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WJEC Criminology at PHS > Unit 2 AC4.1 Assess the use of criminological theories in informing policy development > Flashcards

Unit 2 AC4.1 Assess the use of criminological theories in informing policy development Flashcards

1
Q

Biological processes - Antabuse

A

Causes extreme hangover effects to drinkers – reduces aggression/violence

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2
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Biological processes - Methadone

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Reduces withdrawal symptoms in heroin addicts – reduces possession crimes and petty theft to fund habits

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3
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Biological processes - Stilbestrol

A

Female hormone used in chemical castration – reduces sexual urges in sex offenders

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4
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Biological processes - Valium

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Calms potentially violent or troublesome prisoners down

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5
Q

Biological processes - Tear Gas

A

Can be used to control and disperse crowds – causes breathing issues and disorientation

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6
Q

Biological processes - Diet

A

Can be modified to change behaviour: additives, vitamins, food colouring etc

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7
Q

Biological processes - Surgical Castration

A

Has been used to control sex offenders’ urges by removing testicles

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8
Q

Biological processes - Lobotomy

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Brain surgery to change behaviour in violent/sex offenders

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9
Q

Genetics - Eugenics

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Based on idea that undesirable genes (e.g. criminal gene) can be ‘bred out’

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10
Q

Genetics -Compulsory sterilisation

A

Several countries introduced laws in early 20th century to sterilise ‘defectives’

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11
Q

Genetics -Nazi Germany

A

Extreme eugenics policies led to ‘racial purification’ and the Holocaust

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12
Q

Psychoanalysis -Eugenics

A

Based on ides Freud’s idea that analyst can resolve unconscious conflicts that lead to criminal behaviour

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13
Q

Psychoanalysis -Aichorn

A

Developed more nurturing YOIs to develop stronger superego among delinquent youths

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14
Q

Psychoanalysis -Effective?

A

Not very. Takes a long time, costs a lot, and the analyst is able to abuse their power

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15
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Operant learning -Token economies

A

Based on idea that positive reinforcement leads to repetition of desirable behaviour

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16
Q

Operant learning -In prisons

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Inmates earn tokens for desired behaviour which are exchanged for rewards

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17
Q

Operant learning -Effective?

A

Improved behaviour in prison, slower return to crime on release, but not long-lasting

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18
Q

Tranquilisers

A

A medicinal drug taken to reduce tension or anxiety.

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19
Q

Castration

A

The removal of testicles/ sexual function in males

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20
Q

Superego

A

Conscience or moral part of mind – acting against it leads to guilt and anxiety

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21
Q

Eugenics

A

The study of how to increase the occurrence of heritable characteristics regarded as desirable.

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22
Q

Aversion therapy-Aversion therapy

A

Based on Eysenck’s idea that highly neurotic criminals are harder to condition

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23
Q

Aversion therapy-How it works

A

Used on sex offenders to associate sexual arousal with severely unpleasant stimulus

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24
Q

Aversion therapy-Effective?

A

Limited, short-term, and an abuse of human rights (when used to ‘cure’ gay men)

