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Psych > Unit 2 - Brain and Biology > Flashcards

Unit 2 - Brain and Biology Flashcards

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1
Q

Heredity

A

characteristics passed down from one generation to the next

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2
Q

Environmental factors

A

Education, family interactions

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3
Q

Eugenics

A

evolution towards a specific goal

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4
Q

Nature

A

Genetic and biological factors

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5
Q

Nurture

A

Environmental influences

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6
Q

Stimulants

A

Drugs that excite the nervous system (caffeine, tobacco, meth, ecstasy and cocaine)

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7
Q

Depressants

A

drugs that reduce neural activity (alcohol)

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8
Q

Hallucinogens

A

drug that distorts perception and evokes sensory images in the absence of sensory input (LSD, psilocolin, marijuana)

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9
Q

Opiods

A

drug that represses neural activity temporarily lessening pain and anxiety (methadone, oxytocin, vicodin, morphine, heroin)

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10
Q

Brainstem

A

Central core of the brain, beginning where the spinal cord swells as it enters the skull, automatic survival functions

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11
Q

Medulla

A

Hindbrain structure that is the brain stem’s base, controls heart beat and breathing

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12
Q

Reticular activating system

A

Nerve network, travels through brainstem into thalamus, filters information and controls arousal

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13
Q

Cerebellum

A

Hindbrain’s little brain, rear of brain stem, processing sensory input, coordinating movement output and balance, enabling nonverbal learning and memory

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14
Q

Cerebral cortex

A

body’s ultimate control and information processing center

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15
Q

Right hempisphere

A

creativity, arts, controls left side of body

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16
Q

Left hemisphere

A

logic, language, controls right side of body

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17
Q

Limbic system

A

neural system located mainly in forebrain, associated with emotions and drives

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18
Q

Thalamus

A

Forebrain’s sensory control center, top of brainstem, directs messages to sensory receiving areas in cortex and transmits replies to the cerebellum and medulla

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19
Q

hypothalamus

A

limbic system neural structure below thalamus, maintenance activities, governs endocrine system, linked to emotion and rewards

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20
Q

pituitary gland

A

just below thalamus, secretes hormones and controls endocrine glands

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21
Q

hippocampus

A

neural center in the limbic system, helps process explicit, conscious, memories of facts and events for storage

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22
Q

amygdala

A

2 neural clusters in limbic system, linked to emotion

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23
Q

corpus callosum

A

large band of neural fibers connecting the two brain hemispheres and carrying messages between them

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24
Q

frontal lobe

A

lying behind forehead of cerebral cortex, enables linguistic processing, muscle movements, higher order thinking, and executive functioning

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25
Q

motor cortex

A

rear of frontal lobes, controls voluntary movements

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26
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

more complex cognitive processes, last areas of brain to mature

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27
Q

parietal lobe

A

lying atop head towards rear, receives sensory input for touch and body position

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28
Q

somatosensory cortex

A

front of parietal loves, registers and processes body touch and movement sensations

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29
Q

occipital lobe

A

lying at the back of the head, areas that receive information from visual fields

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30
Q

temporal lobe

A

roughly above ears, auditory areas, each of which receives information primarily from opposite ear, language processing

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31
Q

split-brain research

A

from surgery, condition that separates the brains into two hemispheres

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32
Q

broca’s area

A

left hemisphere frontal lobe, speech production and language processing

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32
Q

wernicke’s area

A

left side of brain posterior part of temporal lobe, language comprehension and understanding

33
Q

aphasia

A

non-fluent speech and loss of comprehension for broca’s or fluent but nonsensical speech for wernicke’s

34
Q

brain plasticity

A

ability for brain to reconstruct itslef when a portion is damaged

35
Q

eeg

A

measures brain activity in electrical waves - sleep apnea, seizure disorders

36
Q

mri

A

uses strong magnetic fields and radio waves to create images of the brain structure, used for strokes or brain trauma injuries

37
Q

lesions

A

abnormal changes or removal of tissues

38
Q

central nervous system

A

brain and spinal cord, body’s decision maker

39
Q

peripheral nervous system

A

sensory and motor neurons that connect the CNS to the rest of the body

40
Q

autonomic nervous system

A

part of the peripheral nervous system that controls the l=glands and the muscles of the internal organs (heart), sympathetic division arouses, parasympathetic division calms

