Unit 1--Lecture 5 (Eukaryotic Diversity)

Question 1

Eukaryotic Cell

Answer 1

Larger in size

Contains nucleus

Organelles

Question 2

The Nucleus

Answer 2

Double lipid bilayer

DNA exists as chromatin

Question 3

Genetic Material

Answer 3

Multiple linear chromosomes are present

DNA is condensed on proteins (histones)

Question 4

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 4

Smooth ER
-lipid metabolism
-detox reactions

Rough ER
-ribosomes docked
-protein synthesis

Question 5

Eukaryote Ribosome

Answer 5

Two subunits (40S and 60S)

Total size is 80S

Question 6

Mitochondria

Answer 6

Site of respiration

Own genetic material

Question 7

Chloroplasts

Answer 7

Plants and algae

Site of photosynthesis

Own genetic material

Question 8

Golgi body

Answer 8

Protein trafficking centers

Question 9

Cytoskeleton

Answer 9

Actin

Microtubules
-made of tubulin

Intermediate filaments

Question 10

Vacuoles

Answer 10

Lipid-enclosed space

Storage sites

Question 11

Eukaryote Flagellum

Answer 11

Used for locomotion

Does not spin

Microtubule core

Question 12

Eukaryote Capsule

Answer 12

Polymeric sugars

Immune evasion

Question 13

Phylogeny of Eukaryotes

Answer 13

Opisthokonts
-animals and fungi
-not protozoa

Single (eukaryotic) flagellum
-choanoglafellates resemble sponge

Viridiplantae
-algae and plants
-“cryptophyte algae” are protists
–engulfed algae still maintain DNA in vestigial nucleus (nucleomorph)

Multiple clades of protists
-Amebas (amoebozoa and cercozoa–filamentous pseudopods)
-Alveolates
-Heterokonts
-Euglenozoa
-Excavates

Question 14

Fungi

Answer 14

Cell walls contain chitin

Secrete growth material at hyphal tips
-branching forms mycelia

Question 14

Fungi–Yeasts

Answer 14

Unicellular fungi

Reproduce asexually
-mitosis

Reproduce sexually
-meiosis

Question 15

Fungi–Chytrids

Answer 15

Flagellated reproductive form

Question 16

Fungi–Zygomycetes

Answer 16

Haploid mycelium
-1n sporangiospores
-2n zygospores

Bread mold–Rhizopus

Question 17

Fungi–Ascomycetes

Answer 17

Ascospores

Neurospora

Penicillium

Morels

Question 18

Fungi–Basidiomycetes

Answer 18

Mushroom
-meiosis to form basidiospore, mycelium

Mushrooms

Cryptococcus

Question 19

Algae

Answer 19

All have chloroplasts

Many have paired flagella

Cell wall made of glycoprotein or cellulose

Contractile vacuole

Pyrenoid concentrates CO2 for fixation

Question 20

Algae–Chlorophyta

Answer 20

Green algae
-chlorophyll a

Question 21

Algae-Rhodophyta

Answer 21

Red algae
-agar

Question 22

Secondary Endosymbionts

Answer 22

Algae engulfed by a protist

Diatoms– Bacillariophyta

Brown algae– Phaeophyceae

Question 23

Amoebozoa

Answer 23

Amorphous shape

Lobe-shaped pseudopods

Slime molds

Question 24

Cercozoa–Shelled Amoebas

Answer 24

Marine habitats

Radiolarians
-amoebas with filament-shaped pseudopods

Foraminiferans
-shells made of calcium carbonate

Question 25

Alveolates

Answer 25

Complex material at plasma membrane
-Alveola
-microtubules

Question 26

Alveolates: Ciliates

Answer 26

Many cilia for motility

Question 27

Alveolates: Dinoflagellates

Answer 27

Neurotoxins– red tide

Question 28

Alveolates: Apicomplexans

Answer 28

Apicoplast derived from chloroplast

Question 29

Other Eukaryotic Groups

Answer 29

Includes important parasites
-Trypanosomes
-Excavates
–lack mitochondria