamus; physiological
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
——— heavily rely on behavioral thermoregulation responses.
Ectotherms
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What are two thermoregulation behaviors of ectotherms?
- moving toward or away from a heat source
- allowing their temperature to rise to fight infection (endotherms use internal processes to generate a fever)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Endotherms use ————– processes to generate a fever to fight infection.
internal
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Where are thermoreceptors found?
throughout the body in the skin; body core; and hypothalamus
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What are TRP receptors?
temperature-sensitive receptors
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
We use ————— to monitor our thermoregulatory system.
thermoreceptors/TRP receptors
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Which receptors respond to capascin and menthol?
TRPV1
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What are TRP receptors responsible for?
detecting temperature and transmitting info
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
TRP receptor pathway
spinal cord > brainstem > hypothalamus
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What happens when body temperature goes outside of set zone?
neural regions initiate physiological and behavioral responses to try to return temperature to the set zone (sweat, shiver, find different environment)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
True/False:
Our thermoregulatory system only monitors our external environment.
False; also regulates internal temp
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What is the set zone for human body temperature?
about 95 to 107 degrees F
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
When internal core reaches ——- degrees Farenheit, initial symptoms of hypothermia set in, including shivering, dizziness, confusion, increased heart rate.
95
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
The average “normal” body temperature for a human is ———–.
98.5
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Our temperature varies ————.
throughout the day (lower in the AM and varies during sleep, activity)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
Women tend to have slightly ——– baseline temp than men
higher (by about .5)
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
generally normal optimal temperature range
97-99 degrees
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
——— typically indicates an average fever resulting from illness or infection
101.5 degrees
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
——– degrees is classifed as a serious fever.
103
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
At ——— degrees, people can experience multiple organ failure and seizures.
107
LECTURE 3/18/2024: HOMEOSTASIS
What are some homeostatic systems?
Temperature, hunger, thirst
LECTURE 3/20/2024: THIRST
What is an endotherm and how does it differ from an ectotherm?
WRONG FLASHCARD A set point is the “ideal” point (98.6degrees)
A set zone – range that the system needs to stay in for survival
What is a set point and how dies it differ from a set zone?
WRONG FLASHCARD Body temp comes from organism vs. body temp comes from external environment
What are TRP receptors?
Thermoreceptors – receptors important for monitoring internal and external temperature; also play a role in pain, touch, gustatory/taste system
Excessive water loss is ——-.
dehydration
Fluid retention is essential because we need it in the —————— and ——————-.
intracellular compartment; extracellular compartment
The extracellular compartment is divided between:
- interstitial fluid (extracellular fluid)
- blood plasma (in cardiac system, carries hormones, etc.
When we move outside of the set zone for thirst, we become ——-.
dehydration
why do we need water?
water moves through major components in the body and is needed for biological function; needed in both intracellular compartment and extracellular compartment
We want a ————– in fluid and ions across both sides of cellular membrane.
balance
Body attempts to balance ———- and ——— of fluid across both sides of the membrane.
volume (equalization pressure); concentration (chemical diffusion pressure)
Thirst is triggered due to internal changes in fluid ———— or ————–.
volume (amount of fluid in body); concentration (ratio of fluid to sodium)
————- monitor blood pressure and amount of fluid in the system.
Baroreceptors
need enough blood to keep everything moving through bloodstream
Baroreceptors are highly involved in the ———— nervous system.
sympathetic
If baroreceptor system is disrupted, we get activation of the sympathetic nervous system. This causes ————– and —————-.
arteries to constrict; several hormonal systems to activate
Why do arteries constrict in dehydration?
causes blood pressure to increase; makes it so circulatory system does not need as much fluid to fill the entire system
Water in body needs to be within ——– range.
narrow
Concentration of chemicals in water is a ————– step for all chemical reactions in the body.
rate-limiting
It is safer for humans to ————– and ———— than it is to risk having too little fluid.
overhydrate; release
A hormone released by the posterior pituitary moves through the circulatory system and helps monitor and maintain overhydration/release process
vasopressin
vasopressin can increase ————– by constricting ———— to compensate for low fluid volume.
blood pressure; blood vessels
vasopressin works with kidneys to:
reabsorb water and excrete highly concentrated urine
The less fluid in the body, the ———— kidneys will absorb it before excreting.
more
What are the two different kinds of thirst?
osmotic thirst and hypovolemic thirst
——– results from change in sodium concentration. How is it caused?
osmotic thirst; eating salty food or adding too much salt too system
—————- results from overall loss of fluids. How does this happen?
hypovolemic thirst; blood loss, sweating, etc.
there is no change in solute concentration (we sweat out both fluid and salt)
Osmotic thirst is triggerd by —————–.
osmotic pressure
When increasing sodium adds ions in blood and intersitital fluid (higher sodium outside of cell); creates ———–
osmotic pressure
In osmotic pressure, there is a ———— of solutes outside of cell.
higher concentration
Water losses without —————— result in osmotic thirst. What types of behaviors can cause osmotic thirst?
loss of sodium;
respiration and urination (solute concentration increases and the net effect is that the the balance of concentration in system is changed)
How does the body detect osmotic pressure?
osmosensory neurons (monitor concentration of solute in blood – detect osmotic pressure and sodium content of blood)
Where do we see osmosensory neurons in the brain?
OVLT (organum vasculosum laminae terminalis), subfornical organ, preoptic area)
Where do we find osmosensory neurons in the periphery?
stomach and digestive tract
Osmosensory neurons monitor the changes in ————- of EC fluid.
concentration (also monitors osmotic pressure)
Osmosensory neurons relay information to ————–, which interacts with ———– and ————–. These both play role in interactions with the endocrine gland, ——————.
hypothalamus
supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus
pituitary gland
What does the pituitary gland release when osmotic pressure is detected?
vasopressin
What structures control the rate at which vasopressin is released when osmotic pressure is detected?
supraoptic nucleus
paraventricular nucleus
Vasopressin interacts with ———- and ————-.
blood pressure; water absorption
———— is associated with low volume of body fluids.
hypovolemic thirst
What does angiotensin II (AII) do?
increases blood pressure by constricting blood vessels (vasopressin can do this too)
What does aldosterone do?
stimulates kidneys to conserve sodium; aids in water retention
What happens in the kidneys during hypovolemic thirst?
aldosterone stimulates kidneys to conserve sodium and aide in water retention (limit dehydration through urination)
Other species use aldosterone to —————–.
live in sea water (conserves water retention, prevents extreme dehydration)
How does aldosterone impact the brain?
stimulates thirst and drinking behavior (it is not enough to retain fluids; we also need to replace them)
Homeostatic systems ——— mechanisms, trigger ———— response, trigger ————– response, then leads to ————– response.
monitor
physiological (thirst)
psychological (sensation of thirst)
behavioral (seek out water)
Hypovolemic thirst creates preference for ————– water. Why?
slightly salty
because pure water will dilute body fluids and change osmotic pressure; if we have hypovolemic thirst, we want to replace both sodium and water so we don’t trigger osmotic thirst
If hypovolemic thirst is treated with pure water and no salt, it results in ————————, which causes a strong craving for ——————.
sodium-specific hunger; salty foods
Lecture 3/20/2024: Thirst
Sodium-specific hunger develops automatically to restore ————————-.
solute levels in the blood
Lecture 3/20/2024: Thirst
Why does gatorade exist?
to address hypovolemic thirst – since you lose both sodium and water when sweating, you need to replenish both
Lecture 3/20/2024: Thirst
In thirst system:
- Where are the receptors/how is the system monitored?
