Unit 2 Flashcards
organic compound
compound that contains two or more carbon atoms (requires carbon-carbon bond)
Carbon bonding
has four valence electrons, usually makes four covalent bonds
3 Carbon Structures
chains, branched chains, rings
types of Carbon covalent bonds
alkanes: only C-C single bond (CnH2n+2)
alkenes: one or more C=C double bond (CnH2n)
alkynes: one or more C=-C triple bond (CnH2n-2)
hydrocarbon
an organic chemical that contains only hydrogen and carbon
functional group
a group of atoms (not C) that give the C molecule that they are a part of certain chemical characteristics
polymer
a large molecule made up of many small, repeated subunits
monomer
a polymer’s subunits
carbon skeletons
chains of C atoms
isomer
compounds with the same chemical formula but different structures
FOUR Functional Groups
Hydroxyl: __-O-H; alcohols; “-ol”
Carbonyl:
Aldehydes: __-C=O&-H; found at end;
“-aldehyde”
Ketones: O=C-__ & -__; found in middle; “-one”
Carboxyl: __-C(=O)-O-H; carboxylic acids; “-acid”; ACID
Amino: __-N-H&-H; amines; “-amine”; BASE
Other Stuff About Functional Groups
They are polar. They tend to be hydrophilic.
macromolecules
huge molecules consisting of thousands of molecules strung together (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and nucleic acids)
Dehydration Synthesis
Monomers are linked together with covalent water bonds. To bond together, one side loses H and the other loses OH, so they can attract.
Hydrolysis
Water breaks bonds between monomers by prying them apart. One monomer’s OH is attracted to water, and the other monomer’s H is also attracted, leading to a split.
carbohydrate
class of molecules (sugar!!)
monosaccharide
carbohydrate monomer
Sugars
monosaccharies; have multiple hydroxyl groups and one carbonyl group
disaccharide
two monosaccharides joined through dehydration synthesis
polysaccharide
polymers of 100s to 1000s of monosaccharides linked by dehydration synthesis
starch
a storage polysaccharide, used by plants, glucose polymer, broken down by hydrolysis to get energy
glycogen
a storage polysaccharide, used by animals to store excess sugar, identical to starch except more branched, glucose polymer
cellulose
polysaccharide used to build stuff in cells, glucose polymer, forms unbranched rod, joins together with H bonds to form fibrils, cannot be hydrolyzed by most animals, part of wood and plant cell walls
protein
organic macromolecule made up of amino acids
amino acid
has amine and carbonyl group PLUS R group (differs); 20 different amino acids that make up proteins
peptide bond
bond between amino acids, formed by dehydration synthesis
polypeptide
chain of amino acids; proteins have at least one polypeptide
enzyme
biological catalyst that ends in “-ase”; speeds up chemical reaction
substrate
substance that an enzyme breaks down
primary structure
the order/sequence of amino acids
secondary structure
structure of parts of polypeptides (either pleated sheet or alpha helix)
tertiary structure
3D structure of a polypeptide
quaternary structure
structure of the entire protein
exergonic
chemical reaction that gives off energy
endergonic
chemical reaction that absorbs energy
activation energy
enzymes reduce this and make reaction occur faster
Enzymes either hold reactants in the correct position or stabilize the high energy transition state.
3 factors that affect how well an enzyme works
temperature, pH, concentration
lipids
hydrophobic macromolecules
5 lipid functions
structural, defense, hormones, store energy, surrounds every cell!
phospholipids
special lipids that make up cell membranes, contain phosphorus
cell membrane lipid parts
head (hydrophilic) + tail (hydrophobic)
phospholipid bilayer
basic structure of cell membrane
fatty acids
“building blocks” of lipids (sort of); C11H23!
triglyceride
fat
nucleotide
monomer of nucleic acids
nucleotide three parts
nitrogen base, 5-carbon sugar molecule, phosphate group
DNA + parts
sugar-phosphate backbone, nitrogen bases (A, T, G, C) linked together with H-bonds, double helix, stores info
RNA
one strand, processes and stores info, (A, U, G, C), quite flexible
