Plants Flashcards
Plants with no special vascular tissues are called…
nonvascular or nontracheophyte
W/ vascular tissue…
tracheophyte, vascular
vascular tissues (plus two types)
distribution of water & nutrients; xylem = water, phloem = food
xylem (other stuffs)
made of dead xylem cells (nucleus and cytoplasm disintegrate)
transports water and minerals UP the cell body
divided into tracheids and vessels (vessels are better at conducting water)
also provide structural support (they turn into wood!)
phloem
Cells are living and carry materials UP and DOWN cell body.
TWO parts: sieve elements (only cytoplasm, form passageways) and companion cells (have nucleus, control sieve elements?)
3 Domains/ 5 Kingdoms
Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota OR Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia
FOUR divisions in plants
Bryophyta (seedless non vascular; MOSS), Pterophyta (seedles + vascular; FERNS), Gymnosperms (flowerless seed), and Angiosperms (flowers)
gymnosperms
use seeds
Seeds develop in cones.
Gymnosperm plants have some female and some male cones.
Female cones produce spores that, once fertilized, become eggs in seeds. Male cones produce pollen. wind fertilization
angiosperms
flowering plants!!!!
monocot
grasses & narrow-leaved things with ONE cotyledon
parallel veins, multiples of three flower parts, fibrous roots
scattered bundles of vascular tissue
cotyledon
embryonic seed leaf
dicots
two cotyledons, branched network of veins, four or five groups of flower parts, presence of taproot, vascular tissue are arranged in a tubular pattern
leaf layers
exterior cuticle (limit water loss) with embedded stomata on underside interior mesophyll: palisade layer (neat columns of chloroplasts) and spongy layer (helter-skelter chloroplasts to facilitate gas diffusion)
stomata
pores to allow gas flow, guard cells control size of opening
roots
draw in water and minerals for xylem
storing organic nutrients
Root hairs increase absorption.
anchoring
primary growth
occurs in apical meristems (tip of top and bottom), growing vertically
secondary growth
two types of lateral meristems: vascular cambium, cork cambium (see next cards)
horizontal growth
vascular cambium
between xylem and phloem, produces secondary xylem on inside and secondary phloem on outside, more active during growing season (thus growth rings)
cork cambium
formation of cork (bark), replaces epidermis
auxin!
elongate plant cells in stem, root & fruit developent, secondary growth
kinins
cell division and growth in leaf, stem, root; development of fruits and flowers; slow aging
gibberellins
elongate stem, root growth
ethylene
ripening of fruit, root & stem growth, flower development
inhibitors
restrain growth, promote dormancy
Tropism Behaviors
Photo: leaning toward light
Gravi: grow toward or against gravity (positive = downward; negative = up), controlled by auxin
Thig: thicken or coil due to touch
photoperiodism (3 categories)
Plants are affected by length of night.
short-day: hours of darkness increase
long-day: hours of darkness decrease
day neutral: doesn’t rely on photoperiod at all
asexual reproduction
vegetative propagation: produces clones
(grafting, tubers, runners, bulbs)
advantage: allows genetically superior plants to DOMINATE, faster
tubers
has several buds – each can form a new plant
enlarged part of stem
runner
slender stems spreading outward from main plant – new plants can spread from nodes
bulbs
contains buds that can give rise to new plants
grafting
two young plants are artificially joined
Scion (twig or bud) is joined to stock (rooted plant)
sexual reproduction
diploid and haploid
diploid (sporophyte) –> spore –> haploid (gametophyte) –> sperm or egg
Nonvascular: haploid dominates
Tracheophytes: diploid dominates
tracheophyte sexual reproduction
Reproductive sporophyte structures (cones and flowers) produce male (micro) and female (mega) haploids. Spores –> gametophytes –> gametes
Two gametes = zygote –> embryo
Embryo eventually becomes new sporophyte.
flower parts
sepals & petals: sepals protect, petals are showy
stamen: male reproductive (holds pollen)
pistil: female reproductive
pistil parts
stigma (top)
style (tube)
ovary (base)
stamen parts
anther (top)
filament (tube)
Steps to Make a Flower Child
- Pollen meets stigma.
- Pollen sends down pollen tube into ovary.
- Pollen tube releases two sperm cells.
- One fuses with egg to make diploid zygote.
Another joins with the fusion nucleus to form a triploid nucleus –> endosperm (nourishes developing embryo). - Ovary turns into fruit.
double fertilization in angiosperms
Angiosperm ovule contains (1) egg cell and (2) diploid fusion nucleus (x2 polar nuclei)
