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Medical Terminology > Unit 12: Nervous System > Flashcards

Unit 12: Nervous System Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

alges/o

A

Sense of pain

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2
Q

angi/o

A

Vessel

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3
Q

arteri/o

A

Artery

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4
Q

astr/o

A

Star

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5
Q

cephal/o

A

Head

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6
Q

cerebell/o

A

Cerebellum

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7
Q

cerebr/o

A

Cereburum

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8
Q

clon/o

A

Rapid contracting/relaxing

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9
Q

cyt/o

A

Cell

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10
Q

dur/o

A

Dura mater

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11
Q

electro/o

A

Electricity

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12
Q

encephal/o

A

Brain

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13
Q

esthes/o

A

Sensation, feeling

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14
Q

gli/o

A

Glue

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15
Q

hemat/o

A

Blood

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16
Q

isch/o

A

To hold back

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17
Q

later/o

A

Side

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18
Q

lumb/o

A

Low back

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19
Q

medull/o

A

Medulla oblongata

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20
Q

mening/o

A

Meninges

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21
Q

meningi/o

A

Meninges

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22
Q

my/o

A

Muscle

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23
Q

myel/o

A

Spinal cord

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24
Q

neur/o

A

Nerve

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25
Q

poli/o

A

Gray matter

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26
Q

pont/o

A

Pons

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27
Q

radicul/o

A

Nerve root

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28
Q

scler/o

A

Hard

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29
Q

spin/o

A

Spine

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30
Q

thalam/o

A

Thalamus

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31
Q

thec/o

A

Sheath

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32
Q

tom/o

A

To cut

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33
Q

ton/o

A

Muscle tone

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34
Q

vascul/o

A

Blood vessel

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35
Q

ventricul/o

A

Ventricle

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36
Q

-al

A

Pertaining to

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37
Q

-algia

A

Pain

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38
Q

-ar

A

Pertaining to

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39
Q

-ary

A

Pertaining to

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40
Q

-asthenia

A

Weakness

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41
Q

-cele

A

Protrusion

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42
Q

-eal

A

Pertaining to

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43
Q

-ectomy

A

Surgical removal

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44
Q

-gram

A

Record

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45
Q

-graphy

A

Process of recording

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46
Q

-ia

A

Condition, state

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47
Q

-ic

A

Pertaining to

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48
Q

-ine

A

Pertaining to

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49
Q

-itis

A

Inflammation

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50
Q

-logy

A

Study of

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51
Q

-nic

A

Pertaining to

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52
Q

-oma

A

Tumor, swelling

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53
Q

-osis

A

Abnormal condition

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54
Q

-otomy

A

Cutting into

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55
Q

-paresis

A

Weakness

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56
Q

-pathy

A

Disease

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57
Q

-phasia

A

Speech

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58
Q

-plasty

A

Surgical repair

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59
Q

-plegia

A

Paralysis

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60
Q

-rrhaphy

A

Suture

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61
Q

-taxia

A

Muscle coordination

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62
Q

-tic

A

Pertaining to

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63
Q

-trophic

A

Pertaining to development

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64
Q

a-

A

Without

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65
Q

an-

A

Without

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66
Q

anti-

A

Against

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67
Q

bi-

A

Two

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68
Q

dys-

A

Abnormal, difficult

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69
Q

endo-

A

Within

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70
Q

epi-

A

Above

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71
Q

hemi-

A

Half

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72
Q

hydro-

A

Water

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73
Q

hyper-

A

Excessive

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74
Q

intra-

A

Within

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75
Q

mono-

A

One

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76
Q

para-

A

Abnormal, two like parts of a pair

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77
Q

poly-

A

Many

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78
Q

quadri-

A

Four

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79
Q

semi-

A

Partial

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80
Q

sub-

A

Below

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81
Q

un-

A

Not

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82
Q

Absence of pain

A

Analgesia

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83
Q

Lack of feeling or sensation

A

Anesthesia

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84
Q

Inability to communicate verbally or in writing due to damage to the language centers of the brain

A

Aphasia

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85
Q

Lack of muscle coordination

A

Ataxia

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86
Q

State of profound unconsciousness

A

Coma

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87
Q

Condition of being awake and aware of surroundings

A

Conscious

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88
Q

Progressive impairment of intellectual function that interferes with activities of daily living

