2.2 cellular respiration

Question 1

ATP def

Answer 1

The chemical energy which is used by cells for cellular processes to occur.

Question 2

Mitochondria def

Answer 2

The site of aerobic respiration within a cell.

Question 3

How does ATP release energy

Answer 3

ATP breaks down into ADP and Pi, which releases energy since the outermost phosphate bond is energy rich.

Question 4

ATP actual name

Answer 4

Adenosine triphosphate

Question 5

ADP actual name

Answer 5

Adenosine diphosphate

Question 6

Rule for mitochondria number in cells

Answer 6

As the energy requirements of a cell increases the number of mitochondria increases.

Question 7

Parts of the mitochondria

Answer 7

Outer membrane
Inner membrane
Matrix

Question 8

Where does glycolysis occur

Answer 8

Cytoplasm

Question 9

Outer membrane def

Answer 9

The location in the mitochondria, which is the outermost shell of the mitochondria

Question 10

Inner membrane def

Answer 10

The location in the mitochondria where electron transport chain occurs.

Question 11

Matrix def

Answer 11

The location in the mitochondria where stage citric acid cycle occurs.

Question 12

NAD def

Answer 12

A co enzyme which binds with hydrogen ions and electrons released by dehydrogenase and transports it to the electron transport chain.

Question 13

NAD equation

Answer 13

NAD —-> NADH

Question 14

Energy investment phase (glycolysis)

Answer 14

Where 2ATP molecules are used

Question 15

Energy payoff phase

Answer 15

Where 4 ATP molecules are formed.

Question 16

Energy yield of glycolysis

Answer 16

2ATP USED
4ATP PRODUCED
2ATP YIELD

Question 17

Phosphorylation

Answer 17

The enzyme controlled process of where a phosphate group (Pi) is added to another to another molecule.

Question 18

Glycolysis process stage 1

Answer 18

The process where glucose breaks down into pyruvate in the cytoplasm.

Question 19

Glycolysis process stage 2

Answer 19

2ATP breaks down into 2ADP + 2Pi, then the phosphates are added to the glucose, in a process called phosphorylation, this is known as the energy investment phase.

Question 20

Glycolysis stage 3

Answer 20

Then the dehydrogenase enzyme removes hydrogen ions and electrons from the glucose molecules.

Question 21

Glycolysis stage 4

Answer 21

Then the coenzyme NAD binds with the hydrogen ions and electrons and transports them to the electron transport chain, to forming NADH

Question 22

Glycolysis stage 5

Answer 22

Then the glucose breaks down into two pyruvate, and produces 4 ATP. this is known as the energy payoff phase. This means there is a 2ATP molecule yield.

Question 23

Aerobic respiration stage 6

Answer 23

Pyruvate then breaks down into acetyl and carbon dioxide and dehydrogenase removes hydrogen ions and electrons, and then the hydrogen binds with NAD to form NADH, and travel to the electron transport chain.

Question 24

Aerobic respiration stage 7

Answer 24

Acetyl then binds with Coenzyme A, to produce acetyl CoA

Question 25

Aerobic respiration stage 8 Citric acid cycle stage 1.

Answer 25

Acetyl binds with oxaloacetate, forming citrate in the matrix structure of the mitochondria.

Question 26

Stage 2 of citric acid cycle aerobic respiration stage 9

Answer 26

Then citrate breaks down into a 5 carbon intermediate molecule and then a 4 carbon molecule, each time releasing carbon dioxide, dehydrogenase removes the hydrogen ions and electrons again and NAD binds with the hydrogen ions and electrons producing NADH which travels to the electron transport chain. This stage produces ATP.

Question 27

Stage 3 of citric acid cycle Stage 10

Answer 27

Then dehydrogenase removes hydrogen from the 4 carbon intermediate, to from another 4 carbon intermediate, and then dehydrogenase removes hydrogen to produce oxaloacetate, through out this process ATP is generated and NAD binds with hydrogen ions and electrons, to form NADH which travels to the electron transport chain.

Question 28

Stage 11 of aerobic respiration and stage 1 of electron transport chain

Answer 28

Then NADH releases hydrogen electrons, which travel across the membrane from the matrix to the inner membrane, releasing energy.

Question 29

Stage 12 of AR and stage 2 of electrons transport chain

Answer 29

Then Hydrogen ions are released by NADH breaking it back down into NAD, then the energy produced by the electrons is used to transport the hydrogen ions across the membrane from the matrix to the inner membrane.

Question 30

Stage 13 of AR and stage 3 of electron transport chain

Answer 30

Then the hydrogen is pumped back into the matrix by the enzyme ATP synthase, which then activates ATP synthase and allows it to turn ADP and a phosphate back into ATP.

Question 30

Stage 14 of AR and stage 4 of electron transport chain

Answer 30

Then hydrogen electrons and ions bind with oxygen to produce the bi product of water at the end of the cycle.

Question 30

Stage 2 of AEROBIC RESPIRATION name

Answer 30

Citric acid cycle

Question 31

Stage 3 of aerobic respiration name

Answer 31

Electron transport chain

Question 32

When does Aerobic respiration occur

Answer 32

When oxygen is present

Question 33

Where does stage 2 of Aerobic respiration occur

Answer 33

Matrix of mitochondria

Question 34

Where does stage 3 of aerobic respiration occur

Answer 34

Inner membrane of mitochondria

Question 35

What travels to the electron transport chain

Answer 35

NADH

Question 36

What is released at the electron transport chain

Answer 36

Hydrogen ions and electrons.

Question 37

When does fermentation occur

Answer 37

When there is no oxygen

Question 38

Aerobic respiration

Answer 38

The cellular process of releasing chemical energy from glucose, to form ATP, when oxygen in present.

Question 39

Aerobic respiration ATP yield

Answer 39

2 in stage 1 36 in stage 2 and 3 38 total

Question 40

Fermentation definition

Answer 40

The cellular process of releasing chemical energy from glucose, to form ATP, when oxygen isn’t present.

Question 41

Why isn’t aerobic respiration possible when there is no oxygen present

Answer 41

Pyruvate cannot break down into acetyl, and therefore cannot enter the mitochondria.

Question 42

Fermentation stage 1

Answer 42

Glycolysis Glucose breaks down into pyruvate, 2ATP molecules break down into ADP and Pi, which then allows for phosphorylation, the process of adding a phosphate to a molecule (energy investment phase), then dehydrogenase removes hydrogen, and NAD binds with hydrogen ions and electrons, to be transported to other cellular processes. The the glucose breaks down into pyruvate releasing 4 ATP molecules, meaning a 2 ATP yield (energy payoff phase)

Question 43

Stage 2 in animals fermentation

Answer 43

Pyruvate <—-> lactate

Question 44

Stage 2 in plants/yeast Fermentation

Answer 44

Pyruvate —-> ethanol and carbon dioxide

Question 45

Why isn’t fermentation in plants /yeast reversible

Answer 45

Because carbon dioxide diffuses out of the cell, to be used for different cellular processes.

Question 46

Fermentation differences with aerobic respiration

Answer 46

Fermentation produces 2 ATP whereas Aerobic respiration produces 38ATP fermentation occurs when oxygen isn’t present whereas aerobic respiration occurs when oxygen is present Fermentation occurs in the cytoplasm whereas Aerobic respiration occurs in the mitochondria.

Question 46

Fermentation location

Answer 46

Cytoplasm