Unit 12 Grammar Flashcards
ため（に）
Verb (dictionary form)＋ために = In order to….
Noun + の + ために = For the sake of…
イタリア料理の勉強のために、兄はイタリアに行っている
My older brother is in Italy for the sake of studying Italian cooking
(勉強 is used as a noun here)
transitive vs intransitive verbs ?
Transitive -
The person doing the verb (the doer) is identified
An object is required
Intransitive -
The doer is not identified
In Japanese, an intransitive and transitive verb are related, but not the same. Particles also differ.
For example:
とめる (transitive) vs とまる (intransitive)
車をとめる - I stopped the car (doer is identified)
車がとまる - The car stopped (doer is not identified)
What is the rule with particles regarding transitive vs intransitive verbs？
GENERALLY
を is used with transitive verbs (the doer is identified)
が is used with intransitive verbs (the doer is NOT identified)
What is the transitive and intransitive form of ‘to close’
Transitive: を しめる (e.g Jenny closed the door)
Intransitive: が しまる (e.g The door closed)
What is the transitive and intransitive form of ‘to lose’
Transitive: なくす (e.g. He lost his wallet)
Intransitive: なくなる (e.g. the wallet became lost)
What is the transitive and intransitive form of ‘to continue’
Transitive: つづける (e.g I will continue producing music)
Intransitive: つづく (e.g Production will be continued)
What is the transitive and intransitive form of enter/put in
Transitive: 入れる (e.g. She put the ring into the bag)
Intransitive: 入る (Enter from the back)
What is the transitive and intransitive form of ‘birth (verb)’
Transitive: うむ (e.g . Akiko gave birth to a girl)
Intransitive: うまれる (e.g Little Maya was born yesterday)
What is the structure to say ‘Sometimes this, sometimes that’?
たり, たりする
What is the structure of the ～たり～たりする form?
adjectives (past plain form) - り + する
nouns (past plain form) - り +する
How would you say the sentence, ‘Lately, it has been cold one day and warm the next’
最近、あつかったり、さむかったりします。
Describing things with relative clauses - rules and structure
Adj ending of clause (any tense) + noun
な adj ending of clause (な、だった、じゃない、じゃなかった) + noun
Noun ending of clause (の、だった、じゃない、じゃなかった) + noun
What is だった？
だった is a PLAIN past tense marker for nouns and な-adjectives
The polite version would be でした。
EXAMPLE:
きれいだったね。- It was pretty, wasn’t it?
きれいでしたね。- It was pretty, wasn’t it?
だ VS です。
だ＝Casual
です＝Polite
Strong commands in Japanese
(ては) いけない - You must/must not (because__ is wrong)
だめ
いけない STRUCTURES
Positive verb て form + は + いけない: You must not (because__ is wrong)
Negative verb て form + は + いけない: You must (because not __ is wrong)
e.g
食べてはいけません - you must not eat (eating is wrong)
食べなくてはいけません - you must eat (not eating is wrong)
Remember: なくてはいけない is a double negative that cancel each other out. So it becomes you MUST.
だめ Structures
Positive verb て form + は + だめ: You must not
Negative verb て form + は + だめ: You must
e.g
食べてはだめだ - you must not eat
食べなくてはだめだ - you must eat
How to say any../every… with question words
でも
How do you say：
Everything/anything
Everywhere/.anywhere
Any time
Anyone/everyone
何でも
どこでも
いつでも
だれでも
Structure for ‘before ＿＿＿happens’
ないうちに
e.g. 雨をふらないうちに、さんぽをしましょう。
let’s go on a walk before it rains
Transitive and Intransitive for ‘to start/begin’
始める - transitive: the doer is identified
始まる - intransitive the doer is not identified