- What are the pathways?
- What physiological responses are triggered?
- What behavioral responses are triggered?
Lecture 3/20/2024: Thirst
In thirst system:
Where are neurons that are monitoring osmotic pressure located/how is this information getting to the brain?
Lecture 3/20/2024: Thirst
In thermoregulatory system:
- Where are the receptors/how is the system monitored?
- What are pathways to the brain?
- What are physiological responses?
- What are behavioral responses?
In hunger system:
- Where are the receptors/how is the system monitored?
- What are pathways to the brain?
- What are physiological responses?
- What are behavioral responses?
What is basal metabolism?
how much energy the body uses when it is just surviving (energy necessary to keep the body alive)
Lecture 3/22/2024: Hunger & Satiety
Why won’t dietary changes always produce changes in weight?
basal metabolism means that our stores of energy are under homeostatic control – meaning we have long-term stores of energy that we’re able to use, so if we experience a short-term energy intake or expenditure, we won’t instantly see changes in body weight
——— and ———- are contrasting homeostatic mechanisms responsible for maintaining adequate nutrition in the body.
hunger; satiety
How does basal metabolism control energy usage?
- producing heat/keeping body at correct temperature
- maintaining membrane potentials
- other life-sustaining processes
Basal metabolism and energy use are under ———– control.
homeostatic
Because basal metabolism and energy use are under homeostatic control, there is ————- because they can be ————.
variability; adjusted
When we talk about homeostatic regulation in hunger and satiety, we are talking about ——————– and ——————– regulation.
energy intake; nutrient
Why is nutrient homeostasis necessary?
Making sure we are taking in not just the right amount of energy/food, but also that that energy source/food has the proper nutrients
————- are chemicals required for function, maintenance, and growth.
nutrients
Nutrient homeostasis involves regulation of ——- and ———.
eating; body energy
Like other homeostatic mechanisms, basal metabolism and nutrient regulation involve ———— mechanisms.
redundant
What is the principal sugar used for energy in the body?
Glucose
the brain, in particular, is incredibly glucose-hungry
Glucose is so important that (similar to water) we overconsume and store it short-term as ————- in ————— and —————.
glycogen; liver and muscles
process of storing glucose into glycogen is called ——————, and it is monitored by the pancreatic hormone, —————.
glycogenesis; insulin
When body’s circulating glucose levels drop too low, ———– works to convert —————- into ————-.
glucagon converts glycogen into glucose; then glucose is available in bloodstream and can be used in tissues that need it
the process of making glucose available for use in the body; glucagon converts glycogen back into glucose
glycogenolysis
Insulin is important for both —————– and also for allowing ————-.
storing glucose;
allowing circulating glucose to enter cells
Why does the body need insulin?
to help glucose transporters import glucose from the blood into most cells
———– binds to unlock the ————— channel to allow glucose to enter the cell.
insulin; glucose
In order to use circulating glucose (blood sugar) and to store glucose, we need ———–.
insulin
The ———- and ————- do not need insulin in order to use glucose.
brain; fatty acids
——- is needed for glucose storage and ——— is needed to release it.
insulin; glucagon
Some extra glycogen is stored as —— for long-term storage.
fat
Insulin released is triggered by several mechanisms in —— phases.
three
Which phase of insulin release?
Insulin release is mediated by brain in response to seeing, smelling or tasting food
cephalic phase
Which phase of insulin release?
insulin released when food enters digestive tract
digestive phase
Which phase of insulin release?
glucodetectors signal pancreas to release more insulin to help with glycogen storage
absorptive phase
Where are glucodetectors located?
liver
What are the two complementary processes of insulin release?
- reduce blood sugar
- raise blood sugar
When glucodetectors recognize high levels of glucose, they signal the ———- to release ———-.
Insulin will remove excess ———- from the blood in two ways:
1. allows insulin to —————
2. signals ———- to .
These two things ————- blood sugar.
pancreas;
insulin
glucose;
enter target tissues;
liver;
start storing glucose as glycogen
lower
High blood sugar promotes —————— release.
insulin
When glucodetectors recognize low blood sugar, they signal the ———— to release ————, causing ————– to break down into ————, then enter into —————————— and ———— blood sugar level.
pancreas;
glucagon;
glycogen;
glucose;
circulatory system;
raise
Low blood sugar promotes ————- release.
glucagon
What happens when insulin is not working properly?
insulin fails to induce glucose absorption, resulting in diabetes
Diabetes is a failure of ———– to induce ———– absorption.
insulin; glucose
What does diabetes (a failure of insulin to induce glucose absorption) lead to?
- chronic high blood sugar
- damage to cells depending on glucose
Which cells can diabetes impact?
those that are glucose dependent, including:
- eye disease
- renal failure
- diabetic foot
- stroke
- heart damage
- nerve disease
- arteriosclerosis
People with diabetes are —- times more likely to have an amputation due to nerve damage.
20
a loss of sensation due to nerve damage
sensory neuropathy
When we talk about hunger, we’re talking about the brain monitoring ——– and ——– levels along with other info to monitor ————.
glucose;
insulin;
appetite
True/False
Neither insulin nor glucose alone is an appetite signal.
True
Areas associated with the ————–, including the ———————– and ———————-, are especially important in controlling hunger.
hypothalamus;
ventromedial hypothalamus (VMN);
lateral hypothalamus (LH)
According to a study, VMH lesions caused ————-. This change happened due to —————. Thus, researchers believed this to be a ———— center.
obesity;
significant increase in food intake;
satiety
According to a study, LH lesions caused ————-. This change happened due to —————. Thus, researchers believed this to be a ———— center.
weight loss;
refusal to eat;
hunger
In the study lesioning VMH and LH areas, the weight of both lesioned groups stabilized over time. What did this indicate about these brain areas?
since both kinds of lesioned animals experienced satiety and hunger, neither center is wholly responsible for either sensation
amount of food affecting fullness/satiety changed depending on where lesion was
In addition to brain areas, many ———– are important in regulating hunger and satiety.
hormones
Hormones drive ——————– appetite control.
hypothalamic
There is a circuit within ———– that integrates various hunger and satiety hormones.
arcuate nucleus
————– and ———– constantly release hormonal signals about ————, short-term and long-term energy balance in the body.
digestive organs;
fat tissues;
ongoing
Leptin is released by ————– and gives info about ———— energy.
fat cells;
long-term
Initially it was thought that leptin deficiency was responsible for ——–. This was found to be true in mice but there was not a strong correlation in humans.
obesity
Ghrelin is synthesized and released by ————–.
the stomach
Ghrelin is high ———— we eat. It ————————–.
before;
drops off after eating
Which hormone works as an appetite stimulant?
ghrelin
PYY3-36 is released by —————.
intestinal cells
We have ——- levels of PYY3-36 before eating and ——– levels after eating. It works as an ———————-.
low;
high;
appetite suppressant
———- feeding, cholecystokinin (CCK) is released by the ———.
