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Psych > Unit 1 - Foundations of Psychology and Research > Flashcards

Unit 1 - Foundations of Psychology and Research Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four goals of psychology?

A
  1. Describe Behaviors
  2. Explain Behaviors
  3. Predict Behaviors
  4. Control Behaviors
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2
Q

What is hindsight bias?

A

Tendency to reflect and believe the outcome, ex. “I knew it all along!”

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3
Q

What is overconfidence?

A

More confident than correct

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4
Q

What is perceived order in random events?

A

Makes sense of everything, ex. coin flips/dice rolls

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5
Q

What is a theory?

A

Explains behavior or events by offering ideas that organize observations

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6
Q

What is a hypothesis?

A

Predictions, specify what would support/disconfirm a theory, if…then

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7
Q

What is falsifiability?

A

Can it be proven false?

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8
Q

What is an operational definition?

A

Exact procedures

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9
Q

What is a case study?

A

In-depth analyses of individuals/groups, non-experimental

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10
Q

What is a naturalistic observation?

A

Recording natural behavior

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11
Q

What is social-desirability bias?

A

Answering to please others

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12
Q

What is self-report bias?

A

When people don’t accurately report/remember behaviors

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13
Q

What is a case study?

A

In-depth analyses of individuals/groups, non-experimental

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14
Q

What is sampling bias?

A

Flawed sampling, unrepresentative

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15
Q

What is a random sample?

A

Fairly represents a population, with an equal chance of inclusion

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16
Q

What is a correlation coefficient?

A

Shows how closely 2 things relate, prediction (-: relate inversely, +: relate)

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17
Q

What is a scatterplot?

A

Helps show clusters with 2 variable values

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18
Q

What is a directionality problem?

A

Cannot tell us which variable is the cause/effect

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19
Q

What is an illusionary correlation?

A

If we believe that dreams forecast events, we may notice more confirming than disconfirming factors (perceiving where a relationship does not exist)

20
Q

What is regression towards the mean?

A

The tendency for extreme/unusual events to regress towards the average

21
Q

What is an experiment?

A

Enables researchers to isolate 1+ plans, proves cause and effect

22
Q

What are random assignment groups?

A

Randomly assigned unbiased, picked with a random assignment, or numbered off

23
Q

What is a single-blind procedure?

A

Uniformed, all aware except participants

24
Q

What is a double blind procedure?

A
25
Q

Placebo Effect

A

Experimental effects by observation alone

26
Q

Ind. variable

A

manipulated, effect is studied

27
Q

dep. variable

A

measured outcome, will change when ind. is manipulated

28
Q

cofounding variable

A

may influence studied events, extraneous

29
Q

experimenter bias

A

unintentional influence from researchers to confirm beliefs

30
Q

correlation coefficient meanings

A

+1.0 ^^, 0.0 –, -1.0 ^-

31
Q

spurious correlations

A

seem related but are not

32
Q

scientific method in 5 basic steps

A

create hypothesis, design the study, collect the data, analyze the results, report findings

33
Q

quantitative research

A

numerical data sets

34
Q

qualitative research

A

narrative data, interviews

35
Q

informed consent

A

giving potential participants enough info about the study to help them decide

36
Q

debriefing

A

post-study explanation, including purpose/deceptions

37
Q

mean

A

average

38
Q

mode

A

most frequent score

39
Q

range

A

highest - lowest =

40
Q

median

A

middle # in order

41
Q

positively skewed

A

high outlier will shift the mean to the right

42
Q

p-value

A

did IV change the DV? less than .05, sig.

43
Q

if the number is less than .05 but the effect is small…

A

results are unlikely to be generalizable

44
Q

5 major ethics guidelines

A

informed consent, minimal risk to subjects, anonymity, justified use of deception, debrief subjects

45
Q
A

Psych (5 decks)

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