SAT II: Plants

Question 1

Plant Classification, Phyla

Answer 1

Bryophytes and Tracheophytes
Bryophytes lack vascular tissue, have no roots, and absorb water by diffusion. They are tiny and reproduce with spores.
Tracheophytes have vascular tissue and can reproduce with seeds or spores.

Question 2

Plant Classification, Class

Answer 2

Tracheophytes –> Gymnosperms and Angiosperms
Gymnosperms reproduce with cones and are adapted to dry environments (cuticle).
Angiosperms are flowering plants.

Question 3

Plant Classification, level three

Answer 3

Angiosperms –> monocotyledons (monocots) and dicotyledons (dicots)
Monocotyledons have one seed leaf, scattered bundles of vascular tissue, fibrous roots, parallel leaf venation, and floral parts in 3s.
Dicotyledons have two seed leaves, vascular bundles arranged in a ring, a large taproot, netlike leaf venation, and floral parts in 4s or 5s.

Question 4

protective jacket for gametes and zygotes

Answer 4

gametangia

Question 5

tough polymer found in walls of spores and pollen to protect plants

Answer 5

sporopollenin

Question 6

Primary Growth & Root Growth Zones

Answer 6

*growth in a vertical direction
*new cells come from apical meristem
Three root zones (from top to bottom):
1. zone of differentiation/specialization into three primary meristems that turn into three tissue types: epidermis, ground tissue, xylem & phloem
2. zone of elongation, cells elongate
3. zone of cell division, actively dividing cells

Question 7

Secondary Growth

Answer 7

lateral/horizontal growth

powered by lateral meristem

Question 8

Root Layers (from outside in)

Answer 8

Epidermis, absorption with root hairs
Cortex, storage of starch
Endodermis, controls entry of water and minerals to stele
Pericycle, surrounds stele
Stele/Vascular Cylinder, transport with vascular tissues

Question 9

cells in root cortex that store starch (and the cell’s components)

Answer 9

parenchyma cells, plastids

Question 10

cell wrapping in endodermis

Answer 10

Casparian strip

Question 11

Two Channels for Lateral Movement in a Plant

Answer 11

1. symplast, continuous system of cytoplasm interconnected by —- (see other flash card)
2. apoplast, network of cell walls and intercellular spaces

Question 12

What connects the symplast in a plant?

Answer 12

plasmodesmata

Question 13

supplement/substitute to root hairs that absorb nutrients

Answer 13

mycorrhizae

Question 14

bacterium that lives in nodules on roots of legumes, fixes nitrogen

Answer 14

rhizobium

Question 15

What are roots called that rise above the ground? Two types?

Answer 15

adventitious roots; 1. aerial roots to aerate the root cells, 2. prop roots for support

Question 16

parenchymal tissues modified for storage (similar to cortex)

Answer 16

pith

Question 17

order of three vascular tissues in bundles, from inside to outside

Answer 17

xylem, meristem, phloem

Question 18

two types of mesophyll

Answer 18

1. palisade mesophyll, tightly packed

2. spongy mesophyll, loosely packed

Question 19

cells that control opening of stomates

Answer 19

guard cells

Question 20

four types of plant tissues

Answer 20

dermal, vascular, ground, meristem

Question 21

plant tissue type (1)

Answer 21

dermal, outer protection, made of epidermal cells

Question 22

tiny spikelike projections that protect leaves

Answer 22

trichomes

Question 23

xylem two components

Answer 23

tracheids, vessel elements

Question 24

phloem two components

Answer 24

sieve tube elements, companion cells

Question 25

plant tissue type (3) and three types of this type (huh?)

Answer 25

ground tissue

1. parenchyma cells, lack secondary cell wall, “traditional cell”
2. collenchyma cells, unevenly thickened primary cell walls, lack secondary walls
3. sclerenchyma cells, primary and secondary walls, purely support

Question 26

two phenomena that power movement in xylem

Answer 26

1. transpirational pull
2. cohesion tension (sticky water!)
   For each molecule lost to transpiration, another one is drawn in at the root to replace it.

Question 27

movement in phloem

Answer 27

translocation, requires energy

Question 28

asexual reproduction in plants (term)

Answer 28

vegetative propagation

Question 29

flower parts (10)

Answer 29

• petals
• sepals
• pistils, female reproductive part
• ovary
• ovule, contained in ovary
• style, stalk of pistil
• stigma, sticky tip of pistil
• stamen, male reproductive part
• anther, tip of stamen
• filament, stalk of stamen

Question 30

double fertilization basics

Answer 30

two sperm nuclei

(1) fertilizes egg, develops into embryo (2n)
(2) fertilizes two polar bodies, develops into triploid endosperm or cotyledon (3n) (food for embryo)

Question 31

embryo three parts

Answer 31

1. hypocotyl, develops into lower part of stem and roots
2. epicotyl, upper part of stem
3. radicle, first organ from germinating seed

Question 32

Alteration of Generations

Answer 32

1. Gametophyte (n) produces gametes through mitosis. These gametes fuse into zygotes, which devleop into sporophytes.
2. Sporophytes produce haploid spore