After;
gut
CKK acts on the ——– nerve to ———— appetite.
vagus; inhibit
Semiglutides like ———- or ———– are ————– peptide (GLP-1) agonists.
Wegovy; Ozempic
Glucagon-like
What are the effects of semiglutides?
- slow gastric emptying (keep food in stomach and digestive tract for longer; increases fullness; changes rate of hormones)
- increase insulin secretion
- reduces insulin resistance
- increases cellular energy consumption
- increases satiety signals
- reduces appetite signaling (reducing overall food intake)
- works with liver to reduce stored energy
Although people using semiglutides lost weight, they ———— after stopping the drug, suggesting treatment may need to be ————– for it to be effective.
regained the weight; ongoing
main reason its effectiveness is controversial
True/False:
Bacteria do a lot more than cause infection.
True
Why might we need a paradigm shift to how we think about bacteria?
bacteria do much more in our body than cause infections; many “good” bacteria
A healthy adult human has about —————– bacteria just in the gut.
100 trillion
True/False:
Humans are more bacteria than they are human.
True
The communal gut microbial genome (microbiome) is about ——- times larger than the human genome.
150
We may think about the microbiome as its own ———–.
organ
all of our bacteria weighs about 1kg
The microbiome is an —————— of cells with no ——————–. Compare to ————- system?
organized system of cells;
no distinct structure;
immune
Our ————- change our gut microbiome, so it is incredibly ———–.
experiences;
individualized
Host and microbiome have ————– interests and interplay. Neither wishes the other ———–.
evolutionarily-aligned;
harm
As result of evolution, we have lost some genes and bacteria have maintained some genes that —————-.
are only beneficial to the host
The —————- provides critical biosynthetic pathways that significantly extend host metabolic and physiologic capacity (exend our health as well as
microbiome
What is a commensal relationship?
Our bacteria keep us alive (by extending out metabolic and physiologic capacity) and by staying alive, we continue to provide a host for bacteria
We have bacteria in our gut that express ————– which converts glycans into useable sugars. No —————- is capable of digesting glycans–only bacterial enzymes.
glycoside hydrolase;
no human enzyme
Many of the ———– that we eat are only digestible by bacteria, and bacteria produce these short-chain fatty acids.
carbohydrates
—- to —–% of adult energy may be generated by ———- production or stored as fat.
10-15%;
short-chain fatty acid
Lecture 3/22/24: Hunger & Satiety
The POA and LH are both involved in —– and this is an example of —— in homeostatic mechanisms.
* body temp regulation; redundancy
* body temp regulation; isolation
* appetite regulation; redundancy
* appetite regulation; isolation
body temp regulation; redundancy
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
In humans, a body temperature below —— degrees F or above —— degrees F is generally considered cause for significant concern.
95; 106
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
The —– controls blood pressure in part as a response to activation of ——-.
* sympathetic nervous system; baroreceptors
* sympathetic nervous system; thermoreceptors
* parasympathetic nervous system; baroreceptors
* parasympathetic nervous system; thermoreceptors
sympathetic nervous system; baroreceptors
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
Baroreceptors are found in the organs of the ——.
sympathetic nervous system (got this wrong on quiz, should double-check)
answered “peripheral” but wrong on quiz
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
Damage to the lateral hypothalamus would disrupt which of the following in rats?
* all of these answers are correct
* sleep behaviors
* feeding behavior, leading to weight loss
* autonomic thermoregulation
all of these answers are correct
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
The intestinal hormones, —– and ——-, both show a rapid increase in secretion in response to eating, and have the effect of appetite suppression.
* PYY3-36; GLP-1
* ghrelin; leptin
* PYY3-36; ghrelin
* GLP-1; leptin
PYY3-36; GLP-1
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
Disrupting ——– production would interfere with the changing of glucose to glycogen.
- Aldosterone
- CCK
- Glucagon
- Insulin
Insulin
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
Anticipation of glucose triggers the —— phase of insulin release.
* Cephalic
* Digestive
* Absorptive
* Somatic
Cephalic
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
Which pairing is correct?
* none of these answers are correct
* osmotic thirst; cardiac baroreceptors
* hypovolemic thirst; OVLT
* hypovolemic thirst; amygdala
none of these answers are correct
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
Why does eating more slowly make you feel fuller?
* increased cholecystokinin production
* decreased cholecystokinin production
* increased vasopressin production
* decreased vasopressin production
increased cholecystokinin production
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
When food hits your stomach, receptors detect which of the following sensations which contribute to satiety?
* stretching
* fullness
* flavor of food
* leptin release
stretching
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
A child born via cesarean section would likely have ——- bacteria in their gut microbiome than a child born via vaginal delivery.
* different
* more
* less
* the same
different
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
Adult humans get an estimated 10-15% of their daily energy from what?
* bacteria in the gut microbiome producing SCFAs
* fat cells converting glycogen into insulin
* leptin converting glucose into glycogen
* potatoes
bacteria in the gut microbiome producing SCFAs
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
A patient with bulimia nervosa would typically have which of the following symptoms?
* cycles of binge-purge behaviors
* little to no appetite
* extremely low body weight
* all of these answers are correct
cycles of binge-purge behaviors
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
As a mammal, Snoopy can maintain high and relatively constant body temperatures, allowing him to play with Woodstock and keep cool by sweating on a hot day. Snoopy would be an example of an ——–
- Endotherm
- Ectotherm
- Ectoplasm
- Endoplasm
endotherm
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
———– allows for the separation of intracellular and extracellular fluids, facilitating specialized functions within cells while maintaining overall fluid balance.
- Compartmentalization
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
- Fluid pressure
compartmentalization
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
The minimum caloric intake required by Patrick Mahomes to sustain his basic bodily functions when he’s not playing football is determined by which bodily process?
- Basal metabolism
- Diffusion
- Homeostasis
- Thermoregulation
Basal metabolism
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
Sarah has Crohn’s disease, which affects her appetite. Her doctor in Michigan is able to give her a prescription for ———-, as there’s some evidence that this drug may help her gain some weight and have a better appetite.
- Cannabis
- Oxycodone
- Steroids
- SSRIs
cannabis
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
physiological, behavioral, both, or neither?
A salamander lying on a sunny rock
behavioral
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
physiological, behavioral, both, or neither?
An elephant using its trunk to spray water on its body
behavioral
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
physiological, behavioral, both, or neither?
Complaining about the weather in Nebraska
neither
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
physiological, behavioral, both, or neither?
Damage to the POA disrupts ___ responses
physiological
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #1
Which of the following is NOT an example of a homeostatic process?
- none of these answers are correct
- body temperature regulation
- hydration/ thirst
- respiration/ breathing
none of these answers are correct
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
The body uses a combination of —— signals to detect changes in the body and ——— signals to respond to those changes.
* afferent; efferent
* efferent; afferent
* heterostatic; homeostatic
* homeostatic; heterostatic
afferent; efferent
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
These types of neurons monitor the concentration of the extracellular fluid.
* osmosensory
* osmotic
* allostatic
* sensory
osmosensory
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
Gut neurons communicate information about the regulation of saltiness of fluid within the stomach and intestine via the ———–.
