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Psych > Unit 3: Sensation and Perception > Flashcards

Unit 3: Sensation and Perception Flashcards

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1
Q

sensation

A

the process by which sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energies in the environment

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2
Q

absolute threshold

A

the minimum intensity needed to detect a stimulus 50% of the time

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3
Q

transduction

A

physical energy into neural impulses, process by which sensory info is converted into neural signals that the brain can understand (5 senses)

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4
Q

just-noticeable difference

A

refers to the smallest change in stimulus intensity that can be detected 50% of the time, minimum to notice a difference between two

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5
Q

sensory adaptation

A

the process by which our sensory receptors become less sensitive to constant stimuli over time, smell

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6
Q

weber’s law

A

constant proportion of the original stimulus intensity, means that the larger original stimulus, the larger the change needed for people to notice a difference, lifting weights

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7
Q

sensory interaction

A

stimulation of one sensory influences the perception of another, smell of food

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8
Q

synesthesia

A

input of one sensory pathway leads to involuntary experience of a third, visualizing colors to taste them

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9
Q

retina

A

(cute puppies lick roses) rod for black and white seeing in the dark (peripheral), cones for color and detail (center), receptors for red green blue, optic nerve made up of roped ganglion ties

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10
Q

blind spot

A

small area on retina where there are no rods or cones

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11
Q

lens and accommodation

A

(lick), bends back and forth, perception and blurriness

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12
Q

nearsightedness

A

myopia, see things close up but struggle to see things far away

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13
Q

farsightedness

A

hyperopia, far away, struggle to see up close images

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14
Q

photo-receptors

A

rods and cones, black and white for seeing dark peripheral, color and detail center

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15
Q

wavelengths and colors

A

the distance from one peak to the next determines hue or color, closer together cooler, farther away warmer

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16
Q

trichromatic theory

A

individual cones in the retina are responsible for red, green, and blue

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17
Q

opponent-process theory

A

three opponent retinal channels, brain cannot see signals for both channels at the same time (red-green, yellow-blue, white-black), afterimages + rebound

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18
Q

ganglion cells

A

neuron located in retina, receives visual info from photoreceptors and transits info to brain via optic nerve

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19
Q

afterimages

A

evidence of opponent processing theory, rebound of opposing color

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20
Q

color vision deficiency

A

color blindness

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21
Q

dichromatism, monochromatism

A

only 2 functioning cones, complete color blindness

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22
Q

prosopagnosia

A

can see faces but has a hard time recognizing their identity, occipital and right temporal lobe with racial recognition and memory, blurry

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23
Q

blindsight

A

seeing without seeing, can respond to visual stimuli without consciously experiencing it

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24
Q

sensation of hot

A

thermoreceptors with warm and cold

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25
Q

gate control theory

A

small fiber cords for negative pain, large for positive sensations, spinal cord transmits pain, large fibers transmit other sensations, only one open at a time (body in pain, stimulate gate)

26
Q

phantom limb sensation

A

lost a limb, continue to experience sensations that feel like the missing limb

27
Q

wavelength

A

distance from one wave peak to the next determines hue or color, closer cooler farther warmer, pitch frequency for how quickly they go back and forth

28
Q

amplitude

A

height influences brightness of color, brighter colors higher amplitudes

29
Q

place theory

A

pitch discrimination, our ability to hear is determined by where the basilar membrane sound waves hit, high hit more places, less precise for lower sounds farther down membrane, better job explaining why we hear HIGH

30
Q

volley theory

A

two neurons next to each other work in tandem to take a turn to send a signal to account for the refractory period

31
Q

frequency theory

A

ability to hear depends on frequency/speed in which nerve signals in the ear fire, explains low pitch

32
Q

sound localization

A

ability to understand where a sound is coming from, cocktail party effect

33
Q

conductive deafness

A

sound waves not effectively conducted, blockages, hearing aid

34
Q

sensorineural deafness

A

cochlea not working, cochlear implant

35
Q

vestibular sense

A

semicircular canals, keeps us balance

36
Q

kinesthesis

A

awareness of how to move

37
Q

olfaction

A

smell, directly related to taste

38
Q

pheremones

A

chemical signals released by an individual to influence behavior of physiology of other members of the same species

39
Q

gustation

A

refers to sense of taste

40
Q

oleogustus

A

fat taste

41
Q

taste receptors

A

papillae taste buds

42
Q

bottom-up processing

A

processing that starts with sensory input and builds final perception, recognizing tree from its leaves

43
Q

top-down processing

A

information processing by higher mental processes to individual sensory experiences, past knowledge, know what grandma’s goulash tastes like-more spicy

44
Q

schemas and perceptual sets

A

mental frameworks to interpret info - mental predisposition to perceive something a certain way

45
Q

figure ground

A

ability to identify clear figure from background

46
Q

selective attention

A

focusing conscious awareness on a particular stimuli, used for all senses

47
Q

similarity

A

pens by color

48
Q

proximity

A

stickers in piles

49
Q

change blindness

A

visual stimulus introduced and an observer fails to see it

50
Q

binocular cues

A

visual info by both eyes, depth perception

51
Q

retinal disparity

A

binocular cue for depth perception, slight difference in each eye

52
Q

convergence

A

inward movement of both eyes to focus on nearby object

53
Q

monocular cues

A

perceived using only one eye, - and +

54
Q

relative clarity

A

perception that hazy objects are farther away than sharp and more detailed objects

55
Q

relative size

A

assume objects are the same size, ones that are larger appear closer, smaller are father

56
Q

texture gradient

A

objects seen as closer have more apparent detail, smoother less distinct farther away

57
Q

linear perspective

A

parallel lines converge in distance, depth perception

58
Q

interposition

A

when objects overlap, we perceived unblocked objects as closer

59
Q

visual perception constancies

A

size and shape, see familiar objects as having the same size/shape no matter angle/distance

60
Q

apparent movement

A

perception of movement when there is none, white dot on pink

Psych (5 decks)

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