Unit 2

Question 1

organic compound

Answer 1

compound that contains two or more carbon atoms (requires carbon-carbon bond)

Question 2

Carbon bonding

Answer 2

has four valence electrons, usually makes four covalent bonds

Question 3

3 Carbon Structures

Answer 3

chains, branched chains, rings

Question 4

types of Carbon covalent bonds

Answer 4

alkanes: only C-C single bond (CnH2n+2)
alkenes: one or more C=C double bond (CnH2n)
alkynes: one or more C=-C triple bond (CnH2n-2)

Question 5

hydrocarbon

Answer 5

an organic chemical that contains only hydrogen and carbon

Question 6

functional group

Answer 6

a group of atoms (not C) that give the C molecule that they are a part of certain chemical characteristics

Question 7

polymer

Answer 7

a large molecule made up of many small, repeated subunits

Question 8

monomer

Answer 8

a polymer’s subunits

Question 9

carbon skeletons

Answer 9

chains of C atoms

Question 10

isomer

Answer 10

compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures

Question 11

FOUR Functional Groups

Answer 11

Hydroxyl: __-O-H; alcohols; “-ol”
Carbonyl:
Aldehydes: __-C=O&-H; found at end;
“-aldehyde”
Ketones: O=C-__ & -__; found in middle; “-one”
Carboxyl: __-C(=O)-O-H; carboxylic acids; “-acid”; ACID
Amino: __-N-H&-H; amines; “-amine”; BASE

Question 12

Other Stuff About Functional Groups

Answer 12

They are polar. They tend to be hydrophilic.

Question 13

macromolecules

Answer 13

huge molecules consisting of thousands of molecules strung together (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids)

Question 14

Dehydration Synthesis

Answer 14

Monomers are linked together with covalent water bonds. To bond together, one side loses H and the other loses OH, so they can attract.

Question 15

Hydrolysis

Answer 15

Water breaks bonds between monomers by prying them apart. One monomer’s OH is attracted to water, and the other monomer’s H is also attracted, leading to a split.

Question 16

carbohydrate

Answer 16

class of molecules (sugar!!)

Question 17

monosaccharide

Answer 17

carbohydrate monomer

Question 18

Sugars

Answer 18

monosaccharies; have multiple hydroxyl groups and one carbonyl group

Question 19

disaccharide

Answer 19

two monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis

Question 20

polysaccharide

Answer 20

polymers of 100s to 1000s of monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis

Question 21

starch

Answer 21

a storage polysaccharide, used by plants, glucose polymer, broken down by hydrolysis to get energy

Question 22

glycogen

Answer 22

a storage polysaccharide, used by animals to store excess sugar, identical to starch except more branched, glucose polymer

Question 23

cellulose

Answer 23

polysaccharide used to build stuff in cells, glucose polymer, forms unbranched rod, joins together with H bonds to form fibrils, cannot be hydrolyzed by most animals, part of wood and plant cell walls

Question 24

protein

Answer 24

organic macromolecule made up of amino acids

Question 25

amino acid

Answer 25

has amine and carbonyl group PLUS R group (differs); 20 different amino acids that make up proteins

Question 26

peptide bond

Answer 26

bond between amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis

Question 27

polypeptide

Answer 27

chain of amino acids; proteins have at least one polypeptide

Question 28

enzyme

Answer 28

biological catalyst that ends in “-ase”; speeds up chemical reaction

Question 29

substrate

Answer 29

substance that an enzyme breaks down

Question 30

primary structure

Answer 30

the order/sequence of amino acids

Question 31

secondary structure

Answer 31

structure of parts of polypeptides (either pleated sheet or alpha helix)

Question 32

tertiary structure

Answer 32

3D structure of a polypeptide

Question 33

quaternary structure

Answer 33

structure of the entire protein

Question 34

exergonic

Answer 34

chemical reaction that gives off energy

Question 35

endergonic

Answer 35

chemical reaction that absorbs energy

Question 36

activation energy

Answer 36

enzymes reduce this and make reaction occur faster

Enzymes either hold reactants in the correct position or stabilize the high energy transition state.

Question 37

3 factors that affect how well an enzyme works

Answer 37

temperature, pH, concentration

Question 38

lipids

Answer 38

hydrophobic macromolecules

Question 39

5 lipid functions

Answer 39

structural, defense, hormones, store energy, surrounds every cell!

Question 40

phospholipids

Answer 40

special lipids that make up cell membranes, contain phosphorus

Question 41

cell membrane lipid parts

Answer 41

head (hydrophilic) + tail (hydrophobic)

Question 42

phospholipid bilayer

Answer 42

basic structure of cell membrane

Question 43

fatty acids

Answer 43

“building blocks” of lipids (sort of); C11H23!

Question 44

triglyceride

Answer 44

fat

Question 45

nucleotide

Answer 45

monomer of nucleic acids

Question 46

nucleotide three parts

Answer 46

nitrogen base, 5-carbon sugar molecule, phosphate group

Question 47

DNA + parts

Answer 47

sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C) linked together with H-bonds, double helix, stores info

Question 48

RNA

Answer 48

one strand, processes and stores info, (A, U, G, C), quite flexible