A

Dementia

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89
Q

Difficulty communicating verbally or in writing

A

Dysphasia

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90
Q

Weakness on one side of body

A

Hemiparesis

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91
Q

Paralysis on one side of body

A

Hemiplegia

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92
Q

Abnormally heightened sense of feeling, sense of pain, or sensitivity to touch

A

Hyperesthesia

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93
Q

Nerve pain

A

Neuralgia

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94
Q

Temporary or permanent loss of voluntary movement

A

Paralysis

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95
Q

Paralysis of the lower portion of the body

A

Paraplegia

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96
Q

Abnormal sensations such as burning as tingling

A

Paresthesia

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97
Q

Paralysis of all four limbs

A

Quadriplegia

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98
Q

Sudden, uncontrollable onset of symptoms, such as in epileptic seizure

A

Seizure

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99
Q

State of being aware of surroundings and responding to stimuli only part of the time

A

Semiconscious

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100
Q

Fainting

A

Syncope

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101
Q

State of being unaware of surroundings and unable to respond to stimuli

A

Unconscious

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102
Q

Disorder characterized by dementia, progressive disorientation, apathy, and loss of memory

A

Alzheimer’s disease

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103
Q

Localized, abnormal dilation of a blood vessel ; ruptured aneurysm is a common cause of hemorrhagic cerebrovascular accident

A

Cerebral aneurysm

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104
Q

Brain damage resulting from defect, trauma, infection, or oxygen deprivation before, during, or shortly after birth

A

Cerebral palsy(CP)

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105
Q

Infarct due to loss of blood supply to the brain ; commonly called a stroke

A

Cerebrovascular accident(CVA)

106
Q

Characterized by blows to the head that result in progressive degeneration of brain tissue

A

Chronic traumatic encephalopathy(CTE)

107
Q

Mild traumatic brain injury from a blow or impact

A

Concussion

108
Q

Inflammation of the brain

A

Encephalitis

109
Q

Seizures and loss of consciousness caused by uncontrolled electrical activity of brain

A

Epilepsy

110
Q

Accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within brain ventricles ; treated with the creation of an artificial shunt

A

Hydrocephalus

111
Q

Specific type of headache with severe pain, light sensitivity, dizziness, and nausea

A

Migraine

112
Q

Chronic disorder of brain with fine tremors, muscle weakness, rigidity, and a shuffling gait

A

Parkinson’s disease

113
Q

Temporary interference with blood supply to brain ; may lead to a CVA

A

Transient ischemic attack(TIA)

114
Q

Condition of degeneration of motor neurons of the spinal cord ; also called Lou Gehrig’s disease

A

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)

115
Q

Congenital defect when laminae of the vertebra do not meet or close to form the spinal canal

A

Spina bifida

116
Q

Damage to spinal cord due to trauma ; cord may be bruised (temporary) or severed (permanent)

A

Spinal cord injury(SCI)

117
Q

One-sided facial paralysis due to facial nerve inflammation ; inflammation is typically viral in nature ; most patients recover

A

Bell’s Palsy

118
Q

Loss of myelin sheath from nerves ; may be autoimmune ; begins in the legs and progresses up toward the trunk

A

Guillain-Barre syndrome

119
Q

Inflammatory disease of the CNS ; causes weakness and numbness due to loss of myelin sheath from nerves ; plaques appear

A

Multiple sclerosis (MS)

120
Q

Tumor of a nerve of the sheath around a nerve

A

Neuroma

121
Q

General term for disease of or damage to a nerve

A

Neuropathy

122
Q

Eruption of painful blisters on body along a nerve path ; caused by Herpes zoster virus

A

Shingles

123
Q

X-ray of the blood vessels of the brain after injection of radiopaque dye

A

Cerebral angiography

124
Q

A record of brain’s electrical patterns

A

Electroencephalogram

125
Q

Administration of medication to produce a loss of feeling or sensation

A

Anesthesia

126
Q

Treats minor to moderate pain without loss of consciousness

A

Analgesic

127
Q

Produces loss of sensation or loss of consciousness

A

Anesthetic

128
Q

Reduces nerve excitability to prevent seizures

A

Anticonvulsant

129
Q

Branch of medicine specializing in all aspects of anesthesia, including surgical procedures, resuscitation measures, and the management of acute and chronic pain. physician is an anesthesiologist

A

Anesthesiology

130
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with diagnosis and treatment of diseases and conditions of the nervous system. Physician is a neurologist

A

Neurology

131
Q

Branch of medicine concerned with treating conditions and diseases of the nervous system by surgical means. Physician is a neurosurgeon.

