Unit 12 Grammar

Question 1

ため（に）

Answer 1

Verb (dictionary form)＋ために　= In order to….
Noun + の + ために　= For the sake of…

Question 2

イタリア料理の勉強のために、兄はイタリアに行っている

Answer 2

My older brother is in Italy for the sake of studying Italian cooking
(勉強 is used as a noun here)

Question 3

transitive vs intransitive verbs ?

Answer 3

Transitive -
The person doing the verb (the doer) is identified
An object is required

Intransitive -
The doer is not identified

In Japanese, an intransitive and transitive verb are related, but not the same. Particles also differ.
For example:
とめる (transitive) vs とまる (intransitive)
車をとめる - I stopped the car (doer is identified)
車がとまる - The car stopped (doer is not identified)

Question 4

What is the rule with particles regarding transitive vs intransitive verbs？

Answer 4

GENERALLY
を is used with transitive verbs (the doer is identified)
が is used with intransitive verbs (the doer is NOT identified)

Question 5

What is the transitive and intransitive form of ‘to close’

Answer 5

Transitive: を しめる (e.g Jenny closed the door)
Intransitive: が しまる (e.g The door closed)

Question 6

What is the transitive and intransitive form of ‘to lose’

Answer 6

Transitive: なくす (e.g. He lost his wallet)
Intransitive: なくなる (e.g. the wallet became lost)

Question 7

What is the transitive and intransitive form of ‘to continue’

Answer 7

Transitive: つづける (e.g I will continue producing music)
Intransitive: つづく (e.g Production will be continued)

Question 8

What is the transitive and intransitive form of enter/put in

Answer 8

Transitive: 入れる (e.g. She put the ring into the bag)
Intransitive: 入る (Enter from the back)

Question 9

What is the transitive and intransitive form of ‘birth (verb)’

Answer 9

Transitive: うむ (e.g . Akiko gave birth to a girl)
Intransitive: うまれる (e.g Little Maya was born yesterday)

Question 10

What is the structure to say ‘Sometimes this, sometimes that’?

Answer 10

たり, たりする

Question 11

What is the structure of the ～たり～たりする form?

Answer 11

adjectives (past plain form) - り + する
nouns (past plain form) - り +する

Question 12

How would you say the sentence, ‘Lately, it has been cold one day and warm the next’

Answer 12

最近、あつかったり、さむかったりします。

Question 13

Describing things with relative clauses - rules and structure

Answer 13

Adj ending of clause (any tense) + noun
な adj ending of clause (な、だった、じゃない、じゃなかった) + noun
Noun ending of clause (の、だった、じゃない、じゃなかった) + noun

Question 14

What is だった？

Answer 14

だった is a PLAIN past tense marker for nouns and な-adjectives
The polite version would be でした。
EXAMPLE:
きれいだったね。- It was pretty, wasn’t it?
きれいでしたね。- It was pretty, wasn’t it?

Question 15

だ　VS　です。

Answer 15

だ＝Casual
です＝Polite

Question 16

Strong commands in Japanese

Answer 16

(ては) いけない - You must/must not (because__ is wrong)
だめ

Question 17

いけない STRUCTURES

Answer 17

Positive verb て form + は + いけない: You must not (because__ is wrong)

Negative verb て form + は + いけない: You must (because not __ is wrong)

e.g
食べてはいけません - you must not eat (eating is wrong)
食べなくてはいけません - you must eat (not eating is wrong)

Remember: なくてはいけない is a double negative that cancel each other out. So it becomes you MUST.

Question 18

だめ　Structures

Answer 18

Positive verb て form + は + だめ: You must not

Negative verb て form + は + だめ: You must

e.g
食べてはだめだ - you must not eat
食べなくてはだめだ - you must eat

Question 19

How to say any../every… with question words

Answer 19

でも

Question 20

How do you say：
Everything/anything
Everywhere/.anywhere
Any time
Anyone/everyone

Answer 20

何でも
どこでも
いつでも
だれでも

Question 21

Structure for ‘before ＿＿＿happens’

Answer 21

ないうちに
e.g. 雨をふらないうちに、さんぽをしましょう。
let’s go on a walk before it rains

Question 22

Transitive and Intransitive for ‘to start/begin’

Answer 22

始める - transitive: the doer is identified
始まる - intransitive the doer is not identified