41
Q

somatic nervous system

A

the division of the peripheral nervous system that controls the body’s skeletal muscles

42
Q

voluntary movement

A

intentionally preformed movement

43
Q

glial cells

A

cells in the neurosystem that support, neurish, and protect neutrons (may play a role in learning, thinking and memory) (makes up the myelin sheet to protect axon)

44
Q

reflex arc

A

simple, automatic response to sensory stimulus (heat activates skin receptors, send info to spinal cord, sensory neurons send messages to brain hand pulls away)

45
Q

sensory neurons

A

neurons that carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord (5 senses)

46
Q

interneurons

A

neurons within the brain and spinal cord that communicate internally and intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs

47
Q

motor neurons

A

neurons that carry outgoing information from the brain and spinal cord to the muscles and glands (movement)

48
Q

all or nothing principal

A

neuron reacts to simulation by either firing with a full strength response or not firing at all

49
Q

depolarization

A

the process by which positive and negative ions move into and out of a neuron, creating electricity from the chemical event

50
Q

refractory period

A

after a neuron fires, must return to resting potential before it can fire again

51
Q

resting potential

A

before a neuron fires, negatively charged ions are inside the neuron and positively charged ions are outside the neuron

52
Q

threshold

A

level of stimulation required to trigger a neural impulse

53
Q

multiple sclerosis

A

disorder when extreme degeneration of myelin slows communication between muscles and the brain, resulting in diminished muscle control and impaired cognition

54
Q

myasthenia gravis

A

autoimmune disorder, affects communication between nerves and muscles, leads to weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles

55
Q

dopamine

A

rewards, addiction, emotions and pleasure, excess schizophrenia, deficit parkinson’s disease

56
Q

serotonin

A

promotes the sense of well being and happiness, mood regulation hunger and sleep, deficit depression and OCD

57
Q

norepinephrine

A

stimulating process, arousal and awakeness, excess high blood pressure/schizophrenia, deficit depression

58
Q

glutamate

A

memory, excess brain cell damage or death, deficict difficulty concentrating, low energy, adhd symptoms

59
Q

gaba

A

increases relaxation, too much = memory loss, linked to drinking, excess impairs learning motivation and movement, deficit anxiety disorders, seizures, insomnia

60
Q

endorphins

A

pain relief and feelings of pleasure, inhibits pain, exercise, deficit involved in addiction

61
Q

substance p

A

nociception pain reception, excess depression/fibromyalgia, deficit reduces pain sensitivity and mechanical bone stability

62
Q

acetycholine

A

voluntary movement and muscle contraction, muscle movements, excess depression, deficit dementia/alzheimer’s

63
Q

agonists

A

excites, enhanced cellular activity

64
Q

antagonists

A

inhibits, blocked cellular activity

65
Q

re-uptake inhibitors

A

drugs that prevent reuptake, increases availability of neurotransmitters in the synapse

66
Q

cirdcadian rhythm

A

24 hour biological cycle process

67
Q

nrem stage 1

A

theta waves, light sleep

68
Q

nrem stage 2

A

spindles and t-complex

69
Q

nrem stage 3

A

delta waves, deep sleep, regenerative

70
Q

hypagogic sensations

A

hallucinations or sensations that can occur when a person is falling asleep

71
Q

rem

A

similar to being awake, dreaming

72
Q

rem rebound

A

awake straight to rem, skip 123

73
Q

activation synthesis

A

dreams are the minds way of making sense of random neural firings

74
Q

consolidation theory

A

sleep helps us consolidate episodic and somatic memories

75
Q

insomnia

A

chronic condition due to not being able to sleep

76
Q

narcolepsy

A

chronic condition that causes the person to fall asleep when they are overly emotionally stimulateda

77
Q

rem sleep behavior disorder

A

disorder where people experience movements or behaviors while being in rem sleep, whereas the majority have paralysis from below their neck during sleep

78
Q

sleep apnea

A

disorder where breathing is disrupted during sleep

79
Q

somnambulism

A

individuals perform activities during sleep, often with conscious awareness

80
Q

neurotransmitters

A

chemical messengers released when a neuron fires

81
Q

reuptake

A

neurotransmitters released back into synapse and the originating neuron reabsorbs excess neurotransmitters

Psych (5 decks)

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