Plants

Question 1

Plants with no special vascular tissues are called…

Answer 1

nonvascular or nontracheophyte

Question 2

W/ vascular tissue…

Answer 2

tracheophyte, vascular

Question 3

vascular tissues (plus two types)

Answer 3

distribution of water & nutrients; xylem = water, phloem = food

Question 4

xylem (other stuffs)

Answer 4

made of dead xylem cells (nucleus and cytoplasm disintegrate)
transports water and minerals UP the cell body
divided into tracheids and vessels (vessels are better at conducting water)
also provide structural support (they turn into wood!)

Question 5

phloem

Answer 5

Cells are living and carry materials UP and DOWN cell body.

TWO parts: sieve elements (only cytoplasm, form passageways) and companion cells (have nucleus, control sieve elements?)

Question 6

3 Domains/ 5 Kingdoms

Answer 6

Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukaryota OR Monera, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia

Question 7

FOUR divisions in plants

Answer 7

Bryophyta (seedless non vascular; MOSS), Pterophyta (seedles + vascular; FERNS), Gymnosperms (flowerless seed), and Angiosperms (flowers)

Question 8

gymnosperms

Answer 8

use seeds
Seeds develop in cones.
Gymnosperm plants have some female and some male cones.
Female cones produce spores that, once fertilized, become eggs in seeds. Male cones produce pollen. wind fertilization

Question 9

angiosperms

Answer 9

flowering plants!!!!

Question 10

monocot

Answer 10

grasses & narrow-leaved things with ONE cotyledon
parallel veins, multiples of three flower parts, fibrous roots
scattered bundles of vascular tissue

Question 11

cotyledon

Answer 11

embryonic seed leaf

Question 12

dicots

Answer 12

two cotyledons, branched network of veins, four or five groups of flower parts, presence of taproot, vascular tissue are arranged in a tubular pattern

Question 13

leaf layers

Answer 13

exterior cuticle (limit water loss) with embedded stomata on underside
interior mesophyll: palisade layer (neat columns of chloroplasts) and spongy layer (helter-skelter chloroplasts to facilitate gas diffusion)

Question 14

stomata

Answer 14

pores to allow gas flow, guard cells control size of opening

Question 15

roots

Answer 15

draw in water and minerals for xylem
storing organic nutrients
Root hairs increase absorption.
anchoring

Question 16

primary growth

Answer 16

occurs in apical meristems (tip of top and bottom), growing vertically

Question 17

secondary growth

Answer 17

two types of lateral meristems: vascular cambium, cork cambium (see next cards)
horizontal growth

Question 18

vascular cambium

Answer 18

between xylem and phloem, produces secondary xylem on inside and secondary phloem on outside, more active during growing season (thus growth rings)

Question 19

cork cambium

Answer 19

formation of cork (bark), replaces epidermis

Question 20

auxin!

Answer 20

elongate plant cells in stem, root & fruit developent, secondary growth

Question 21

kinins

Answer 21

cell division and growth in leaf, stem, root; development of fruits and flowers; slow aging

Question 22

gibberellins

Answer 22

elongate stem, root growth

Question 23

ethylene

Answer 23

ripening of fruit, root & stem growth, flower development

Question 24

inhibitors

Answer 24

restrain growth, promote dormancy

Question 25

Tropism Behaviors

Answer 25

Photo: leaning toward light
Gravi: grow toward or against gravity (positive = downward; negative = up), controlled by auxin
Thig: thicken or coil due to touch

Question 26

photoperiodism (3 categories)

Answer 26

Plants are affected by length of night.
short-day: hours of darkness increase
long-day: hours of darkness decrease
day neutral: doesn’t rely on photoperiod at all

Question 27

asexual reproduction

Answer 27

vegetative propagation: produces clones
(grafting, tubers, runners, bulbs)
advantage: allows genetically superior plants to DOMINATE, faster

Question 28

tubers

Answer 28

has several buds – each can form a new plant

enlarged part of stem

Question 29

runner

Answer 29

slender stems spreading outward from main plant – new plants can spread from nodes

Question 30

bulbs

Answer 30

contains buds that can give rise to new plants

Question 31

grafting

Answer 31

two young plants are artificially joined

Scion (twig or bud) is joined to stock (rooted plant)

Question 32

sexual reproduction

Answer 32

diploid and haploid
diploid (sporophyte) –> spore –> haploid (gametophyte) –> sperm or egg
Nonvascular: haploid dominates
Tracheophytes: diploid dominates

Question 33

tracheophyte sexual reproduction

Answer 33

Reproductive sporophyte structures (cones and flowers) produce male (micro) and female (mega) haploids. Spores –> gametophytes –> gametes
Two gametes = zygote –> embryo
Embryo eventually becomes new sporophyte.

Question 34

flower parts

Answer 34

sepals & petals: sepals protect, petals are showy

stamen: male reproductive (holds pollen)
pistil: female reproductive

Question 35

pistil parts

Answer 35

stigma (top)
style (tube)
ovary (base)

Question 36

stamen parts

Answer 36

anther (top)

filament (tube)

Question 37

Steps to Make a Flower Child

Answer 37

1. Pollen meets stigma.
2. Pollen sends down pollen tube into ovary.
3. Pollen tube releases two sperm cells.
4. One fuses with egg to make diploid zygote.
   Another joins with the fusion nucleus to form a triploid nucleus –> endosperm (nourishes developing embryo).
5. Ovary turns into fruit.

Question 38

double fertilization in angiosperms

Answer 38

Angiosperm ovule contains (1) egg cell and (2) diploid fusion nucleus (x2 polar nuclei)