A

Neurosurgery

132
Q

The nervous system _________ and ___________ the body functions

A

Coordinates and controls

133
Q

The primary structures of the nervous system are the ______, ______ _____.

A

Brain, spinal cord, and nerves

134
Q

The nervous system recieves information from both ________ and __________ sensory receptors.

A

External and internal

135
Q

The nervous system is divided into the ______ _______ ______(CNS) and the ______ _______ _____(PNS)

A

Central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system

136
Q

The central nervous system(CNS) consists of the _____ and ______ _____

A

Brain and spinal cord

137
Q

_________ __________ comes into the CNS for processing

A

Sensory information

138
Q

_________ _________ exit the CNS with commands for muscles and glands

A

Motor messages

139
Q

The peripheral nervous system(PNS) consists of ________ nerves and ________ nerves

A

Cranial nerves and spinal nerves

140
Q

Sensory nerves carry messages _____ the CNS

A

Into

141
Q

Motor nerves carry commands _______ from the CNS

A

Away

142
Q

2 types of nervous cells: _____ and _______

A

Neurons and neuroglia

143
Q

Neurons have 3 basic parts: _______, ______ _____ _______, and ______

A

Dendrites, nerve cell body, and axon

144
Q

Highly branched projections that receive impulses

A

Dendrites

145
Q

Contains the nucleus and other organelles of the cell

A

Nerve cell body

146
Q

The projection from the cell body that conducts the impulse toward its destination

A

Axon

147
Q

The axon of one neuron meets a dendrite of the next neuron at the ________

A

Synapse

148
Q

A gap called the ________ ___ exists between the 2 neurons

A

Synaptic cleft

149
Q

T or F: Electrical impulses cannot directly pass the synaptic cleft

A

True!

150
Q

A chemical ___________ released by the axon carries impulses across

A

Neurotransmitter

151
Q

Neuroglia produce the fatty substance ______

A

Myelin

152
Q

Myelin serves as _________ for the axon and allows the axon to conduct the impulses faster

A

Insulation

153
Q

T or F: Neuroglia do not conduct electrical impulses

A

True!

154
Q

The central nervous system(CNS) is a combination of the ______ and _______ _____

A

Brain and spinal cord

155
Q

The central nervous system(CNS) ______ impulses, _______the information, and _______ with an action.

A

Receives, processes, and responds

156
Q

Central nervous system is made up of 2 types of matter:

A

Gray matter and white matter

157
Q

A type of matter which is unsheathed cell bodies and dendrites

A

Gray matter

158
Q

A type of matter which is myelinated nerve fibers

A

White matter

159
Q

The brain is divided into 4 sections:

A

Cerebrum, cerebellum, diencephalon, and brainstem

160
Q

The largest section and the upper portion of the brain

A

Cerebrum

161
Q

This processes thought, judgment, memory, problem solving, and language

A

Cerebrum

162
Q

The outer layer of the brain is made of folds of gray matter. What is this part called?

A

Cerebral cortex

163
Q

Elevated portions of the brain are called?

A

Gyri

164
Q

Fissures between gyri are called?

A

Sulci

165
Q

Anterior and control motor function, personality, and speech

A

Frontal lobe

166
Q

Superior and interpret nerve impulses and language

A

Parietal lobe

167
Q

Posterior and control vision

A

Occipital lobe

168
Q

Lateral and control hearing and smell

A

Temporal lobe

169
Q

Contains the thalamus and hypothalamus

A

Diencephalon

170
Q

This is made of gray matter, relays impulses to eyes/ears/skin to cerebrum, and controls pain perception

A

Thalamus

171
Q

What is located below the thalamus?

