UNIT 13 2.2

Question 1

What is the arts and crafts movement about?

Answer 1

A movement born from the concern held by designers and social activists of the time that the use of machinery and factory-based products meant that the appreciation ofed was lost. They drew inspiration from medieval crafts the material usmanship

Question 2

What were the results from the development of modern industrial technology?

Answer 2

Reliance on craftsmanship was reducing and machine tools were increasingly used. This combined with the division of labour within manufacturing, reducing the skills of workers who were expected to repeat individual tasks

Question 3

What are the key features of the arts and crafts movement?

Answer 3

1. Appreciation of the beauty of materials: keen to highlight the unique nature of materials. The ornamentation of machine-produced products often hid the aesthetic beauty
2. Hand-produced using craft skills: the arts and crafts movement took inspiration from hand-produced natural forms of medival Europe

Question 4

What are the key features of Art Deco design?

Answer 4

1. Sunburst motifs: these rays or segments radiating from a central point were commonly seen in architecture and surface patterns
2. Ziggurat (stepped pyramid)
3. Simple geometric forms: these were distinct changes from the natural realism associated with Art Nouveau

Question 5

What movement did the Art Deco movement stem from?

Answer 5

Art Nouveau (a style of art inspired by natural forms and structures)

Question 6

What key designs schools stem around modernism?

Answer 6

Bauhaus and De Stijl formed at the end of the World War

Question 7

Who founded the Bauhaus design school?

Answer 7

Walter Gropius in Germany 1919

Question 8

What was the programme of study that students undertook?

Answer 8

A programme of study, giving them an appreciation of fracturing and forms materials before specialising in areas such as metalwork, furniture architecture and graphics

Question 9

Explain the Form Follows Function feature

Answer 9

1. Form follows function: the appearance of a product is dictated by the way it works. This can be seen in the furniture of Marcel Breuer who developed the use of tubular steel in furniture design, inspired by bicycle handlebars

Question 10

Key features if Bauhaus products:

Answer 10

1. Embracing the machine age: rebelled against ornamentation of design, it was keen to use modern machine-based manufacturing processes, seeing beauty in machined finishes
2. Geometrically pure forms: Inspired by the Art Deco movement
3. Everyday products for everyday people: keen to embrace modern manufacturing techniques as a method of providing affordable products

Question 11

What are the major contributors to the Bauhaus design movement?

Answer 11

Walter Gropius, Marcel Breuer, Miles Van Der Rohe and Marianne Brandt

Question 12

What are major streamlining designer?

Answer 12

Raymond Loewy, Norman Bel Geddes and Henry Dreyfuss

Question 13

What is post-modernism?

Answer 13

It is seen as a counter-rebellion against the simplicity of form and the purely functional nature of modernism

Question 14

What is zoomorphic?

Answer 14

Giving animal appearances or traits to an object

Question 15

What is anthropomorphic?

Answer 15

Giving human appearances to an object

Question 16

What are the design groups that stem from Post-Modernism?

Answer 16

Memphis design groups epitomised this challenge towards modernism and produced a range of playful products designed more as sculptures to be admired, with compromises made regarding practicality

Question 17

Key features of Memphis designs:

Answer 17

Bold and colourful, playful designs: Memphis designs challenged the simplicity of Modernism
Simplistic Juxtaposition of geometric forms: random, producing an abstract product
Challenging forms that often compromised on function: the desire to produce sculptural designs often took precedence over functionality

Question 18

What do furniture designs by Marc Newson And Danny Lane challenge?

Answer 18

Perceptions of how certain products should look; they were seen more as catwalk pieces than mainstream high-street products

Question 19

What are Phillippe Stark’s designs regarded as?

Answer 19

postmodern sculptural pieces focusing on aesthetics before function

Question 20

What audience is Phillippe Stark aimed at?

Answer 20

aimed at ‘democratic design’ for the population rather than the elite

Question 21

What is Juicy Salif?

Answer 21

A single piece of aluminium casting, designed after Stark squeezed lemon juice over a squid in a restaurant

Question 22

Key features of the Juicy Salif:

Answer 22

1. High centre of mass because unstable during juicing
2. The head of the juicer is large enough for the lemon
3. Much of the fruit is missed due to the small diameter
4. The form of the product is striking and lends itself to being displayed in the kitchen
5. Tripod legs exit the body of the juicer at an angle to prevent juice running down the legs, increasing stability and allows glass to be placed under the juicer.

Question 23

What did James Dyson develop?

Answer 23

A wide range of highly successful household products through the application of innovative technology to existing products ex the development of vacuum cleaners

Question 24

What was one of the products James Dyson invented?

Answer 24

Dyson vacuum cleaner DC01, which introduced bagless cleaning, utilising technology used in dust extraction systems to separate the collected particles from the air

Question 25

Key aspects of the DC01 vacuum cleaner:

Answer 25

1. Able to separate the dust without reducing section due to changing dust collection systems
2. Contrasting colour schemes mean that key features are highlighted, aiding the ease
3. A large number of integral fixes allow disassembly of the product and aid maintenance
4. Clear dust bin can be seen as a positive feature
5. The negative aspect of the clear dust bin, is the dust within the bn is unsightly if not emptied

Question 26

What did Margaret Calvert develop?

Answer 26

Developed the Transport font and many of the standard pictograms used on UK road signs

Question 27

When did Dieter Rams have a huge impact on product design?

Answer 27

20th century

Question 28

What approach was implemented by Dieter Rams that many contemporary designers reference?

Answer 28

Ten key design principles

Question 29

Who did Dieter Rams work with?

Answer 29

German manufacturer Braun

Question 30

What did Dieter and Braun do for consumer electronics?

Answer 30

Took ornamental wooden casting and replaced them with functional minimal designs in white and grey, relying heavily on technological developments - transistors and thermoplastics

Question 31

The key principles of good design:

Answer 31

1. Good design is innovative: uses modern materials and technologies
2. Good design makes a product useful: must be functional
3. Good design makes a product understandable: should require minimal guidance
4. Good design is unobtrusive: form follows function, with no feature added purely for aesthetics
5. Giid design is honest: does what is intended
6. Good design has longevity: lasts long
7. Good design is thorough down to the last detail: all aspects designed
8. Good design is environmentally friendly
9. Good design is as little design as possible: concentrates on detail

Question 32

Who were Charles and Ray Eames

Answer 32

Were an American husband and wife design partnership famous for their work on moulded furniture both in plywood and polymers

Question 33

What movement does Charles and Ray Eames house stem from?

Answer 33

Their modernist house made from used parts found in catalogues reflected in the cubist architecture of the De Stijl movement

Question 34

What do Charles and Ray’s work on the lounge chair wood evolve from?

Answer 34

Their work with the USA Navy, developing leg splints from laminated plywood forms

Question 35

Who was Marianne Brandt?

Answer 35

Was a student at the Bauhaus Design School and became the head of the metalwork department in 1928

Question 36

What did Marianne Brandt develop?

Answer 36

A range of geometrically pure kitchenware products, which were successfully marketed and sold at a time when most Bauhaus products were regarded as too controversial for the mass market