Unit 2 Cardiovascular Health chapters 11/12/13 Flashcards
Name three tissues present in the wall of an artery
- Endothelial
- Connective (elastic tissue)
- Muscle
Term used for when Arterioles get wider, allowing more blood through
vasodilation
Starting from the inside of a vein, state the tissues which are present, in order
- Endothelium- on inside
- Muscle - middle
- Connective (elastic)- outside
Term used to describe when Plasma is forced out of capillaries by pressure into the tissues to become tissue fluid.
‘pressure filtration’
What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
To absorb excess tissue fluid and return the lymph fluid to the circulatory system
Word used for the volume of blood pumped through each ventricle per minute
Cardiac output
What is the equation for calculating cardiac output?
cardiac output =
heart rate X stroke volume
(CO = HR x SV)
Volume of blood pumped out of the heart per beat
Stroke volume
Contraction of the upper chambers of the heart
Atrial systole
Relaxation of the heart muscle
Diastole
Name the two valves in the heart
- Atrio-ventricular valve
2. Semi-lunar valve
Where is the sino-atrial node located in the heart?
Right atrium
What part of the brain regulates the rate of the sino-atrial node?
Medulla
What neurotransmitter does the sympathetic accelerator nerve release at the heart?
norepinephrine
What neurotransmitter does the parasympathetic nerve release at the heart?
Acetyl choline
What device detects currents in the heart?
Electrocardiogram (ECG)
What device measures blood pressure?
Sphygmomanometer
State a typical, normal reading for blood pressure
120/80
Word to describe High blood pressure
Hypertension
Name three substances that make up an atheroma
- fatty material (consisting mainly of cholesterol)
- fibrous material
- calcium
State five changes that occur in an artery during the process of atherosclerosis
- Endotheium thickens
- Artery wall looses elasticity
- Lumen diameter is reduced
- Blood flow is restricted
- Blood pressure increases
Describe in detail how the clotting process works
- The endothelium is damaged
- Clotting factors are released
- The enzyme prothrombin is converted to its active form thrombin
- Thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin
- Fibrin threads form a meshwork that clots the blood
Another word for a blood clot
Thrombus
The process of blood clotting is called
Thrombosis
A blood clot that moves through the bloodstream is called
Embolus
State three causes of peripheral vascular disorders
- narrowing of arteries due to atherosclerosis
- deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
- pulmonary embolism (due to a blood clot)
Blood vessels disorders other than those in the heart and brain (mainly the legs)
Peripheral vascular disorders
State two uses of cholesterol
- A component of cell membranes
2. For steroid synthesis
What is the role of HDL in the body?
Transports excess cholesterol from the body cells to the liver for elimination
What is the function of LDL in the body?
Transports cholesterol to body cells.
How is the cholesterol content of cells regulated
Once a cell has sufficient cholesterol a negative feedback system inhibits the synthesis of new LDL receptors on cells.
What effect does a higher ratio of HDL to LDL result in?
.1. lower blood cholesterol
2. a reduced chance of atherosclerosis
Name the type of drug used to reduce blood cholesterol by inhibiting the synthesis of cholesterol by liver cells
Statins
An autosomal dominant genetic condition that predisposes individuals to have very high cholesterol levels
Familial hypercholesterolaemia (FH)
The hormone that activates the conversion of glucose to glycogen in the liver, decreasing blood glucose concentration
Insulin
The hormone that activates the conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver increasing blood glucose level
glucagon
State three effects of the hormone adrenaline
- Stimulates glucagon secretion
- Inhibits insulin secretion
- Raises heart rate
What type of disease :
- usually occurs in children
- causes high blood sugar levels
- can be treated with insulin injections
Type 1 diabetes
State four facts about type 2 diabetes
- It causes high blood sugar levels
- It usually develops in adults
- It occurs more often in overweight people
- Insulin is produced but the cells are less sensitive to it
What is the name of the test for diabetes?
The glucose tolerance test
Having excess body fat in relation to muscle
Obesity
How do you calculate BMI?
BMI = weight (kg)
Height)2 (m
Why should diets to lose weight avoid use of free sugars?
Free sugars require no metabolic energy to be digested
State 5 benefits of exercise on the body
- increases energy expenditure
- preserves lean tissue
- minimises stress
- reduces hypertension
- improves HDL blood levels