* vagus nerve
* subfornical organ
* prefrontal cortex
* organum vasculosum
vagus nerve
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
Having an extremely low body fat would potentially disrupt the body’s ability to do what?
* store energy for long term use
* convert glucose to glycogen
* use glucose
* maintain hydration
store energy for long term use
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
Which of the following hormones are produced in the gut?
* all of these answers are correct
* PYY
* CCK
* ghrelin
all of these answers are correct
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
——- is converted into —— for storage as a reserve fuel.
* glucose, glycogen
* glycogen, glucose
* glucose, glucagon
* glucose, lipids
glucose, glycogen
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
Which of the following statements is correct about healthy adult humans?
* they have more bacterial cells than glia
* they have more neurons than glial cells
* the human body contains 150x more genes than the gut microbiome
* the gut microbiome makes up about 10% of their body weight
they have more bacterial cells than glia
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
Which of the following statements is correct?
* bariatrics is the study of the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity
* obesity has reached epidemic proportions in the Europe, but not the US
* the majority of US adults do not meet the diagnostic criteria for obesity
* all of these answers are correct
bariatrics is the study of the causes, prevention, and treatment of obesity
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
——— maintains a stable internal environment by responding to immediate physiological needs, while ———– anticipates and adjusts to potential challenges or stressors.
- Homeostasis, allostasis
- Allostasis, homeostasis
- Homeostasis, anxiety
homeostasis; allostasis
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
You’re at the LNK Airport on your way to a vacation in Chicago. As you approach the security checkpoint, you encounter various security measures, such as metal detectors and baggage checks. These security measures selectively allow certain individuals to pass through while restricting others. Similarly, a ———– selectively allows certain molecules or ions to pass through while blocking others based on their size, charge, or solubility.
- semipermeable membrane
- permeable membrane
- partial membrane
semipermeable membrane
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
Which organ in Claire Dane’s body releases insulin when her blood glucose levels are too high, and glucagon when her blood glucose levels are too low?
- Pancreas
- Liver
- Kidneys
- Gallbladder
Pancreas
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
Which of the following hormones is NOT involved in appetite regulation?
- Cortisol
- Ghrelin
- PYY
- GLP-1
Cortisol
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
As a general rule, brain damage can occur in as few as ——- without oxygen.
- 3 minutes
- 24 minutes
- 5 minutes
- 4 seconds
3 minutes
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
Most homeostatic systems:
* have multiple or redundant monitoring mechanisms throughout the body
* rely on receptors in the CNS to monitor body systems
* work by increasing enzyme activity in the synapse
* rely on a positive feedback process
have multiople or redundant monitoring mechanisms throughout the body
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
If there is a high amount of sodium in the extracellular space:
* fluid will be pulled out of the cells
* fluid will be pushed into the cell
* fluid will remain stable
* sodium will be pushed into the cell
fluid will be pulled out of the cells
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
The —- controls blood pressure in part as a response to activation of ——-
* sympathetic nervous system; baroreceptors
* sympathetic nervous system; thermoreceptors
* parasympathetic nervous system; baroreceptors
* parasympathetic nervous system; thermoreceptors
sympathetic nervous system, baroreceptors
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
Damage to the lateral hypothalamus would disrupt which of the following in rats?
* all of these answers are correct
* sleep behaviors
* feeding behavior, leading to weight loss
* autonomic thermoregulation
all of these answers are correct
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
Angiotensin II aids in sodium conservation by triggering the release of ——
* aldosterone
* glycogen
* glucose
* angiotensin I
aldosterone
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
——– amino acids can’t be manufactured by the human body.
* pancreatic
* inorganic
* dietary
* essential
essential
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
Which pairing is correct?
* hypovolemic thirst; subfornical region
* all of these answers are correct
* osmotic thirst; preoptic area
* osmotic thirst; OVLT
all of these answers are correct
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
——- detect any increases in glucose and signal to the ——— to release more insulin.
* glucodetectors, pancreas
* glucodetectors, liver
* insulin, pancreas
* vagus nerve, pancreas
glucodetectors, pancreas
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
Which of the following is an example of a commensal relationship?
* bacteria in the microbiome breaking down carbohydrates
* bacteria in the digestive tract causing IBS
* hormones in the stomach sending signals to the brain
* changes in eating behavior after VMH orLH lesions
bacteria in the microbiome breaking down carbohydrates
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
Which of the following may occur as a symptom of anorexia nervousa?
* severe food deprivation
* all of these answers are correct
* abnormal physiological hunger cues
* typical dopamine signalling
severe food deprivation
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
——— maintains a stable internal environment by responding to immediate physiological needs, while ——– anticipates and adjusts to potential challenges or stressors.
- Homeostasis, allostasis
- Allostasis, homeostasis
- Homeostasis, anxiety
homeostasis, allostasis
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
——– allows for the separation of intracellular and extracellular fluids, facilitating specialized functions within cells while maintaining overall fluid balance.
- Compartmentalization
- Osmosis
- Diffusion
- Fluid pressure
compartmentalization
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
——– is energy stored for later use in the liver and skeletal muscles while ——— is used as rapid source of energy during periods of fasting or intense physical activity.
- Glycogen, glucose
- Glucose, glycogen
- Glycogen, glycosis
- Glucose, glycosis
glycogen, glucose
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #2
physiological, behavioral, both, or neither?
A kid getting “goosebumps” in a cold classroom
physiological
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
physiological, behavioral, both, or neither?
Putting on more clothing when chilly
behavioral
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
physiological, behavioral, both, or neither?
A mouse increasing blood flow to its tail
physiological
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
physiological, behavioral, both, or neither?
Damaging the LH disrupts ——- responses
behavioral
Unit 2 Quiz 2: Homeostatis - Attempt #3
your brain’s most important job (besides learning neuroscience)
Homeostasis
Crossword
glucagon converts glucose into – for storage
glycogen
Crossword
sleep- —– insomnia is characterized by difficulty falling asleep
onset
Crossword
biochemicals that move through bloodstream to affect diverse targets
hormone
Crossword
this “organ” suggests we are more bacteria than human
microbiome
Crossword
receptor in the heart that monitors blood pressure, blood volume
baroreceptor
Crossword
chemical signal used to communicate with others of your species, probably not used in humans (so we invented axe body spray spray instead)
pheromone
crossword
steroid hormone found in males and females
testosterone
crossword
eating too many Doritos might cause these neurons to make you thirsty
osmosensory
crossword
outer ear structure, collects and directs sound waves
pinna
crossword
primary energy source for body, sugar
glucose
crossword
brain area generally dormant while you sleep
locus coruleus
crossword
family of proteins that support developing cells, and help direct development
neurotrophins
crossword
sensation of body movement and position
proprioception
Crossword
booze disrupts this sleep stage, especially in the first few hours of sleep
REM
crossword
interaction between environment and genes
epigenetics
crossword
layer of the neural plate that becomes the CNS
ectoderm
NOTE: in crossword, it only accepts “endoderm” – prof said its ecto
crossword
band of axons that connects left and right hemispheres
corpus callosum
crossword
basic taste associated with savory/meaty foods
umami
crossword
—— tendon organs, receptor that detects muscle contraction
golgi
crossword
legion this brain area to make fatter rat
answer is abbreviated
VMH
crossword
the primary biological “clock”
abbreviated
SCN
crossword
process theory of color perception based on opposite response to different wavelengths of light
opponent
crossword
left hemisphere controls right side of the body, ———- representation
contralateral
crossword
bad dream causing waking from stage 3/SWS
night terror
crossword
non-receptor cell type found in the retina, axons make the optic nerve
ganglion
crossword
gene on the Y chromosome in humans, usually results in formation of testes
abbreviated
SRY
crossword
the early, permanent effects of hormones on development
organizational
crossword
normal and necessary death of cells, like those that don’t form connections during development
apoptosis
crossword
hormone released by adipose fat cells, indicate long-term energy stores
leptin
crossword
an example may include an alarm clock, the sunrise, or lunch time
hint: think about the entrainment process
zeitgeber
crossword
olfaction, unlike most senses, bypasses this “sensory relay” point in the brain
thalamus
crossword
cranial nerve with an important role in hunger and satiety
vagus
crossword
neural tube defect associated with low folic acid, alcohol, or nicotine exposure
spina bifida
crossword
most sleeping pills target receptors for this neurotransmitter, acting as agonists
GABA
crossword
What would be the effect of a drug that BLOCKS the production of Per proteins in the SCN?
