10 Flashcards
dispositional attribution
seeing success as being from our own (dispositional) efforts, rather than from external (situational) factors
situational attribution
seeing failures as external (situational) factors, rather than from our own (dispositional) efforts
optimistic explanatory side
looking at the bright side, glass half full
pessimistic explanatory side
snowballing, looking at the negative side, glass half empty
actor-observer bias
when evaluating our own behaviors, we are more likely to focus on situational factors rather than dispositional; others emphasize our disposition
fundamental attribution error
explaining others behaviors and overemphasizing their disposition while under-emphasizing situational causes
self-serving bias
tendency to attribute our successes to our own efforts (dispositional) and our failures to external factors (situational)
internal locus of control
believing you have control over your own life and its outcomes
external locus of control
believing that your outcome is set or that your actions do not create your story
mere exposure effect
people tend to develop a preference for things they are exposed to repeatedly
self-fulfilling prophecy
when we behave in a way that confirms others expectations of us
upward social comparison
when a person compares themselves to someone they believe is more successful than them
downward social comparison
when a person compares themselves to someone they believe is less successful than them
relative deprivation
the perception or feeling that one is worse off compared to others
stereotype
idea towards people that belong to a particular group (attitudes - cognition)
prejudice
intolerant, unfavorable, and rigid attitude towards a group (attitudes - affect)
discrimination
actions that deny opportunities to esteem an entire group or members of that group (attitudes - behavior)
implicit attitudes
unconscious beliefs or feelings towards a a group that influence unaware behavior
just-world phenomenon
karma
out-group homogeneity bias v.s. in-group
treating others different because they are seen as different
ethnocentrism
seeing one culture as morally right and others as weird
belief perseverance
tendency to cling to one’s initial belief although there is evidence contradicting them
confirmation bias
tendency to seek out info in a way that confirms ones preexisting beliefs while ignoring contradictory evidence
cognitive dissonance
the mental discomfort that arises when a person holds two conflicting beliefs (actions and beliefs not aligning)
normative social influence
changing behavior to fit in with a group, wanting to be liked and accepted (Asch study)
informative social influence
changing behavior to be correct, smart kid answer
central route persuasion
analytical and thoughtful ideas
peripheral route persuasion
superficial clues, attractiveness/reliability of speaker
halo effect
overall impressions of a person influence how we think about their traits, more attractive as more kind, CELEBRITIES
foot-in-the-door
agreeing to a small then bigger request
door-in-the-face
saying no to an outlandish request to make your request seem more appealing
conformity
individuals changing themselves to align with social norms
obedience
following an authority figure
individualism
personal autonomy
collectivism
putting needs of group over individual
groupthink
people conform to group decisions to promote harmony and avoid being outcast
social loafing
one exerting less effort in a group than if they were working as an individual
deindividualizaiton
losing sense of self awareness and restraint when in a group/anonymity is ensured
social facilitation
in the presence of others, easy well-rehearsed performing better
false consensus effect
the tendency to overestimate how much others share our opinions, beliefs, or behaviors
superordinate goals
shared goals so important they require cooperation between two groups who may have conflicting interests
social trap
individuals or groups acting In their own self-interest ultimately harm the collective well-being of everyone involved
altruism
selfless behavior that benefits others without expecting any personal gain
social reciprocity norm
the mutual exchange of behaviors benefiting both parties
social responsibility norm
the expectation that people will help others in need, especially those who cannot repay their aid
bystander effect
individuals are less likely to offer help to a victim when others are present
