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Histology > Unit 1 Topic 1 > Flashcards

Unit 1 Topic 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Fixation Preparative Step

A

-preservation
-Light Microscope: Formaldehyde/Alcohol
-Electron Microscopy: Glutaraldehyde/Osmium Tetroxide

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2
Q

Dehydration Preparative Step

A

-removal of water
-Light Microscopy: Alcohol/Acetone
-Electron Microscopy: Alcohol/Acetone

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3
Q

Infiltration and Embedding Preparative Step

A

-replacement of water with another substance
-Light Microscopy: Paraffin Wax/Plastic
-Electron Microscopy: Plastic

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4
Q

Sectioning Preparative Step

A

-thin sections cut
-Light Microscopy: 0.5-1.0 micrometers
-Electron Microscopy: 0.02-0.1 micrometers

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5
Q

Staining

A

-Light Microscopy: Dyes
-Electron Microscopy: Heavy Metals

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6
Q

Basophilic

A

structures that take up basic dyes because acidic

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7
Q

Acidophilic

A

structures that take up acidic dyes because basic

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8
Q

Hematoxylin Stain

A

-Blue; basic dye that binds to negatively charged/basophilic structures.
-Highlights RER and nucleic acids/nuclei

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9
Q

Eosin Stain

A

-Pink/Red; acidic dye that binds to positively charged/acidiophillic structures
-Highlights elastic/reticular fibers, proteins, intracellular membranes and cytoplasm

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10
Q

Toluidine Blue

A

-Blue dye that binds to nucleic acids and stains blue/purple
-Glycogen magenta (metachromasia)

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11
Q

Masson Trichome

A

-a combination of dyes used to visualize connective tissue
-Collagen is blue or green (Muscle is red)

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12
Q

Verhoeff’s Hematoxylin

A

-For CT
-Stains elastic fibers black

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13
Q

Periodic Acid-Schiff (PAS)

A

-Stains carbohydrates and carbohydrate molecules (i.e. glycoproteins and mucus) magenta
-GLYCOGEN

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14
Q

Wright’s Stain

A

-Differentiate blood cells
-Nuclei stain purple and erythrocytes stain uniformly pink or pinkish orange

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15
Q

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization (FISH)

A

-Bind specific parts of the nucleic acid sequence and labels through fluorescence

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16
Q

Immunofluorescence

A

antibodies label specific proteins and emit an emission of light

17
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

-boundary of cells
Responsibilities:
-ion and nutrient transport
-recognition of environment signals
-Adhesion to cells and extracellular matrix
-Site of endocytosis
-Site of Secretion

18
Q

Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Rough: protein synthesis (ribosomes) and post-translational modifications of proteins
Smooth: lipid metabolism, detoxification of drugs, and glycogen metabolism

19
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

-Post-translational modification of proteins
-Packaging and sorting of proteins to lysosomes. secretory vesicles, and plasma membranes
Secretory Vesicles
-transport proteins to the plasma membrane and proteolytic activation of hormones

20
Q

Lysosomes

A

-Digestive Compartment
-Hydrolysis of cellular macromolecules
-Recycling of amino acids and monosaccharides
-Destruction of foreign organisms that had been endocytosed or phagocytosed
-Bone Resorption
-Acute inflammation

21
Q

Peroxisomes

A

single membrane; destruction of oxygen radicals via peroxide; oxidation of fatty acids

22
Q

Proteasome

A

degradation of short lived proteins, second messenger proteins and misfolded proteins through marking with ubiquitin for destruction/ fragmentation

23
Q

Mitochondria

A

double membrane with internal Cristal; generate ATP aerobically through Kreb’s Cycle, oxidative phosphorylation, and production of ATP; oxidation of glucose and fatty acids

24
Q

Cytoplasm

A

glucose and gluconeogenesis; fatty acid and amino acid metabolisim

25
Q

Cytoskeleton

A

function extends beyond cellular structure/shape

26
Q

Microfilaments

A

composed of actin monomoers; flexible structures that facilitate movement and incorporated in many cellular extensions

27
Q

Intermediate Filaments

A

composed of various monomers; provides mechanical strength and anchorage; includes keratin

28
Q

Microtubules

A

composed of tubulin monomers; rigid rods used in movement and division

29
Q

Nucleus

A

strorage of chromatin; DNA replication, DNA transcription into mRNA

30
Q

Nucleolous

A

synthesis of rRNA

31
Q

Apoptosis

A

controlled autodigesstion through a physiological process; characterized by DNA fragmentation, decreased cell volume, loss of mitochondrial function due to changes in membrane and formation of apoptotic bodies; initiated by both internal and external stimuli

32
Q

What are the promoting and inhibiting stimuli of Apoptosis?

A

-Promoted by Cytochrome C, Bax, and caspases
-Inhibited: Bel-2 and IAP proteins

33
Q

Necrosis

A

pathological/accidental cell death involving cellular swelling and lysis

34
Q

Hyperplasia

A

increase in number of cells

35
Q

Metaplasia

A

replacement of one mature cell type with another

36
Q

Anaplasia

A

undifferentiated cells present

37
Q

Dysplasia

A

abnormal cell growth

38
Q

Neoplasia

A

irreversible new growth

Histology (15 decks)

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