* glutamate signalling would be blocked
* the SCN would not produce melatonin
* the SCN would not entrain to light
* the pineal gland would not produce histamine
the SCN would not entrain to light
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
—- waves are typically observed in participants who feel relaxed and keep their eyes closed.
* delta.
* alpha.
* beta.
* gamma.
alpha
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period is likely to:
* last much longer
* last the same amount of time
* last much less time
* REM does not occur later in the night
last much longer
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
According to research on circadian rhythms and performance, which football team would have an advantage in a game played in Los Angeles, CA that began at 6pm local time (9 PM EST)?
- neither team would have an advantage
- any team, as long as they were playing against the Packers
- a team from the west coast
- a team from the east coast
a team from the west coast
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
The neurons that allow us to move from one stage of sleep to another are found in the ____.
* pons
* cortex
* hypothalamus
* thalamus
hypothalamus
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Tanya Tucker wakes up from a nap feeling groggy, nauseous and disoriented. What stage of sleep was she likely in just before she awoke?
* REM
* SWS
* stage 2
* stage 1
SWS
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Which experimental condition led to improved recall?
* odor during learning and during REM sleep
* odor during learning only
* odor during learning and during SWS
* odor during SWS only
odor during SWS only
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Which of the following is NOT part of SCN cell activity?
* clock and cycle form a dimer
* glutamate “syncs” the activity to light exposure
* the cycle repeats approximately every 24 hours
* clock and cycle inhibit the activity of cry and per
clock and cycle inhibit the activity of cry and per
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Oprah Winfrey buys an app that promises to help her learn a new language if she plays the lessons at night, while she sleeps. What type of learning is this?
* REM state dependent learning
* this is not an effective way to learn new information
* learning via osmosis
* SWS memory consolidation
this is not an effective way to learn new information
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Which of the following is NOT a scientific theory used to explain the phenomenon of dreaming, as discussed in class?
* dreams are a chance to review learned material from the day
* we don’t actually dream during sleep- we interpret our brain activity after we wake up
* dreams help us to process emotions
* dreams allow us to see patterns in our lives and make predictions about future behaviors
dreams allow us to see patterns in our lives and make predictions about future behaviors
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
LSD seems to cause dreamlike experiences due to activation of which receptor?
- levodopa
- 5HT 2D
- 5HT 2a receptor
- all serotonin sub receptors families
5HT 2A receptor
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Leslie Knope has a disorder where she engages in organized behavior including running and eating (essentially acting out her dreams). She would likely be diagnosed with what?
* REM behavior disorder
* sleep apnea
* night terrors
* somnambulism
REM Behavior Disorder
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
In the world of Harry Potter, werewolves transform during a full moon due to a change in their biological rhythms. This is an example of which type of biological rhythm?
* Circadian rhythm
* Infradian rhythm
* Tidal rhythm
* Ultradian rhythm
Infradian
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
In the movie “Inception,” characters enter a dream within a dream. Which stage of sleep is characterized by vivid dreaming and is similar to the dream state in “Inception”?
* Stage 1 sleep
* REM sleep
* Stage 3 sleep
* Stage 2 sleep
REM sleep
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Tim stayed up late studying the night before his PSYC 350 exam and only got 4 hours of sleep. His friend Eric studied for a couple of hours after dinner and slept for 8 hours. Tim performed worse on his exam than Eric, showing that the key function of ———- might not happen when we are sleep deprived.
- Physical restoration
- Memory consolidation
- Niche adaptation
- Conservation of energy
memory consolidation
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Jocelyn has been waking up gasping for air and her partner has been complaining about her loud snoring. She brought this up with her doctor, who recommended she go to a specialist for a sleep study for a possible diagnosis of ——–.
- Sleep apnea
- COPD
- Insomnia
- Sleep paralysis
sleep apnea
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Imagine The Hulk experiences a sudden loss of muscle tone and collapses without losing consciousness when he gets angry. What condition could he be suffering from?
* REM behavior disorder
* Cataplexy
* Somnambulism
* Sleep paralysis
cataplexy
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Match the neurochemical action with its effect.
increased acetylcholine
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Match the neurochemical action with its effect.
increased GABA
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Match the neurochemical action with its effect.
increased adenosine
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Match the neurochemical action with its effect.
inhibit GABA
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 1
Which of the following statements about human sleep and wakefulness is NOT correct?
* exposure to light early in the day improves sleep and wakefulness
* humans have a slightly longer than 24 hour circadian cycle
* adequate sleep helps people feel more awake during the day
* after extreme sleep deprivation we must “make up” at least 50% of the missed sleep
after extreme sleep deprivation, we must “make up” at least 50% of the missed sleep
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
Based on previous experiments, if we removed all zeitgebers for an animal and examine its behavior, what results would we expect to obtain?
* a change in the amount of activity
* a change in the type of activity
* a change in pattern of activity
* all of these answers are correct
a change in the pattern of activity
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
What study provided evidence that cells of the SCN are a key “biological clock” in the brain?
* performance studies in football players
* lesion studies in cats
* jet lag studies in dogs
* SCN transplants in hamsters
SCN transplants in hamsters
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
Nearly all animal species are:
* biphasic sleepers
* either diurnal or nocturnal
* crepuscular
* most active during the day
either diurnal or nocturnal
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
Apply electrical stimulation to the —— would wake up a sleeping individual and increase alertness in someone who is already awake.
* reticular formation
* SCN
* hypothalamus
* cortex
reticular formation
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
The bizarre nature of dreams (strange movement of time, odd events, etc) is likely due to —— activity in the —-.
* higher; amygdala
* lower; temporal lobe
* lowered; inferior frontal cortex
* higher; insula
lowered; inferior frontal cortex
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
Which of the following is NOT part of SCN cell activity?
* cry and per inhibit the activity of clock and cycle
* clock and cycle cause cry and per to breakdown
* DNA in the cells produce cry and per
* clock and cycle form a dimer
clock and cycle cause cry and per to break down
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
Just as Nicole Kidman is falling asleep she experiences a hypnic jerk and wakes up. Why does this happen?
