2.2 cellular respiration Flashcards
ATP def
The chemical energy which is used by cells for cellular processes to occur.
Mitochondria def
The site of aerobic respiration within a cell.
How does ATP release energy
ATP breaks down into ADP and Pi, which releases energy since the outermost phosphate bond is energy rich.
ATP actual name
Adenosine triphosphate
ADP actual name
Adenosine diphosphate
Rule for mitochondria number in cells
As the energy requirements of a cell increases the number of mitochondria increases.
Parts of the mitochondria
Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Matrix
Where does glycolysis occur
Cytoplasm
Outer membrane def
The location in the mitochondria, which is the outermost shell of the mitochondria
Inner membrane def
The location in the mitochondria where electron transport chain occurs.
Matrix def
The location in the mitochondria where stage citric acid cycle occurs.
NAD def
A co enzyme which binds with hydrogen ions and electrons released by dehydrogenase and transports it to the electron transport chain.
NAD equation
NAD —-> NADH
Energy investment phase (glycolysis)
Where 2ATP molecules are used
Energy payoff phase
Where 4 ATP molecules are formed.
Energy yield of glycolysis
2ATP USED
4ATP PRODUCED
2ATP YIELD
Phosphorylation
The enzyme controlled process of where a phosphate group (Pi) is added to another to another molecule.
Glycolysis process stage 1
The process where glucose breaks down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm.
Glycolysis process stage 2
2ATP breaks down into 2ADP + 2Pi, then the phosphates are added to the glucose, in a process called phosphorylation, this is known as the energy investment phase.
Glycolysis stage 3
Then the dehydrogenase enzyme removes hydrogen ions and electrons from the glucose molecules.
Glycolysis stage 4
Then the coenzyme NAD binds with the hydrogen ions and electrons and transports them to the electron transport chain, to forming NADH
Glycolysis stage 5
Then the glucose breaks down into two pyruvate, and produces 4 ATP. this is known as the energy payoff phase. This means there is a 2ATP molecule yield.
Aerobic respiration stage 6
Pyruvate then breaks down into acetyl and carbon dioxide and dehydrogenase removes hydrogen ions and electrons, and then the hydrogen binds with NAD to form NADH, and travel to the electron transport chain.
Aerobic respiration stage 7
Acetyl then binds with Coenzyme A, to produce acetyl CoA
Aerobic respiration stage 8
Citric acid cycle stage 1.
Acetyl binds with oxaloacetate, forming citrate in the matrix structure of the mitochondria.
Stage 2 of citric acid cycle aerobic respiration stage 9
Then citrate breaks down into a 5 carbon intermediate molecule and then a 4 carbon molecule, each time releasing carbon dioxide, dehydrogenase removes the hydrogen ions and electrons again and NAD binds with the hydrogen ions and electrons producing NADH which travels to the electron transport chain. This stage produces ATP.
Stage 3 of citric acid cycle
Stage 10
Then dehydrogenase removes hydrogen from the 4 carbon intermediate, to from another 4 carbon intermediate, and then dehydrogenase removes hydrogen to produce oxaloacetate, through out this process ATP is generated and NAD binds with hydrogen ions and electrons, to form NADH which travels to the electron transport chain.
Stage 11 of aerobic respiration and stage 1 of electron transport chain
Then NADH releases hydrogen electrons, which travel across the membrane from the matrix to the inner membrane, releasing energy.
Stage 12 of AR and stage 2 of electrons transport chain
Then Hydrogen ions are released by NADH breaking it back down into NAD, then the energy produced by the electrons is used to transport the hydrogen ions across the membrane from the matrix to the inner membrane.
Stage 13 of AR and stage 3 of electron transport chain
Then the hydrogen is pumped back into the matrix by the enzyme ATP synthase, which then activates ATP synthase and allows it to turn ADP and a phosphate back into ATP.
Stage 14 of AR and stage 4 of electron transport chain
Then hydrogen electrons and ions bind with oxygen to produce the bi product of water at the end of the cycle.
Stage 2 of AEROBIC RESPIRATION name
Citric acid cycle
Stage 3 of aerobic respiration name
Electron transport chain
When does Aerobic respiration occur
When oxygen is present
Where does stage 2 of Aerobic respiration occur
Matrix of mitochondria
Where does stage 3 of aerobic respiration occur
Inner membrane of mitochondria
What travels to the electron transport chain
NADH
What is released at the electron transport chain
Hydrogen ions and electrons.
When does fermentation occur
When there is no oxygen
Aerobic respiration
The cellular process of releasing chemical energy from glucose, to form ATP, when oxygen in present.
Aerobic respiration ATP yield
2 in stage 1
36 in stage 2 and 3
38 total
Fermentation definition
The cellular process of releasing chemical energy from glucose, to form ATP, when oxygen isn’t present.
Why isn’t aerobic respiration possible when there is no oxygen present
Pyruvate cannot break down into acetyl, and therefore cannot enter the mitochondria.
Fermentation stage 1
Glycolysis
Glucose breaks down into pyruvate, 2ATP molecules break down into ADP and Pi, which then allows for phosphorylation, the process of adding a phosphate to a molecule (energy investment phase), then dehydrogenase removes hydrogen, and NAD binds with hydrogen ions and electrons, to be transported to other cellular processes. The the glucose breaks down into pyruvate releasing 4 ATP molecules, meaning a 2 ATP yield (energy payoff phase)
Stage 2 in animals fermentation
Pyruvate <—-> lactate
Stage 2 in plants/yeast
Fermentation
Pyruvate —-> ethanol and carbon dioxide
Why isn’t fermentation in plants /yeast reversible
Because carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell, to be used for different cellular processes.
Fermentation differences with aerobic respiration
Fermentation produces 2 ATP whereas Aerobic respiration produces 38ATP
fermentation occurs when oxygen isn’t present whereas aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present
Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm whereas Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.
Fermentation location
Cytoplasm
