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Higher biology > Unit 1.1 DNA and the Genome > Flashcards

Unit 1.1 DNA and the Genome Flashcards

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1
Q

DNA location

A

Nucleus

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2
Q

DNA scientific name

A

Deoxyribose nucleic acid

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3
Q

Function of DNA

A

To store the genetic information of genes for protein production

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4
Q

Gene definition

A

A section of DNA which codes for a protein.

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5
Q

Nucleotide components

A

Phosphate
Deoxyribose sugar
base

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6
Q

Name of the bond between the phosphate and the sugar

A

Sugar phosphate bond

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7
Q

What type of backbone is in DNA

A

Sugar phosphate backbone

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8
Q

Complimentary base pair rule

A

A to T
G to C

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9
Q

Why are adenine and thymine complimentary

A

Because they have two hydrogen bonds

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10
Q

Why are G and C complimentary

A

Because they have three hydrogen bonds pulling them together

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11
Q

Bond between bases

A

(Weak and temporary) Hydrogen bonding

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12
Q

antiparallel bond definition

A

Antiparallel bonding means that on one strand the deoxyribose sugar attaches to the phosphate at 5’ carbon position and on the other strand the deoxyribose sugar attaches to the phosphate at the 3’ carbon position, meaning the strands point in different directions giving it the double stranded helix shape

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13
Q

How does antiparallel bonding work

A

The third carbon points upwards on one of the DNA strand and on the other the fifth carbon bond points upwards on the other DNA strand giving a spiralling structure.

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14
Q

DNA shape

A

Double stranded helix

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15
Q

Examples of prokaryotic cells

A

Bacteria cells

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16
Q

Examples of eukaryotic cells

A

Plant, animal and fungal cells.

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17
Q

Prokaryotes features

A

No membrane bound nucleus,
Circular DNA and chromosome
Contain plasmids

18
Q

Features of eukaryotic cells

A

They have a membrane bound nucleus
Their chromosomes are linear
They contain histones
Their mitochondria and chloroplasts have circular DNA

19
Q

Histones definition

A

Proteins which DNA coil around in eukaryotic cells

20
Q

DNA replication definition

A

Where DNA makes an identical copy of itself for mitosis.

21
Q

Stage 1 of DNA replication

A

The DNA parental strand unwinds from a double stranded helix into a linear strand.

21
Q

Stage 1 of DNA replication

A

The DNA parental strand unwinds from a double stranded helix into a linear strand.

22
Q

Stage 2 of DNA replication

A

The weak and temporary hydrogen bonds between the bases break down between strands.

23
Q

Stage 3 of DNA replication

A

Two template strands are formed.

24
Q

Stage 4 of DNA replication

A

Primers attach onto the 3’ end of the template strands and DNA nucleotides attach on template strand in a 5-3 direction (new strand) by the enzyme DNA polymerase . On the leading strand nucleotides are added continuously whereas on the lagging strand DNA they are added discontinuously with multiple primers attaching on due to nucleotides being added in the direction away from the DNA fork.

25
Q

Stage 5 of DNA replication

A

DNA polymerase is used to bond the sugar phosphate backbone together on both strands and DNA ligase bonds the fragments of DNA on the lagging strand

26
Q

Stage 6 of DNA replication

A

The 2 identical DNA strands will then rewind into their double stranded helix shape and DNA replication has been completed.

27
Q

Required materials of DNA replication

A

DNA strand
DNA polymerase and DNA ligase
ATP
Primers and free nucleotides

28
Q

Why does DNA replication happen

A

To ensure that daughter cells have the same genetic information as mother cells in mitosis.

29
Q

PCR stands for

A

Polymerase chain reaction

30
Q

PCR uses

A

Forensics in crime scenes
Paternal lawsuits
Diagnosing genetic disorders.
Amplifying DNA

31
Q

PCR stage one

A

Denaturing
DNA is heated at 92 to 98 degrees Celsius to break apart the hydrogen bonds between the bases and form 2 template strands.

32
Q

Stage 2 of PCR

A

Annealing
The DNA is cooled to 50 to 65 degrees Celsius and the primers attach onto the template strands at the 3’ end.

33
Q

Stage 3 of PCR

A

Extension
The DNA is then heated back up to 70 - 80 degrees Celsius to allow for the DNA polymerase to work in optimum conditions and attach to free nucleotides to the template strands.

34
Q

Necessary materials for PCR

A

Strand of DNA
free nucleotides
Specific primers
Heat resistant DNA polymerase

35
Q

Gel electrophoresis

A

The process of separating DNA fragments based on molecular size using electricity.

36
Q

Uses of Gel Electrophoresis

A

Diagnosing genetic disorders
Crime scene forensics
Paternity lawsuits and ancestry

37
Q

Stages of Gel electrophoresis

A

Load DNA
Apply current
Analyse gel

38
Q

Primers

A

Molecules made up of DNA nucleotides which attach onto the 3’ end of template strands and provide a starting point for the free nucleotides to bond onto the template strand.

39
Q

DNA polymerase

A

An enzyme which fuses together the sugar phosphate backbone of DNA

40
Q

DNA ligase

A

An enzyme which fuses the fragments of DNA of the lagging strand together.

Higher biology (21 decks)

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