* she has somnambulism
* none of these answers is correct
* her SCN is misfiring
* her circadian rhythms are phase-shifting
none of these answers is correct
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
One theory on why we sleep is that:
* humans evolved sleep to increase social connectivity among families
* sleep is a time when the brain undergoes “cleaning” to remove cellular waste products
* it is a false state; the brain is never fully asleep
* none of these answers is correct
sleep is a time when the brain undergoes “cleaning” to remove cellular waste products
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
As discussed in class, levodopa treatment would likely lead to which effect?
- all of these answers are correct
- more vivid dreams
- increased sleep latency (time to fall asleep)
- decreased dopamine activity
more vivid dreams
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
One of the reasons that daylight saving time switches are hard on people is that it requires use to adapt to a slightly new schedule, or ——- our circadian rhythms.
* phase shift
* zeitgeber
* de-entrain
* free run
phase shift
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
In the world of Harry Potter, werewolves transform during a full moon due to a change in their biological rhythms. This is an example of which type of biological rhythm?
* Circadian rhythm
* Infradian rhythm
* Ultradian rhythm
* Tidal rhythm
Infradian rhythm
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
In the movie “Inception,” characters enter a dream within a dream. Which stage of sleep is characterized by vivid dreaming and is similar to the dream state in “Inception”?
* Stage 2 sleep
* REM sleep
* Stage 1 sleep
* Stage 3 sleep
REM sleep
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
Like the diligent ‘Hogwarts Express” transporting wizards from their daily lives to the wizarding world, which neural system faithfully transports our brains from the wakeful world to the land of deep, slow-wave sleep (SWS)?
- The Pontine System
- The Reticular Formation
- The Hypothalamic Harmony Ensemble
- The Basal Forebrain
the Basal Forebrain
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
Jocelyn has been waking up gasping for air and her partner has been complaining about her loud snoring. She brought this up with her doctor, who recommended she go to a specialist for a sleep study for a possible diagnosis of ———-.
- Sleep paralysis
- Insomnia
- Sleep apnea
- COPD
Sleep apnea
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
Considering the sleep adventures of Alice in Wonderland, if Alice were to walk and talk in her sleep, during which sleep stage would this most likely occur?
* Stage 2 sleep
* Slow-wave sleep (SWS)
* REM sleep
* Stage 1 sleep
Slow-wave sleep (SWS)
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 2
Which of the following statements about human sleep and wakefulness is NOT correct?
* humans have a slightly longer than 24 hour circadian cycle
* exposure to light early in the day improves sleep and wakefulness
* after extreme sleep deprivation we must “make up” at least 50% of the missed sleep
* adequate sleep helps people feel more awake during the day
after extreme sleep deprivation, we must “make up” at least 50% of the missed sleep
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
What would be the effect of a drug that BLOCKS the production of Per proteins in the SCN?
* the pineal gland would not produce histamine
* glutamate signalling would be blocked
* the SCN would not entrain to light
* the SCN would not produce melatonin
the SCN would not entrain to light
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
Why do high school students with later start times tend to perform better academically?
* these teens have faster growth rates.
* they are less sensitive to entrainment.
* they are less sensitive to zeitgebers
* there are shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty.
there are shifts in circadian rhythms that occur around puberty
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
In the typical sleep pattern of healthy adults, the first REM period of the night may last a few minutes while the last REM period is likely to:
* last much longer
* last the same amount of time
* last much less time
* REM does not occur later in the night
last much longer
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
According to research on circadian rhythms and performance, which football team would have an advantage in a game played in Los Angeles, CA that began at 6pm local time (9 PM EST)?
- a team from the east coast
- any team, as long as they were playing against the Packers
- neither team would have an advantage
- a team from the west coast
a team from the west coast
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
One method to measure the activity of thousands of neurons in the brain is to conduct a(n) ________.
* electroencephalogram
* all answers are correct
* sleep tracking device
* snapshot of the brain using MRI
electroencephalogram
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
Tanya Tucker wakes up from a nap feeling groggy, nauseous and disoriented. What stage of sleep was she likely in just before she awoke?
* stage 1
* SWS
* REM
* stage 2
sws
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
How does exposing learners to an odor during learning and sleep impact learning?
* it decreased recall speed
* it increased amount learned
* it decreased amount learned
* it increased recall speed
GOT THIS WRONG – IT IS NOT “IT INCREASED RECALL SPEED”
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
Which of the following is NOT part of SCN cell activity?
* clock and cycle form a dimer
* clock and cycle inhibit the activity of cry and per
* the cycle repeats approximately every 24 hours
* glutamate “syncs” the activity to light exposure
clock and cycle inhibit the activity of cry and per
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
From a neuroscientific perspective, being asleep and being in a coma are:
* fundamentally the same
* none of these answers is correct
* both states of consciousness that evolved for the same purpose
* both states the brain actively produces
none of these answers is correct
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
What key characteristic is shared in dreaming and LSD induced hallucinations?
* saccadic eye movement
* cognitive bizarreness
* all of these answers are correct
* activation of visual cortex
all of these answers are correct
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
—— has been identified as one possible underlying cause for sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS).
* sleep apnea.
* REM behavior disorder.
* insomnia.
* sleep paralysis.
Sleep apnea
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
If Tony Stark invented a device that could adjust his sleep-wake cycle while traveling across different time zones, which biological rhythm would he be manipulating?
* Tidal rhythm
* Circadian rhythm
* Ultradian rhythm
* Infradian rhythm
Circadian rhythm
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
If Wes Anderson were to make a film about a night of sleep, and each sleep cycle was a scene, how many scenes would he create for a typically developing young adult?
* 8-9 scenes
* 4-5 scenes
* 6-7 scenes
* 2-3 scenes
4-5 scenes
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
Grandpa Joe is too excited to go to sleep the entire week before going to visit the Wonka chocolate factory. This disruption in his sleep could contribute to which health condition often seen in the elderly?
- COPD
- Obesity
- ADHD
- Dementia
Dementia
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
Jocelyn has been waking up gasping for air and her partner has been complaining about her loud snoring. She brought this up with her doctor, who recommended she go to a specialist for a sleep study for a possible diagnosis of ———-.
- COPD
- Sleep paralysis
- Sleep apnea
- Insomnia
Sleep Apnea
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
In the world of Harry Potter, if a wizard suddenly falls asleep while casting spells, which stage of sleep do they likely enter first, unlike most muggles?
* Stage 1 sleep
* REM sleep
* Slow-wave sleep (SWS)
* Stage 2 sleep
REM (?)
GOT THIS WRONG ON QUIZ – it is NOT SWS
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
Match the behavior to its cyclic description.
human feeding behavior
Unit 3 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
Match the behavior to its cyclic description.
sleep cycle in humans
circadian
Unit 2 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
Match the behavior to its cyclic description.
melatonin release in humans
Unit 2 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
Match the behavior to its cyclic description.
social behavior in humans
Unit 2 Quiz Bio Rhythms and Sleep Quiz - Attempt 3
Which of the following is the strongest evidence AGAINST the idea that humans are responsive to pheromones?