A

Hypothalamus

172
Q

Controls temperature, appetite, sleep, sexual desire, and emotion

A

Hypothalamus

173
Q

Controls the autonomic nervous system, the cardiovascular system, the digestive system, and the pituitary gland

A

Hypothalamus

174
Q

The second largest portion of the brain

A

Cerebellum

175
Q

Located beneath the posterior part of the brain

A

Cerebellum

176
Q

Aids in coordinating voluntary body movements and maintaining balance and equilibrium

A

Cerebellum

177
Q

Refines muscular movements initiated in the cerebrum

A

Cerebellum

178
Q

A pathway for impulses between the brain and spinal cord

A

Midbrain

179
Q

Connects the cerebellum to the rest of the brain

A

Pons

180
Q

Medulla Oblongata connects the _____ to the ________ _____

A

Brain to the spinal cord

181
Q

It control centers for respiration, heart rate, temperature, and blood pressure

A

Medulla oblongata

182
Q

The site where nerve tracts cross from one side of the brain to the other side of the body

A

Medulla oblongata

183
Q

There are 4 ventricles in the brain. There is one ventricle in each ________, one in the _________, and one in front of the ___________

A

Hemisphere, thalamus, cerebellum

184
Q

The ventricles contain a clear fluid called ____________ ______(CSF)

A

Cerebrospinal fluid

185
Q

The cerebrospinal fluid(CFS) provides _______ and ________ ___________ to the brain and spinal cord

A

Shock and motion protection

186
Q

The ______ ____ is a pathway for impulses traveling to and from the brain

A

Spinal cord

187
Q

The spinal cord is a column of ________ ________ extending from the medulla oblongata to the second lumbar vertebra

A

Nervous tissue

188
Q

The spinal cord is within the __________ __________ in the spinal cavity

A

Vertebral column

189
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid(CSF) flows down the center of the spinal cord within the __________ _______

A

Central canal

190
Q

The peripheral nervous system(PNS) includes ___ pairs of cranial nerves

A

12

191
Q

The peripheral nervous system(PNS) includes ___ pairs of spinal nerves

A

31

192
Q

Arise from brain, typically the medulla oblongata

A

Cranial nerves

193
Q

Split off of the spinal cord, with one pair of nerves between each pair of vertebrae

A

Spinal nerves

194
Q

The point where a nerve is attached to the CNS

A

Nerve root

195
Q

These are sensory neurons that carry information from a receptor to the CNS

A

Afferent neurons

196
Q

These are motor neurons that carry information from the CNS to muscles or glands

A

Efferent neurons

197
Q

The PNS is subdivided into the _______ ________ ______ (ANS) and the _________ ________

A

Autonomic nervous system and the somatic nerves

198
Q

The ANS controls __________ or __________ body functions

A

Involuntary or unconscious

199
Q

The ANS affects smooth muscle function in the _____ and ______

A

Viscera and vessels

200
Q

The ANS increases and decreases activity of _________ _______ in the heart

A

Cardiac muscle

201
Q

The ANS is divided into the ____________ and ____________ branches

A

Sympathetic and parasympathetic branches

202
Q

This branch is known as the “fight or flight”

A

Sympathetic branch

203
Q

The sympathetic branch is active in times of ______ and ______

A

Stress and crisis

204
Q

This increases heart rate, dilate airways, increases blood pressure, inhibits digestion, and stimulates production of adrenaline

A

Sympathetic branch

205
Q

The branch is known as “rest and digest”

A

Parasympathetic branch

206
Q

This causes the heart rate to slow, lowers the blood pressure, and stimulates the return of digestion

A

Parasympathetic branch

207
Q

The somatic nerves serve the ______ and _______ ______

A

Skin and skeletal muscles

208
Q

Somatic nerves are mainly involved with ________ and ________ activities of the body

A

Conscious and voluntary

209
Q

The sensory receptors of the dermis use somatic nerves to send information about _______, __________, ______, and ______ to the brain

A

Touch, temperature, pressure, and pain

210
Q

This carries motor commands to skeletal muscles

A

Somatic nerves

211
Q

Mental health disorders are defined as ________ __________ and lack of _____-__________

A

Impaired judgment and lack of self-control

212
Q

The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th edition is shortened with

A

DSM-5

213
Q

Inappropriate coping mechanisms

A

Neuroses

214
Q

Extreme distortions of reality and disorganized thinking

A

Psychoses

215
Q

The study of human behaviour and though processes

A

Psychology

216
Q

Behavior is divided into 2 categories:

