Cytoskeleton & Stem Cells

Question 1

cytoskeleton

Answer 1

a supportive meshwork of fine fibers extending throughout the cytoplasm

Question 2

microfilament

Answer 2

smallest, solid helical rods made of actin, help cells move and muscles to contract

Question 3

intermediate filaments

Answer 3

ropelike, made of fibrous proteins, structural

Question 4

microtubules

Answer 4

hollow tubes made of tubulin, anchor organelles and make up cilia & flagella

Question 5

centriole

Answer 5

cell part from which the microtubules grow

Question 6

centrosome

Answer 6

two centrioles, coordinate division of chromosomes and organize the cytoskeleton

Question 7

three ways to move

Answer 7

cilia, flagella, pseudopodia

Question 8

differentiation

Answer 8

the process in which cells become specialized in structure and function, caused when different genes are turned on and off

Question 9

stem cells

Answer 9

unspecialized, can self-renew or give birth to new cells

Question 10

totipotent

Answer 10

give rise to any cell type

Question 11

pluripotent

Answer 11

can generate cells from three of the primary germ layers

Question 12

plasticity

Answer 12

the ability of one tissue type to generate other tissue types

Question 13

triploblastic

Answer 13

humans develop from three embryonic cell layers, which are:

• ectoderm: skin, CNS
• mesoderm: muscle, heart, kidneys
• endoderm: digestive and respiratory

Question 14

embryonic stem cells

Answer 14

come from a blastocyst

Question 15

adult stem cells

Answer 15

come from adults

Question 16

prokaryotes

Answer 16

cell walls made of peptidoglycan; Kingdom Monera or Domains Bacteria and Archaea

Question 17

eukaryotes

Answer 17

Domain Eukaryota
Kingdoms...
Plantae: chloroplasts, big vacuole, cell wall
Fungi: cell walls made of chitin
Protista: unicellular
Animalia

Question 18

Plantae

Answer 18

Bryophyta (seedless and non-vascular)
Pterophyta (seedless and vascular)
Gymnosperms (flowerless seed)
Angiosperms (flowering and seed)

Question 19

Animalia

Answer 19

Porifera, Cnidaria (jellies), Platyhelmenthes (flat), Nematoda, Annelida, Mollusca, Arthropoda, Echinodermata, and Chordata

Question 20

Protista

Answer 20

Protozoa (animal-like), Algae (plant-like), Fungi-like

Question 21

Algae

Answer 21

Euglenaphyta (euglenoids, unicellular)
Phaeophyta (brown algae, multicellular)
Chlorophyta (green algae, ancestors of plants)

Question 22

Fungi-like (slime molds)

Answer 22

Plasmodial (Myxomycota, single multinucleate cell)
Cellular (Acrasiomycota, congregation of protists)
Spores!!

Question 23

Chordata

Answer 23

Agnatha (jawless), Chondrichthyes (cartilaginous), Osteichthyes (bony), Amphibia, Reptilia, Aves, Mammalia