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25
Cognitive behavioural therapy-Aims
To correct ‘faulty’ thinking patterns of offenders.
26
Cognitive behavioural therapy-A.R.T
Used with violent/aggressive offenders. Involves skills training, anger control, moral reasoning
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Cognitive behavioural therapy-Effective?
Lower reconviction rates. Some studies suggest limited behavioural change
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Cognitive behavioural therapy-Think First
One to one or group sessions for repeat offenders on probation. Includes problem solving, consequential thinking, decision making and perspective taking
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Cognitive behavioural therapy-Effective?
Lower reconviction rates but non-completion rate is high
30
Merton/Subcultural theories-Basis
Making society more equal would reduce crime
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Merton/Subcultural theories-Merton
Policies to tackle poverty, create equal opportunities in school, provide education in prisons
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Merton/Subcultural theories-Effective?
Studies show positive effect – countries with lower inequality have lower crime rates
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Labelling - Basis
Crime is result of SFP
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Labelling -Decriminalisation
Decriminalising minor offences to avoid labelling
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Labelling -Diversion
Officially or unofficially avoiding young criminals entering the CJS
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Labelling -Reintegrative shaming
Labelling the act but not the actor
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Labelling -Effective?
Can deal successfully with minor offences and young offenders. Avoiding labelling prevents them being pushed into a deviant career
38
Surveillance-CCTV
Leads people to self-regulate as they never know if they are being watched or not
39
Surveillance-Effective?
Easy for criminals to overcome. Probably more effective as a reassurance for the public
40
Surveillance-Effective?
Improved behaviour in prison, slower return to crime on release, but not long-lasting
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Surveillance-Problems
Stereotyping and misuse known as ‘surveillance creep’.
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Profiling-CCTV
Uses statistical data to draw up a picture of likely offenders
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Profiling-Effective?
Can be discriminatory and lead to SFP
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A.R.T
Aggression replacement therapy.
45
SFP
Self-fulfilling prophecy. The individual lives up to the label they have been given
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Panopticon
‘All-seeing’
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Right Realism - SCP/ECP-Basis
Criminals making rational choice to commit crime
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Right Realism - SCP/ECP-SCP
Increasing risk/difficulty of crime and reducing rewards. Includes target hardening
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Right Realism - SCP/ECP-Effective?
Problem of displacement and further victimisation of vulnerable groups
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Right Realism - SCP/ECP-ECP
Influenced by broken windows theory. Neighbourhoods in dis-repair attract crime as they are seen as easy targets. Includes a 2-fold strategy:
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Right Realism - SCP/ECP-Environmental improvement
All signs of disorder tackled promptly – graffiti removed, broken windows repaired
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Right Realism - SCP/ECP-ZTP
Tough stance on all crime, even the most trivial. Police concentrate things like begging and prostitution
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Right Realism - SCP/ECP-Effective?
Crime fell in NYC after ZTP introduced, but other cities without ZTP also fell. Can lead to targeting ethnic minorities. Fails to tackle structural causes of crime like poverty. May lead to more crime as streets are emptier
54
Right Realism - Penal Populism-Penal populism
Higher costs such as prison sentences would deter criminals
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Right Realism - Penal Populism-Prison works
UK 1990’s – prison works because of incapacitation and deterrance
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Right Realism - Penal Populism-New Labour policies
•Tough on crime and tough on causes of crime•ASBOs•Curfews
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Right Realism - Penal Populism-Effective?: Incapacitation
Gets criminals off the streets but may offend against prisoners and staff
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Right Realism - Penal Populism-Effective?: Rehabilitation
Overcrowding and lack of funding make this difficult
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Right Realism - Penal Populism-Effective?: Recidivism
No. 48% inmates reoffend in first year of release
60
Right Realism - Penal Populism-Effective?: Deterrence
Studies show prison doesn’t deter offenders enough to affect overall crime rates
61
SCP
Situational crime prevention
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Target hardening
Measures to make crime more difficult e.g. locks, security guards, and reshaping the environment to design out crime
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Displacement
Criminals adopt different methods or different targets rather than not committing crime at all
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ECP
Environmental crime prevention
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ZTP
Zero-tolerance policing
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Incapacitation
Criminals in prison are unable to commit crimes
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ASBO
Anti-social Behaviour Order sanction for causing harassment, alarm or distress within a designated area.
68
Curfew
A given time at which certain criminals cannot leave their house. Usually 7pm to 7am.
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Recidivism
A Criminological term to describe the rate of repeat offending
70
Left Realism- Basis
Root cause of crime is unequal and unfair social structure. 3 main policies.
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Left Realism-Major structural changes to tackle:
•Discrimination•Inequality of opportunity•Unfairness of rewards•Lack of good jobs for all•Lack of decent housing for all
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Left Realism-Effective?
Reduces relative deprivation and so reduces some crimes
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Left Realism - Democratic Policing-Police and the community
Effective policing relies on trust, support, and flow of information from the community – involving them in decision making should improve this
74
Left Realism - Democratic Policing-Effective?
Some successes:•PCSOs introduced•Cannabis now low-priority for some forces•Domestic Violence and hate crime are a higher priority
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Left Realism - A multi-agency approach-How it works
Involving many agencies apart from the police (e.g. schools, social services, local councils) in the fight against crime
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Left Realism - A multi-agency approach-Effective?
Some successful campaigns have taken this approach e.g. No Knives Better Lives
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Left Realism - New Labour Polices-Tough on crime, tough on the causes of crime
E.g. investing in improvements to deprived neighbourhoods through the ‘Communities That Care’ scheme
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Left Realism - New Labour Polices-Effective?
Some successful campaigns have taken this approach e.g. No Knives Better Lives
79
Relative deprivation
Feeling poor or disadvantaged in comparison to those around you
80
democratic
Involving the people and allowing them to have a say in the policies that affect them
81
PCSO
Police Community Support Officer

WJEC Criminology at PHS (30 decks)

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