A

Normal psychology and abnormal psychology

217
Q

This includes how the personality develops, how people handle stress, and stages of mental development

A

Normal psychology

218
Q

This studies behaviors that are outside of normal and are detrimental to the individual or society

A

Abnormal psychology

219
Q

A specialist in evaluating and treating persons with mental or emotional disorders

A

Clinical psychologist

220
Q

Branch of medicine that deals with the diagnosis, treatment, and prevention of mental disorders

A

Psychiatry

221
Q

Medical physician specializing in the care of patients with mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders

A

Psychiatrist

222
Q

Dread in the absence of a clearly identifiable stress trigger

A

Generalized anxiety disorder

223
Q

Intense apprehension of terror or a sense of impending danger

A

Panic disorder

224
Q

Irrational fears

A

Phobias

225
Q

Alternation between periods of deep depression and mania ; patients experience extreme emotions that may change rapidly

A

Bipolar disorder

226
Q

Feelings of hoelessness, helpessness and worthlessness ; lack of pleasure in activities ; potential for suicide

A

Major depressive disorder

227
Q

Extreme elation and hyperactivity ; talkativeness, impaired judgment, and distractibility ; grandiose delusions

A

Mania

228
Q

Violent rages

A

Explosive disorder

229
Q

Impulse to steal things

A

Kleptomania

230
Q

Uncontrollable impulse to set fires

A

Pyromania

231
Q

Loss of memory

A

Dissociative amnesia

232
Q

Having 2 or more distinct personalities

A

Dissociative identity disorder

233
Q

Voiding feces in inappropriate places after toilet training

A

Encopresis

234
Q

Voiding urine in inappropriate places after toilet training

A

Enuresis

235
Q

Distorted body image, pathological fear of being fat, and severe weight loss due to excessive dieting

A

Anorexia nervosa

236
Q

Binge eating followed by intentional vomiting

A

Bulimia

237
Q

Identifying as a gender contrary to the birth gender ; may be male to female or female to male

A

Gender dysphoria

238
Q

Degenerative brain disorder with gradual loss of cognitive abilities

A

Alzheimers disease(AD)

239
Q

Progressive confusion and disorientation

A

Dementia

240
Q

Inattention and impulsive behavior

A

Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)

241
Q

Deficits in social interaction and communication skills ; restricted patterns of behavior

A

Autism spectrum disorder

242
Q

Below-average intellectual functioning

A

Intellectual development disorder

243
Q

Performing repetitive rituals to reduce anxiety from persistent thoughts, ideas, or impulses

A

Obsessive-compulsive disorder(OCD)

244
Q

Sexual interest in children

A

Pedophilic disorder

245
Q

Sexual gratification derived frm being hurt or abused

A

Sexual masochism disorder

246
Q

Sexual gratification derived from observing others engaged in sexual acts

A

Voyeuristic disorder

247
Q

Behaviors that are against legal or social norms

A

Antisocial personality disorder

248
Q

Abnormal sense of self-importance

A

Narcissistic personality disorder

249
Q

Exaggerated feelings of persecution

A

Paranoid personality disorder

250
Q

False beliefs held in the face of contrary evidence

A

Delusional disorder

251
Q

Perceptions of things that are not there

A

Hallucinations

252
Q

Condition of the inability to sleep

A

Insomnia disorder

253
Q

Recurring episodes of sleeping during daytime ; difficulty sleeping at night

A

Narcolepsy

254
Q

Inability to stop gambling

A

Gambling disorder

255
Q

Overindulgence in or dependence on chemical substances including alcohol, illegal drugs, and prescription drugs

A

Substance use disorder

256
Q

Impaired social interactions and capacity to work as a result of exposure to actual or implied death, serious injury, or sexual violence

A

Post-traumatic stress disorder

257
Q

Placement of electrodes on the sides of the head to conduct a mild electric shock ; causes a convulsive seizure ; patient is anesthetized and administered muscle relaxants

A

Electroconvulsive therapy(ECT)

258
Q

Stimulants that alter mood by affecting levels of neurotransmitters ; nonaddictive but may have unpleasant side effects

A

Antipsychotic drugs

259
Q

Special category of drug to calm patients with bipolar disorder

A

Lithium

260
Q

CNS depressants used for anxiety

A

Minor tranquilizers

Medical Terminology (10 decks)

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