* there are no functional receptors for them in the VNO
* only babies respond to pheromones
* no other mammals respond to pheromones
* there is no behavioral evidence for pheromone response
there are no functional receptors for them in the VNO
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
Humans have ——- senses.
* many
* eleven
* five
* limitless
Many
DOUBLE CHECK (got this wrong on quiz)
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
Golgi tendon organs are to —– as muscle spindles are to ——–.
* stretch; tension
* tension; stretch
* paresis; proprioception
* proprioception; paresis
tension; stretch
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
EMG studies have revealed that a voluntary movement of the arm, for example, when asked to pull a lever, is immediately preceded by
* a brief cessation of breathing.
* a postural response.
* rapid eye movements.
* recruitment of muscle fibers according to the “size principle.”
a postural response
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
The pyramidal motor system begins in the —– cortex, and the pathway then travels to the ——- and then the ——-.
* frontal; thalamus; medulla
* parietal; medulla; pons
* frontal; medulla; spinal cord
* parietal; thalamus; medulla
frontal; medulla; spinal cord
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
The —– ear contains the tiny chain of bones that facilitate sound conduction.
* pinna
* middle
* external
* inner
middle
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
Which statement best describes the human auditory cortex?
* It is specialized to detect sounds containing many frequencies and complex patterns.
* It is specialized to detect high-frequency sounds.
* It is specialized to detect low-frequency sounds.
* It is specialized to detect simple and pure tones.
it is specialized to detect sounds containing many frequencies and complex patterns
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
The tiny bones of the middle ear are collectively known as the
* scala media.
* stapes.
* otoliths.
* ossicles.
ossicles
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
Ion channels are pulled open and positive ions enter the cell, leading to depolarization in this type of transduction.
* chemotransduction
* phototransduction
* somatotransduction
* mechanotransduction
mechanotransduction
(in notes it is mechanoelectrical transduction)
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
When you look at the blue sky on clear day, your perception of the blue color is produced by
* infrared rays.
* gamma rays.
* long-wavelength photons.
* short-wavelength photons.
Answered short-wavelength photons but this is wrong – need to figure out why
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
What is responsible for the lack of photoreceptors at the optic disc and consequent blind spot?
* It is the location where blood vessels and ganglion cell axons leave the eye.
* It is a location with a high density of pigment obscuring photoreceptor cells.
* It is point of attachment for eye muscles.
* It is the location where parts of the two optic nerves cross the midline.
it is the location where blood vessels and ganglion cell axons leave the eye
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
The bending of light rays by the optical components of the eye is called
* diffraction.
* refraction.
* fractionation.
* polarization.
refraction
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
——- ——— in the retina at the back of the eye cause action potentials to transmit visual information to the brain.
* all of these answers are correct
* horizontal cells
* ganglion cells
* amacrine cells
ganglion
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
The tastes salty and sour are elicited when taste cells ________.
* are perceived only at the front of the tongue where there are taste cells
* are activated by the production of saliva
* are stimulated by simple ions acting on ion channels in taste cell membranes
* all of these answers are correct
are stimulated by simple ions acting on ion channels in taste cell membranes
got this wrong on quiz
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
In nature, ________ tastes often signal the presence of toxins or poisons.
* sweet
* bitter
* salty
* spicy
bitter
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
Which animal would be MOST likely to consume a spicy pepper because they are not sensitive to capsaicin?
* Crow
* Squirrel
* Cat
* Dog
crow
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
Which of the following is correct about the cause of Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo?
* it is caused by alcohol consumption
* it is the least common cause of vertigo
* it is caused by the inappropriate movement of the otoliths into the semicircular canals
* all of these answers are correct
it is caused by the inappropriate movement of the otoliths into the semicircular canals
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
Which structure is not part of the vestibular system?
* Utricle
* Saccule
* Eustachian tube
* Semicircular canals
Eustachian tube
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
Which event signals the brain that the head has moved?
* The activation of efferent fibers in the semicircular canals
* The opening of ion channels on stereocilia
* The deflecting of the stereocilia in the ampulla
* The sound latency difference between the two ears
the deflecting of the stereocilia in the ampulla
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
——- is the experience of nausea brought on by unnatural passive movement.
* Sensorineural movement
* Motion sickness
* Conduction motion
* Motion shadows
motion sickness
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #1
Damage to the —- would most likely result in serious, extensive disruptions to a person’s ability to detect sensory stimuli.
* somatic nervous system
* sensory nervous system
* none of these answers is correct
* autonomic nervous system
somatic nervous system
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
A motor unit is a
* single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates.
* single motor neuron and a single muscle fiber.
* collection of neuron that travel to the same muscle group.
* collection of neuron that produce the same movement.
single motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it innervates
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
Nervous system motor plans must balance a trade-off between
* speed and accuracy.
* complexity and accuracy.
* complexity and force.
* force and precision.
speed and accuracy
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
The stapes connects to the
* malleus.
* tympanic membrane.
* oval window.
* round window.
oval window
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
Each level of the auditory system shows ——- mapping.
* tonotopic
* topographic
* tomographic
* tonic
tonotopic
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
Sound latency differences between the two ears allows an animal to
* dampen sounds.
* amplify sounds.
* determine if a sound is biologically relevant.
* localize sounds.
localize sounds
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
Visual acuity is highest in the region of the retina called the
* iris.
* fovea.
* lens.
* optic disc.
fovea
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
Having a hearing deficit in one ear would likely lead to difficulty with which of the following?
* locating a sound’s source
* detecting high amplitude sounds
* describing the timbre of a sound
* detecting high pitch sounds
locating a sound’s source
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
Which property is not a dimension of color perception?
* Saturation
* Brightness
* Complexity
* Hue
Complexity
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
Which of the following is correct?
* the part of the eye where light is refracted by the cornea is the blind spot
* a portion of the retina with the most receptors is the optic disk
* the part of the eye which contains rods and cones is the blind spot
* the point at which ganglion cell axons leave the eye is the optic disk
the point at which ganglion cell axons leave the eye is the optic disk
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
In the retina, when illuminated, cone receptors that connect to an on-center bipolar cell cause —— in the on-center bipolar cell.
* no change
* a depolarization
* an action potential
* a hyperpolarization
a depolarization
got this wrong on quiz - answered “a hyperpolarization”
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
The taste map —-.
* all of these answers are correct
* is an inaccurate representation of the human taste system
* is well supported by over 100 years of scientific data
* correctly shows how humans detect taste
is an inaccurate representation of the human taste system
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
——— are a class of drugs that mimic ——— pain-fighting chemicals called endorphins.
* endorphins; endogenous
* opiates; exogenous
* opiate; endogenous
* endorphins; exogenous
opiate; endogenous
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
The ——– contains the receptor cells for the vestibular system.
* pinna
* organ of Corti
* vestibular nuclei
* ampulla
ampulla
got this wrong on quiz - answered organ of Corti
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
The vestibular system informs the brain about
* forces that act within the body cavities.
* stimulation of the autonomic nervous system.
* acoustic stimuli.
* the movement and position of the body.
the movement and position of the body
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #2
Sensory conflict theory argues that we feel badly when we receive contradictory sensory messages. Passengers on an airplane in turbulence may experience an uncomfortable conflict between —– and — information.
* vestibular; motor
* vestibular; visual
* visual; motor
* visual; auditory
vestibular; visual
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
According to lecture, which receptor results in the faster pain signal: TRPV1 or TRPM3?
* TRPM3, because it works on unmyelinated axons
* TRPV1, because it works on myelinated axons
* TRPV1, because it works on unmyelinated axons
* TRPM3, because it works on myelinated axons
TRPM3, because it works on myelinated axons
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
Loss of this sense has been identified as an early symptom in neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer’s disease.
* olfaction
* gustation
* proprioception
* somatosensation
olfaction
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
Because of the location of rods in the retinal periphery, it is best to look —- to see a dim stimuli, like a distant star.
* behind
* slightly off center
* very off center
* directly at
slightly off-center
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
Which statement about color perception is true?
* The trichromatic hypothesis is supported at the level of the retina.
* The opponent-process hypothesis is consistent with current research on cones.
* Spectrally opponent cells are found only in the eye.
* Research has largely refuted both the opponent-process and the trichromatic theories of color perception.
GOT THIS WRONG - it’s not “Research has largely refuted…”
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
The receptive fields of retinal ganglion cells are
* columnar.
* concentric.
* complex.
* hypercomplex.
concentric
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
The canals of the cochlea are filled with —-; thus, sound is carried in the form of ——-.
* fluid; waves
* ampullae; waves
* air; wind
* hair cells; mechanical motion
fluid; waves (need to double-check)
GOT THIS WRONG - NOT hair cells; mechanical motion
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
The stereocilia of the hair cells contact the
* auditory nerve fibers.
* basilar membrane.
* tectorial membrane.
* inner hair cells.
tectorial membrane
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
Mirror neurons are especially interesting to researchers because
* they appear to trigger specific movements.
* All of the above
* they might be part of a neural system for empathy.
* they fire when a monkey sees another monkey (or human) performing a simple movement previously performed by the monkey itsel
All of the above
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
Some individuals born without a —– still show normal motor skills.
* cerebellum
* hippocampus
* thalamus
* cingulate
cerebellum
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
There is strong scientific evidence for a sense of —– in humans.
* nociception
* extrasensory perception
* telekinesis
* telpathy
nociception
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #3
Which of the following examples would likely lead to the release of substance P in the spinal cord?
* smelling a rose
* drinking alcohol
* touching a hot stove
* seeing a rainbow
touching a hot stove
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #4
Being able to tell a grape jellybean from a lime one uses requires us to detect the —— of the candy.
* smell
* flavor
* taste
* all of these answers are correct
all of these answers are correct
Unit 2 Quiz - Sensation and Perception - Attempt #4
- Because of the location of rods in the retinal periphery, it is best to look —–to see a dim stimuli, like a distant star.
- directly at
- slightly off center
- behind
- very off center
slightly off center
The —– muscles are essential for accommodation.
* extraocular
* ciliary
* orbital
* lentiform
ciliary
Simple cortical visual cells are most likely to be activated by
* bars of particular width, orientation, and location in the visual field.
* movement of a bar or edge.
* a boundary between two hues.
* biologically relevant information.
bars of particular width, orientation, and location in the visual field
GOT THIS WRONG - it’s not movement of a bar or edge
The blind spot in our visual field is created by – at the –
* densely packed cones; lens
* thicker photoreceptors; optic nerve
* a lack of photoreceptors; optic disc
* fewer rods; fovea
a lack of photoreceptors, optic disk
The – funnels sound waves to the ear canal. Sound arriving at the – causes it to vibrate, causing movement of the —. Vibration then moves fluid in the inner ear, activating hair cells in the —-
* pinna; ossicles; tympanic membrane; cochlea
* cochlea; pinna; tympanic membrane; ossicles
* pinna; tympanic membrane; ossicles; cochlea
* pinna; cochlea; tympanic membrane; ossicles
pinna; tympanic membrane; ossicles; cochlea
Inner hair cells release the neurotransmitter – and outer hair cells release the neurotransmitter –.
* ACh; GABA
* glutamate; GABA
* glutamate; ACh
* GABA; glutamate
glutamate; ACh
Biceps and triceps are
* reciprocals.
* synergists.
* muscle fibers.
* antagonists.
antagonists
Motor neurons are referred to as the “final common pathway” because they are the
* part of the dorsal motor system closest to the brainstem.
* last motor neurons in a chain that actually innervates the muscle.
* the only pathway by which the brain and spinal cord can control movement.
* white matter of the spinal cord.
the only pathway by which the brain and spinal cord can control movement
Light enters the eye and causes chemical changes that lead to depolarization of ganglion cells, resulting in action potentials being sent to the brain. This is an example of —-
* sensation
* reintotophic activity
* perception
* transduction
transduction
– is a condition marked by stimuli in one modality causing the involuntary experience of a different sensation in another modality.
- synesthesia
- dystonia
- apraxia
- dysarthria
synesthesia
The neurotransmitter – is produced and released by motor neurons to stimulate skeletal muscles.
* serotonin
* dopamine
* glutamate
* acetylcholine
acetylcholine
When athletes work out to improve their stamina, one of the goals is to enhance their
* neural motor plans.
* fast-twitch muscle fibers.
* muscle spindles.
* slow-twitch muscle fibers.
slow-twitch muscle fibers
Which structure is not part of the external or middle ear?
* Pinna
* Tympanic membrane
* Organ of Corti
* Stapedius muscle
Organ of Corti
If a person facing forward hears a sound to her left,
* her left ear hears exactly twice as well as her right ear.
* she must turn away from the sound to allow for spectral filtering.
* she experiences no onset disparity.
* her right ear will be cast in a sound shadow.
her right ear will be cast in a sound shadow
The brighter the light stimuli, the —— a photoreceptor will hyperpolarize.
* slower
* none of these answers is correct
* less
* more
more
These two sensory systems are found in close physical proximity in the tongue.
* taste; somatosensation
* olfaction; somatosensation
* taste; olfaction
* taste; proprioception
taste; somatosensation
GOT THIS WRONG - answer is NOT taste; olfaction
Just prior to voluntarily moving of the arms, for example, to pull a lever, a person will adjust their ——–. This is an example of ——
* legs; motor planning
* torso; mirror neurons
* eyes; proprioception
* posture; ataxia
legs; motor planning
Lesions of the extrapyramidal system typically interfere with spinal reflexes by
* temporarily blocking them.
* causing seizure activity upstream in the cortex.
* eliminating them.
* exaggerating them.
exaggerating them
The boundaries of visual objects are enhanced through the process of
* lateral inhibition.
* spatial-frequency.
* extrastriate perception.
* visual acuity.
lateral inhibition
People with normal color vision have more —– receptors than —- receptors, and the precise proportions of these receptors —— among individuals.
* L; M; are always the same
* L; M; can vary
* S; M; are always the same
* S; M; can vary
L; M; can vary
Taste is —– represented, meaning that each side of the tongue has its own nerve supply.
* unilaterally
* multimodally
* contralaterally
* bilaterally
bilaterally
The only sensory system with direct connections to cognitive areas responsible for memory and emotion.
* vision
* nociception
* olfaction
* gustation
olfaction
